The document provides information on Java methods and classes for input/output operations. It explains that the main method is called to start a Java application and must be public and static. It also describes the BufferedReader and InputStreamReader classes which can be used to read text from character streams and files in an efficient buffered manner.
This document discusses I/O streams in Java. It defines streams as sequences of bytes that flow from a source to a destination. Streams can be categorized as character streams for text data or byte streams for raw binary data. Streams are also categorized as data streams that act as sources or destinations, or processing streams that alter or manage stream information. The Java IO package contains classes for defining input and output streams of different types.
This document provides an introduction to the Java Development Kit (JDK). It discusses the key components of the JDK including the Java compiler (javac), Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java API, and Java Runtime Environment (JRE). It also covers Java bytecode, data types in Java, type conversion and casting, ASCII vs Unicode encodings, and differences between J2SE, J2ME, and J2EE.
In Java, Input and Output (I/O) are used to process the input and produce the output.
This means an input stream can abstract many different input kinds: from a disk file, a keyboard, or a network socket. Likewise, an output stream may refer to the console, a disk file, or a network connection.
Writing Usable APIs in Practice by Giovanni AsproniSyncConf
Explicitly or implicitly, when working on complex systems, end up designing some APIs to accomplish their tasks, either because the product itself is some kind of general purpose library or because they need to write some libraries and packages to put some common code of their applications.
There is plenty of information available about how to write clean and maintainable code, but not a lot about writing usable APIs. The two things are related, but they are not the same. In fact, clean code is code that is clean from the point of view of its maintainers, usable APIs, on the other hand, refer to code that programmers (other than the original author) find easy to use. We'll see how usable APIs help in writing clean code (and vice-versa).
This document provides an overview of input/output (I/O) and threading concepts covered in Module 4 of the OODP syllabus. It discusses Java stream classes for byte and character I/O, including reading console input and working with files. It also covers the thread model in Java and using the Thread class and Runnable interface. The summary discusses I/O basics like input/output sources and destinations, and how Java represents data flows using streams. It also provides examples of using byte streams like DataInputStream and character streams like BufferedReader to perform I/O operations in Java programs.
This document provides an introduction to the Scala programming language for Java programmers. It begins with a simple "Hello World" example in Scala and compares its structure to a similar program in Java. It then discusses how to compile and run the example Scala program. The document continues by explaining how Scala seamlessly interacts with Java code and libraries. It also outlines two key aspects of Scala - that everything is an object, including numbers and functions. An example is provided to illustrate functions being treated as first-class objects.
The document provides information on Java methods and classes for input/output operations. It explains that the main method is called to start a Java application and must be public and static. It also describes the BufferedReader and InputStreamReader classes which can be used to read text from character streams and files in an efficient buffered manner.
This document discusses I/O streams in Java. It defines streams as sequences of bytes that flow from a source to a destination. Streams can be categorized as character streams for text data or byte streams for raw binary data. Streams are also categorized as data streams that act as sources or destinations, or processing streams that alter or manage stream information. The Java IO package contains classes for defining input and output streams of different types.
This document provides an introduction to the Java Development Kit (JDK). It discusses the key components of the JDK including the Java compiler (javac), Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java API, and Java Runtime Environment (JRE). It also covers Java bytecode, data types in Java, type conversion and casting, ASCII vs Unicode encodings, and differences between J2SE, J2ME, and J2EE.
In Java, Input and Output (I/O) are used to process the input and produce the output.
This means an input stream can abstract many different input kinds: from a disk file, a keyboard, or a network socket. Likewise, an output stream may refer to the console, a disk file, or a network connection.
Writing Usable APIs in Practice by Giovanni AsproniSyncConf
Explicitly or implicitly, when working on complex systems, end up designing some APIs to accomplish their tasks, either because the product itself is some kind of general purpose library or because they need to write some libraries and packages to put some common code of their applications.
There is plenty of information available about how to write clean and maintainable code, but not a lot about writing usable APIs. The two things are related, but they are not the same. In fact, clean code is code that is clean from the point of view of its maintainers, usable APIs, on the other hand, refer to code that programmers (other than the original author) find easy to use. We'll see how usable APIs help in writing clean code (and vice-versa).
This document provides an overview of input/output (I/O) and threading concepts covered in Module 4 of the OODP syllabus. It discusses Java stream classes for byte and character I/O, including reading console input and working with files. It also covers the thread model in Java and using the Thread class and Runnable interface. The summary discusses I/O basics like input/output sources and destinations, and how Java represents data flows using streams. It also provides examples of using byte streams like DataInputStream and character streams like BufferedReader to perform I/O operations in Java programs.
This document provides an introduction to the Scala programming language for Java programmers. It begins with a simple "Hello World" example in Scala and compares its structure to a similar program in Java. It then discusses how to compile and run the example Scala program. The document continues by explaining how Scala seamlessly interacts with Java code and libraries. It also outlines two key aspects of Scala - that everything is an object, including numbers and functions. An example is provided to illustrate functions being treated as first-class objects.
This document discusses Java applets, including their lifecycle and methods. Applets are small Java programs that can be downloaded and run in a web browser. They have a lifecycle involving initialization, running, idle, and destruction states. Key methods like init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() move the applet between these states. The document also covers creating basic applets, using graphics, images, audio, and threads in applets.
Operator Overloading and Scope of VariableMOHIT DADU
This slide is completely based on the Operator Overloading and the Scope of Variable. The example given to explain are based on C/C++ programming language.
The document provides an overview of the Java programming language and platform. It discusses the Java language basics including variables, operators, control flow statements, and primitive data types. It also covers object-oriented programming concepts, classes and objects, exceptions, and concurrency. Finally, it outlines the Java platform components including the Java Virtual Machine and Java API.
Java 8 introduced new features like default methods, lambda expressions, and stream API. Default methods allow interfaces to provide implementation without breaking existing classes. Lambda expressions enable functional programming by allowing blocks of code to be treated as values. The stream API allows functional-style processing of data such as filtering, mapping, and reducing collections. Some limitations of streams include that they are not reusable, can have worse performance than loops, and are less familiar to procedural programmers.
This document discusses console input and output in Java using methods like System.out.println, System.out.print, and System.out.printf. It covers formatting output with printf, specifying formats like field width and number of decimal places. It also covers reading input from the console using the Scanner class, its methods like nextInt() and nextLine(), and dealing with delimiters and line terminators. Multiple examples are provided to demonstrate console I/O techniques.
The document discusses primitive data types including data objects, values, value types, data types, primitive data types, numeric data types, subrange types, enumeration types, boolean types, character types, declarations, binding, type checking, type equivalence, type conversion, coercion, and initialization. It explains that data objects store data values and have attributes like value type and size. There are primitive and composite value types. Data types classify data and include primitive, numeric, subrange, enumeration, boolean, and character types. Declarations specify a variable's data type and name. Binding describes how variables are created and used. Type checking and equivalence ensure correct data types in operations. Type conversion and coercion change a value's type. Initialization
This document discusses serial communication between an Arduino and MATLAB. It explains that serial communication involves transferring data one bit at a time. A buffer is used to store data as it is sent and received asynchronously. The document provides examples of setting up a serial port object in MATLAB, configuring communication settings like baud rate, and using functions like fwrite and fscanf to send data from and receive data into MATLAB. It also briefly discusses reading from and writing to the serial port in Arduino code.
Here is the class Book with the requested attributes and member functions:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Book {
private:
string title;
string author;
string publisher;
float price;
public:
Book() {
title = "No title";
author = "No author";
publisher = "No publisher";
price = 0.0;
}
void display_data() {
cout << "Title: " << title << endl;
cout << "Author: " << author << endl;
cout << "Publisher: " << publisher << endl;
cout << "Price: " << price << endl;
}
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Streams are used to transfer data between a program and source/destination. They transfer data independently of the source/destination. Streams are classified as input or output streams depending on the direction of data transfer, and as byte or character streams depending on how the data is carried. Common stream classes in Java include FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, FileReader, and FileWriter for reading from and writing to files. Exceptions like FileNotFoundException may occur if a file cannot be opened.
Siteimprove internal TechTalk.
Discussing what Accessible Names mean in a web context and how to add good Accessible Names through code and copywriting.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as classes containing data members and methods. Inheritance allows derived classes to inherit properties of base classes. Polymorphism allows calling the correct overridden method at runtime based on the object type. Virtual functions provide late binding so the correct derived class method is called.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts. It describes key object oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. It also discusses benefits of object oriented programming like modularity, reusability and extensibility. Some disadvantages discussed are compiler overhead, runtime overhead and need for reorientation of developers to object oriented thinking. The document also covers C++ programming concepts like data types, control flow, functions, arrays, strings, pointers and storage classes.
This document discusses Java input/output (I/O) streams and readers/writers for processing files, URLs, and other sources of input and output. It covers obtaining and working with input and output streams, reading and writing bytes, character encodings, text I/O, random access files, file operations, URL connections, and object serialization. The key classes for I/O include InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer, File, Path, and URLConnection.
The document discusses Java streams and I/O. It defines streams as abstract representations of input/output devices that are sources or destinations of data. It describes byte and character streams, the core stream classes in java.io, predefined System streams, common stream subclasses, reading/writing files and binary data with byte streams, and reading/writing characters with character streams. It also covers object serialization/deserialization and compressing files with GZIP.
This document discusses Java I/O streams. It defines streams as representing input sources or output destinations that can represent files, devices, programs, sockets or memory arrays. Streams support different data types like bytes, primitive types, characters or objects. The document outlines the stream class hierarchy with abstract classes like InputStream, OutputStream, Reader and Writer. It describes node streams that interface directly with a source/destination and filter streams that add functionality. Examples of byte and character streams like FileInputStream and FileReader are provided.
The document discusses I/O streams in Java. It describes that streams represent input sources and output destinations and come in two types - input streams for reading data and output streams for writing data. Standard streams like System.in and System.out are used for input and output. Various classes are used for byte streams like FileInputStream and character streams like FileReader. Methods of classes like BufferedReader, DataInputStream, Scanner, FileInputStream and FileOutputStream are explained for reading and writing data.
The document discusses Java I/O streams and collections framework. It covers byte streams, character streams, reading console input, writing console output, and reading and writing files. It also discusses different I/O stream classes like InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer and their subclasses. It provides examples of reading input from the keyboard and writing output to the console using System.in, System.out and System.err streams. It also discusses reading characters and strings from the keyboard using BufferedReader class.
This document discusses Java applets, including their lifecycle and methods. Applets are small Java programs that can be downloaded and run in a web browser. They have a lifecycle involving initialization, running, idle, and destruction states. Key methods like init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() move the applet between these states. The document also covers creating basic applets, using graphics, images, audio, and threads in applets.
Operator Overloading and Scope of VariableMOHIT DADU
This slide is completely based on the Operator Overloading and the Scope of Variable. The example given to explain are based on C/C++ programming language.
The document provides an overview of the Java programming language and platform. It discusses the Java language basics including variables, operators, control flow statements, and primitive data types. It also covers object-oriented programming concepts, classes and objects, exceptions, and concurrency. Finally, it outlines the Java platform components including the Java Virtual Machine and Java API.
Java 8 introduced new features like default methods, lambda expressions, and stream API. Default methods allow interfaces to provide implementation without breaking existing classes. Lambda expressions enable functional programming by allowing blocks of code to be treated as values. The stream API allows functional-style processing of data such as filtering, mapping, and reducing collections. Some limitations of streams include that they are not reusable, can have worse performance than loops, and are less familiar to procedural programmers.
This document discusses console input and output in Java using methods like System.out.println, System.out.print, and System.out.printf. It covers formatting output with printf, specifying formats like field width and number of decimal places. It also covers reading input from the console using the Scanner class, its methods like nextInt() and nextLine(), and dealing with delimiters and line terminators. Multiple examples are provided to demonstrate console I/O techniques.
The document discusses primitive data types including data objects, values, value types, data types, primitive data types, numeric data types, subrange types, enumeration types, boolean types, character types, declarations, binding, type checking, type equivalence, type conversion, coercion, and initialization. It explains that data objects store data values and have attributes like value type and size. There are primitive and composite value types. Data types classify data and include primitive, numeric, subrange, enumeration, boolean, and character types. Declarations specify a variable's data type and name. Binding describes how variables are created and used. Type checking and equivalence ensure correct data types in operations. Type conversion and coercion change a value's type. Initialization
This document discusses serial communication between an Arduino and MATLAB. It explains that serial communication involves transferring data one bit at a time. A buffer is used to store data as it is sent and received asynchronously. The document provides examples of setting up a serial port object in MATLAB, configuring communication settings like baud rate, and using functions like fwrite and fscanf to send data from and receive data into MATLAB. It also briefly discusses reading from and writing to the serial port in Arduino code.
Here is the class Book with the requested attributes and member functions:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Book {
private:
string title;
string author;
string publisher;
float price;
public:
Book() {
title = "No title";
author = "No author";
publisher = "No publisher";
price = 0.0;
}
void display_data() {
cout << "Title: " << title << endl;
cout << "Author: " << author << endl;
cout << "Publisher: " << publisher << endl;
cout << "Price: " << price << endl;
}
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Streams are used to transfer data between a program and source/destination. They transfer data independently of the source/destination. Streams are classified as input or output streams depending on the direction of data transfer, and as byte or character streams depending on how the data is carried. Common stream classes in Java include FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, FileReader, and FileWriter for reading from and writing to files. Exceptions like FileNotFoundException may occur if a file cannot be opened.
Siteimprove internal TechTalk.
Discussing what Accessible Names mean in a web context and how to add good Accessible Names through code and copywriting.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as classes containing data members and methods. Inheritance allows derived classes to inherit properties of base classes. Polymorphism allows calling the correct overridden method at runtime based on the object type. Virtual functions provide late binding so the correct derived class method is called.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts. It describes key object oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. It also discusses benefits of object oriented programming like modularity, reusability and extensibility. Some disadvantages discussed are compiler overhead, runtime overhead and need for reorientation of developers to object oriented thinking. The document also covers C++ programming concepts like data types, control flow, functions, arrays, strings, pointers and storage classes.
This document discusses Java input/output (I/O) streams and readers/writers for processing files, URLs, and other sources of input and output. It covers obtaining and working with input and output streams, reading and writing bytes, character encodings, text I/O, random access files, file operations, URL connections, and object serialization. The key classes for I/O include InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer, File, Path, and URLConnection.
The document discusses Java streams and I/O. It defines streams as abstract representations of input/output devices that are sources or destinations of data. It describes byte and character streams, the core stream classes in java.io, predefined System streams, common stream subclasses, reading/writing files and binary data with byte streams, and reading/writing characters with character streams. It also covers object serialization/deserialization and compressing files with GZIP.
This document discusses Java I/O streams. It defines streams as representing input sources or output destinations that can represent files, devices, programs, sockets or memory arrays. Streams support different data types like bytes, primitive types, characters or objects. The document outlines the stream class hierarchy with abstract classes like InputStream, OutputStream, Reader and Writer. It describes node streams that interface directly with a source/destination and filter streams that add functionality. Examples of byte and character streams like FileInputStream and FileReader are provided.
The document discusses I/O streams in Java. It describes that streams represent input sources and output destinations and come in two types - input streams for reading data and output streams for writing data. Standard streams like System.in and System.out are used for input and output. Various classes are used for byte streams like FileInputStream and character streams like FileReader. Methods of classes like BufferedReader, DataInputStream, Scanner, FileInputStream and FileOutputStream are explained for reading and writing data.
The document discusses Java I/O streams and collections framework. It covers byte streams, character streams, reading console input, writing console output, and reading and writing files. It also discusses different I/O stream classes like InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer and their subclasses. It provides examples of reading input from the keyboard and writing output to the console using System.in, System.out and System.err streams. It also discusses reading characters and strings from the keyboard using BufferedReader class.
The document discusses Java's stream-based input/output capabilities provided by the java.io package. It describes the different types of streams like input streams, output streams, binary streams, character streams. It covers classes like InputStream, OutputStream, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream and how to read from and write to files using FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. It also discusses formatting output, accessing files and directories, and filtering stream content.
The document discusses input/output (I/O) in Java, including byte streams, character streams, and reading/writing to the console. It covers:
1) Byte and character streams for handling input/output of bytes and characters respectively. Character streams use Unicode for internationalization.
2) The InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, and Writer classes used for byte and character I/O.
3) Reading input from the console using a BufferedReader connected to System.in, and writing output using PrintStream/PrintWriter connected to System.out.
Computer science input and output BASICS.pptxRathanMB
Stream is a sequence of data that supports methods to read or write data. There are two types of streams in Java - byte streams and character streams. Byte streams are used for input/output of bytes while character streams are used for input/output of Unicode characters. The java.io package contains classes for input/output in Java, including abstract classes like InputStream and OutputStream for byte streams, and Reader and Writer for character streams. System.in, System.out and System.err are predefined streams for input, output and errors respectively.
Class IX Input in Java using Scanner Class (1).pptxrinkugupta37
The document discusses the Scanner class in Java, which is used to obtain user input. It describes how to create a Scanner object, the different methods available like next(), nextLine(), nextInt() etc. It also explains the difference between the next() and nextLine() methods and provides examples of syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors. Finally, it discusses different types of comments in Java like single line, multi-line and documentation comments.
Java is a widely used programming language that is platform independent and object-oriented. It uses a virtual machine to execute bytecode, allowing programs written in Java to run on any system with a Java runtime. The key features of Java include being simple, secure, robust, portable, and having strong support for object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, and interfaces. Variables in Java are declared with a specific data type and can be initialized dynamically by passing values to a class constructor at runtime.
The document provides an overview of procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming paradigms. It then discusses Java programming basics including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. The rest of the document discusses Java programming concepts like data types, variables, control flow statements, methods, and classes in more detail with examples. It also covers topics like creating and using objects, passing objects as parameters, and constructors.
File input and output operations in Java are performed using streams. There are two types of streams - byte streams and character streams. Byte streams handle input/output at the byte level while character streams handle input/output at the character level using Unicode encoding. The File class in Java represents files and directories on the filesystem and provides methods to perform operations like creating, reading, updating and deleting files.
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Core Java Programming Language (JSE) : Chapter X - I/O Fundamentals WebStackAcademy
This document provides an overview of input/output (I/O) fundamentals in Java, including using command-line arguments, system properties, streams, readers/writers, serialization, and more. It examines classes like Properties, InputStream, OutputStream, ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream, and their relationships. Examples are given for reading/writing files and objects using streams, readers/writers, and serialization.
Introduction to Annotations.
What are Annotations➔ Annotations are structured information added to program source code➔ Annotations associated meta-information with definitions➔ They can be attached to any variable, method, expression, or another program element Like comments, they can be sprinkled throughout a program➔ Unlike comments, they have structure, thus making them easier to machine process.
Generic programming allows writing algorithms that operate on many data types. It avoids duplicating code for each specific type. Generic methods can accept type parameters, allowing a single method to work on different types. Generic classes can also take type parameters, making it possible to define concepts like stacks independently of the element type. Type safety is ensured through type parameters that specify what types are allowed.
This chapter discusses objects, classes, and input/output in Java programming. It covers defining objects and reference variables, using predefined classes and methods, the String class, formatting output, parsing numeric strings, input/output dialog boxes, reading/writing to files. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating movie ticket sales and donations, and reading/writing student grades to files.
The document discusses various topics related to objects and input/output in Java programming including:
- Declaring reference variables and instantiating objects
- Using predefined classes and methods
- The String class and commonly used String methods
- Formatting output using printf and parsing numeric strings
- Using dialog boxes and the JOptionPane class for input/output
- Reading from and writing to files for input/output
This document provides an outline and overview of functions in C++. It discusses:
- The definition of a function as a block of code that performs a specific task and can be called from other parts of the program.
- The standard library that is included in C++ and provides useful tools like containers, iterators, algorithms and more.
- The parts of a function definition including the return type, name, parameters, and body.
- How to declare functions, call functions by passing arguments, and how arguments are handled.
- Scope rules for local and global variables as they relate to functions.
The document discusses input and output streams in Java. It notes that streams represent ordered sequences of bytes with a source or destination. There are two types of streams in Java - character streams and byte streams. The Java IO package provides hierarchies for handling character and byte streams, including classes like Reader, Writer, InputStream and OutputStream. It also discusses concepts like file handling, random access files, and the lifecycle methods of applets like init(), start(), paint(), stop() and destroy().
This document discusses input/output streams, error handling, and passing command line arguments in Java. It covers the basics of reading from and writing to files, the console, and networks using input/output streams. It also discusses how to handle exceptions using try/catch blocks and how to pass command line arguments to a Java program that will be stored in the main method's String array.
Similar to Class notes(week 5) on command line arguments (20)
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 8 -- int...Kuntal Bhowmick
This document contains a bank of multiple choice questions about object oriented programming interfaces. It includes 21 questions about interfaces, each with 4 possible answers, followed by an explanation of the correct answer. The questions cover topics like how interfaces define methods without implementation, how classes implement interfaces, and how interfaces can extend other interfaces.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 7 -- abs...Kuntal Bhowmick
The document contains a collection of multiple choice questions and answers about abstract classes in object-oriented programming. It includes 14 questions that test understanding of key concepts of abstract classes such as: when the abstract keyword is used, defining abstract methods, preventing instantiation of abstract classes, requiring subclasses to implement abstract methods, and preventing inheritance of classes. Each question is presented on an even page with its answer on the adjacent odd page.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 6 -- inh...Kuntal Bhowmick
This document contains a 20 question multiple choice quiz about object oriented programming concepts related to inheritance. Each question is presented on an even page with the corresponding answer and explanation on the adjacent odd page. The quiz covers topics like superclass vs subclass, method overriding vs hiding, inheritance terminology in Java, and advantages/disadvantages of inheritance. The document instructs readers to first attempt each question before looking at the solution, and suggests viewing it in single page mode for clarity.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 5 -- mem...Kuntal Bhowmick
This document contains 18 multiple choice questions about memory management in object-oriented programming. It provides the questions, possible answers, and explanations for the answers. The questions cover topics like garbage collection, heap fragmentation, advantages and disadvantages of garbage collection, the finalize() method, the this keyword, call by value vs call by reference, final variables and methods, static and nested classes.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 4 -- loopsKuntal Bhowmick
1. The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about loops in object oriented programming.
2. Each question is presented on an even page with the solution provided on the adjacent odd page.
3. The questions cover topics like the while loop condition, do-while loop execution, for loop syntax, and the use of break and continue statements.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 3 -- cla...Kuntal Bhowmick
This document contains a 17-page MCQ quiz on object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, and conditional statements. It includes 18 multiple choice questions about topics such as the difference between classes and objects, access specifiers, method overloading, constructors, and if statements. Each question is presented on an even page with the corresponding explanation and answer on the adjacent odd page. The document instructs readers to first attempt each question themselves before checking the solution.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 2 -- bas...Kuntal Bhowmick
This document contains a 20-question multiple choice quiz on basic object-oriented programming concepts in Java. Each question is presented on an even page with possible answer options, while the corresponding solution and explanation is given on the adjacent odd page. The quiz covers fundamental topics like data types, access specifiers, inheritance, polymorphism, and more.
Multiple Choice Questions on JAVA (object oriented programming) bank 1 -- int...Kuntal Bhowmick
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions about object-oriented programming concepts. It provides the questions on adjacent even pages and the answers on adjacent odd pages. Some key concepts covered include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and the differences between Java and C++.
Hashing notes data structures (HASHING AND HASH FUNCTIONS)Kuntal Bhowmick
A Hash table is a data structure used for storing and retrieving data very quickly. Insertion of data in the hash table is based on the key value. Hence every entry in the hash table is associated with some key.
HASHING AND HASH FUNCTIONS, HASH TABLE REPRESENTATION, HASH FUNCTION, TYPES OF HASH FUNCTIONS, COLLISION, COLLISION RESOLUTION, CHAINING, OPEN ADDRESSING – LINEAR PROBING, QUADRATIC PROBING, DOUBLE HASHING
introduction to E-commerce, Electronic commerce, EDI, CS802E,
e-commerce ,edi ,electronic data interchange ,traditional commerce ,buyer and seller ,origin of e-commerce ,business process ,impact of e-commerce ,value chain analysis ,company value chain ,case studies on e-commerce ,advantages of e-commerce ,disadvantages of e-commerce
The Bresenham's line algorithm uses integer calculations to draw lines on a raster display. It works by determining which pixel to plot next along the line based on a decision parameter. The parameter is initially calculated based on the line's slope and endpoints, and then updated as the algorithm moves from pixel to pixel. This allows the algorithm to avoid floating point arithmetic for improved efficiency.
- Java is a high-level programming language originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. It runs on a variety of platforms such as Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX.
- The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) allows Java code to run on different platforms, as the bytecode is interpreted by the JVM rather than being compiled into platform-specific machine code.
- Some key features of Java include being object-oriented, platform independent, robust, interpreted, and multi-threaded.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in Java including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also discusses key Java features like classes, interfaces, access modifiers, and differences between abstract classes and interfaces. Object-oriented principles like encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained along with examples. Common questions about Java concepts are also addressed at the end.
This document discusses various operating system concepts related to processes and threads. It defines key process terms like process state, process control block, and scheduling queues. It describes the different types of scheduling including long term, short term, and medium term scheduling. It also discusses process states like new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. Process control blocks are described as storing information about the process state, program counter, CPU registers, scheduling, memory management, I/O status, and accounting. Scheduling queues include the job queue, ready queue, and device queues.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including definitions of key terms like network, link, node, gateway, transmission media, protocols, error detection, and reliable data transmission protocols. It discusses the layers of the OSI model and responsibilities of each layer. Finally, it covers data link layer protocols, framing, flow control, error control techniques like ARQ, and reliable transmission protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols.
The document contains summaries of several C programming examples:
1. Programs to calculate the area and circumference of a circle, find simple interest, convert temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit, calculate subject marks and percentages, and calculate gross salary.
2. Additional programs demonstrate swapping values with and without a third variable, finding the greatest of three numbers, determining if a year is a leap year, and identifying integers as odd or even, positive or negative.
3. Further programs check if an integer is divisible by 5 and 11, compare two integers for equality, use a switch statement to print days of the week, and perform arithmetic operations using a switch case.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Class notes(week 5) on command line arguments
1. Page 1 of 9
Class Notes on Command line arguments and basics of I/O
operations (Week - 5)
Contents:- What are CommandLine Arguments? How touse them? KeyboardinputusingBufferedReader&Scanner
classes
CommandLine Arguments
During program execution, information passed following a programs name in the command line is called
Command Line Arguments. Java application can accept any number of arguments directly from the command
line. The user can enter command-line arguments when invoking the application. When running the java
program from java command, the arguments are provided after the name of the class separated by space.
Example : While running a class Demo, you can specify command line arguments as
java Demo arg1 arg2 arg3 …
class Demo{
public static void main(String b[]){
System.out.println("Argument one = "+b[0]);
System.out.println("Argument two = "+b[1]);
}
}
Run the code as javac Demo apple orange
You must get an output as below.
A Java application can accept any number of arguments from the command line. This allows the user to
specify configuration information when the application is launched.
The user enters command-line arguments when invoking the application and specifies them after the name of
the class to be run. For example, suppose a Java application called Sort sorts lines in a file. To sort the data in a
file named friends.txt, a user would enter:
java Sort friends.txt
2. Page 2 of 9
When an application is launched, the runtime system passes the command-line arguments to the application's
main method via an array of Strings. In the previous example, the command-line arguments passed to the Sort
application in an array that contains a single String: "friends.txt".
Command Line Arguments Important Points:
Command Line Arguments can be used to specify configuration information while launching your
application.
There is no restriction on the number of command line arguments. You can specify any number of
arguments
Information is passed as Strings.
They are captured into the String argument of your main method
How to use command line arguments in java program
Consider the following example. The number of arguments passed during program execution is stored in the
length field of argument name (commonly it is args, note we use String[] args in main method of any
java program)
class CmndLineArguments {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int length = args.length;
if (length <= 0) {
System.out.println("You need to enter some arguments.");
}
System.out.println("Command line arguments were passed:");
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
}
}
Output of the program:
Run program with some command line arguments like:
C:>java CmndLineArguments Mahendra zero one two three
OUTPUT
Command line arguments were passed :
Mahendra
zero
one
two
three
3. Page 3 of 9
How Java Application Receive Command-line Arguments
In Java, when you invoke an application, the runtime system passes the command-line arguments to the
application‘s main method via an array of Strings.
public static void main( String[] args )
Each String in the array contains one of the command-line arguments.
args[ ] array
Consider a java program sort, which sorts some numbers entered as Command Line Arguments. We run:
java Sort 5 4 3 2 1
the arguments are stored in the args array of the main method declaration as…
Conversion of Command-line Arguments
• If your program needs to support a numeric command-line argument, it must convert a String
argument that represents a number, such as "34", to a number. Here's a code snippet that converts a
command-line argument to an integer,
int firstArg = 0;
if (args.length > 0){
firstArg = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
}
The parseInt() method is used to get the primitive data type of a certain String. parseInt(String s): This returns
an integer (decimal only). For example consider the following example. The string 9 is converted to int 9.
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x =Integer.parseInt("9");
}
}
All of the Number classes — Integer, Float, Double, and so on — have parseXXX methods that convert a String
representing a number to an object of their type.
Command-line Arguments Coding Guidelines:
• Before using command-line arguments, always check the number of arguments before accessing the
array elements so that there will be no exception generated.
• For example, if your program needs the user to input 5 arguments,
4. Page 4 of 9
Another example
class StringCLA{
public static void main(String args[]){
int length=str.length;
if (length<=0){
System.out.println("Enter Some String.");
}
for(int i=0;i<length;i++){
System.out.println(str[i]);
}
}
}
c:> javac StringCLA.java
c:>java StringCLA Its Work !!!
Its
Work
!!!
Note: The application displays each word- Its, Work, and !!!-- on a line by itself. This is because the space
character separates command-line arguments. To have Its, Work, and !!! interpreted as a single argument, the
user would join them by enclosing them within quotation marks.
c:>java StringCLA "Its Work !!!"
Its Work !!!
Reading data from keyboardby InputStreamReader andBufferedReader class:
InputStreamReader class can be used to read data from keyboard. It performs two tasks:
connects to input stream of keyboard
converts the byte-oriented stream into character-oriented stream
BufferedReader class:
BufferedReader class can be used to read data line by line by readLine() method.
5. Page 5 of 9
Example of reading data from keyboard by InputStreamReader and BufferdReader class:
In this example, we are connecting the BufferedReader stream with the InputStreamReader stream for
reading the line by line data from the keyboard.
//Program of reading data
import java.io.*;
class G5{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
InputStreamReader r=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(r);
System.out.println("Enter ur name");
String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+name);
}
}
Output:
Enter ur name
Amit
Welcome Amit
Another Example of reading data from keyboard by InputStreamReader and BufferdReader class
until the user writes stop
In this example, we are reading and printing the data until the user prints stop.
import java.io.*;
class G5{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
InputStreamReader r=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(r);
String name="";
while(name.equals("stop")){
System.out.println("Enter data: ");
name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("data is: "+name);
}
br.close(); // BufferedReader Stream is Closed
r.close(); // InputStreamReader Stream is Closed
}
}
Output:
Enter data: Amit
data is: Amit
Enter data: 10
6. Page 6 of 9
data is: 10
Enter data: stop
data is: stop
The following figure shows how the stream flows from device buffer to System.in, InputStreamReader object r
and then to BufferedReader object r, and at last to the java program.
Class InputStreamReader
public class InputStreamReader
extends Reader
An InputStreamReader is a bridge from byte streams to character streams: It reads bytes and decodes them
into characters using a specified charset. The charset that it uses may be specified by name or may be given
explicitly, or the platform's default charset may be accepted.
Each invocation of one of an InputStreamReader's read() methods may cause one or more bytes to be read
from the underlying byte-input stream. To enable the efficient conversion of bytes to characters, more bytes
may be read ahead from the underlying stream than are necessary to satisfy the current read operation.
For top efficiency, consider wrapping an InputStreamReader within a BufferedReader. For example:
BufferedReader in
= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
Class BufferedReader
public class BufferedReader
extends Reader
Reads text from a character-input stream, buffering characters so as to provide for the efficient reading of
characters, arrays, and lines.
The buffer size may be specified, or the default size may be used. The default is large enough for most
purposes.
7. Page 7 of 9
In general, each read request made of a Reader causes a corresponding read request to be made of the
underlying character or byte stream. It is therefore advisable to wrap a BufferedReader around any Reader
whose read() operations may be costly, such as FileReaders and InputStreamReaders. For example,
BufferedReader in
= new BufferedReader(new FileReader("foo.in"));
will buffer the input from the specified file. Without buffering, each invocation of read() or readLine() could
cause bytes to be read from the file, converted into characters, and then returned, which can be very
inefficient.
Programs that use DataInputStreams for textual input can be localized by replacing each DataInputStream
with an appropriate BufferedReader.
Input from the keyboard by java.util.Scanner class:
There are variouswaystoread inputfromthe keyboad,the java.util.Scannerclassisone of them.The Scannerclass
breaksthe inputintotokensusingadelimiterwhichiswhitespace bydefault.Itprovidesmanymethodstoreadand
parse variousprimitive values.
Commonly used methods of Scanner class:
There is a list of commonly used Scanner class methods:
public String next(): it returns the next token from the scanner.
public String nextLine(): it moves the scanner position to the next line and returns the value as a string.
public byte nextByte(): it scans the next token as a byte.
public short nextShort(): it scans the next token as a short value.
public int nextInt(): it scans the next token as an int value.
public long nextLong(): it scans the next token as a long value.
public float nextFloat(): it scans the next token as a float value.
public double nextDouble(): it scans the next token as a double value.
Example of java.util.Scanner class:
import java.util.Scanner;
class ScannerTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter your rollno");
int rollno=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter your name");
String name=sc.next();
System.out.println("Enter your fee");
double fee=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Rollno:"+rollno+" name:"+name+" fee:"+fee);
}
}
8. Page 8 of 9
Output:
Enter your rollno
111
Enter your name
Ratan
Enter
450000
Rollno:111 name:Ratan fee:450000
Class Scanner
public final class Scanner
extends Object
A simple text scanner which can parse primitive types and strings using regular expressions.
A Scanner breaks its input into tokens using a delimiter pattern, which by default matches whitespace. The
resulting tokens may then be converted into values of different types using the various next methods.
For example, this code allows a user to read a number from System.in:
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int i = sc.nextInt();
As another example, this code allows long types to be assigned from entries in a file myNumbers:
Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File("myNumbers"));
while (sc.hasNextLong()) {
long aLong = sc.nextLong();
}
The scanner can also use delimiters other than whitespace. This example reads several items in from a string:
String input = "1 fish 2 fish red fish blue fish";
Scanner s = new Scanner(input).useDelimiter("s*fishs*");
System.out.println(s.nextInt());
System.out.println(s.nextInt());
System.out.println(s.next());
System.out.println(s.next());
s.close();
prints the following output:
1
2
red
blue
The default whitespace delimiter used by a scanner is as recognized by Character.isWhitespace.
A scanning operation may block waiting for input.
9. Page 9 of 9
The next() and hasNext() methods and their primitive-type companion methods (such as nextInt() and hasNextInt())
first skip any input that matches the delimiter pattern, and then attempt to return the next token. Both hasNext
and next methods may block waiting for further input. Whether a hasNext method blocks has no connection to
whether or not its associated next method will block.
Another example showing the use of hasNext(), next() and nextLine():
Source Code Outputof the Program
import java.util.Scanner;
class hasNextExample
{
publicstatic voidmain(Stringagrs[]) {
String stest=newString("Thisisan example!!!");
Scanner sc=new Scanner(stest);
while(sc.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(sc.next());
}
}
}
D:java1>javachasNextExample.java
D:java1>javahasNextExample
This
is
an
example!!!
D:java1>
import java.util.Scanner;
class hasNextExample
{
publicstatic voidmain(Stringagrs[]) {
String stest=newString("Thisisan example!!!");
Scanner sc=new Scanner(stest);
while(sc.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(sc.nextLine());
}
}
}
D:java1>javachasNextExample.java
D:java1>javahasNextExample
Thisis an example!!!
D:java1>