This slide is completely based on the Operator Overloading and the Scope of Variable. The example given to explain are based on C/C++ programming language.
A function provides a convenient way of packaging a computational recipe, so that it can be used as often as required. A function definition consists of two parts: interface and body. The interface of a function (also called its prototype) specifies how it may be used. It consists of three entities:
The function name. This is simply a unique identifier.
The function parameters (also called its signature). This is a set of zero or more typed identifiers used for passing values to and from the function.
The function return type. This specifies the type of value the function returns. A function which returns nothing should have the return type void.
The body of a function contains the computational steps (statements) that comprise the function.
A function provides a convenient way of packaging a computational recipe, so that it can be used as often as required. A function definition consists of two parts: interface and body. The interface of a function (also called its prototype) specifies how it may be used. It consists of three entities:
The function name. This is simply a unique identifier.
The function parameters (also called its signature). This is a set of zero or more typed identifiers used for passing values to and from the function.
The function return type. This specifies the type of value the function returns. A function which returns nothing should have the return type void.
The body of a function contains the computational steps (statements) that comprise the function.
Programming Fundamentals Functions in C and typesimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals
Functions in C
Lecture Outline
• Functions
• Function declaration
• Function call
• Function definition
– Passing arguments to function
1) Passing constants
2) Passing variables
– Pass by value
– Returning values from functions
• Preprocessor directives
• Local and external variables
slide1: the content of functons
slide2: Introduction to function
slide3:function advantages
slide4 -5: types of functions
slide6: elements of user defined functions
Programming Fundamentals Functions in C and typesimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals
Functions in C
Lecture Outline
• Functions
• Function declaration
• Function call
• Function definition
– Passing arguments to function
1) Passing constants
2) Passing variables
– Pass by value
– Returning values from functions
• Preprocessor directives
• Local and external variables
slide1: the content of functons
slide2: Introduction to function
slide3:function advantages
slide4 -5: types of functions
slide6: elements of user defined functions
This set of slides introduces the reader to the concept of operator overloading for user-defined types in C++ (with elements of C++11 and C++14). The exemplary case of the complex class is introduced. It follows a discussion on how to implement mixed-mode arithmetic, which requires mixing member and non-member operator functions. Moreover, the technical tool of friend functions and access functions is discussed.
This will tell about the three of the Protocols(Lock-Based Protocols, Timestamp-Based Protocols, Validation-Based Protocols) of Concurrency Control used in the database management system.
This talk will cover various aspects of Logic Programming. We examine Logic Programming in the contexts of Programming Languages, Mathematical Logic and Machine Learning.
We will we start with an introduction to Prolog and metaprogramming in Prolog. We will also discuss how miniKanren and Core.Logic differ from Prolog while maintaining the paradigms of logic programming.
We will then cover the Unification Algorithm in depth and examine the mathematical motivations which are rooted in Skolem Normal Form. We will describe the process of converting a statement in first order logic to clausal form logic. We will also discuss the applications of the Unification Algorithm to automated theorem proving and type inferencing.
Finally we will look at the role of Prolog in the context of Machine Learning. This is known as Inductive Logic Programming. In that context we will briefly review Decision Tree Learning and it's relationship to ILP. We will then examine Sequential Covering Algorithms for learning clauses in Propositional Calculus and then the more general FOIL algorithm for learning sets of Horn clauses in First Order Predicate Calculus. Examples will be given in both Common Lisp and Clojure for these algorithms.
Pierre de Lacaze has over 20 years’ experience with Lisp and AI based technologies. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Applied Mathematics and Computer Science and a Master’s Degree in Computer Science. He is the president of LispNYC.org
This will give the information related to power supply into the computer system and provide the basic information about common power supply in AT and ATX Standards and Efficiency of Power supply Unit.
Online quiz system project is a web application developed in java. Students can download full project source code with project report and documentation. This application is useful as education project for college students. This ppt consists of design details and source code links.
This presentation includes 7 programs, in which 5 are basic arithmatic (binary) operator overloading and 2 are the unary operators( increment and decrement) overloading.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
3. Definition –
Operator overloading is a technique by which operators used in a
programming language are implemented in user-defined types with
customized logic that is based on the types of arguments passed.
What does Operator Overloading mean?
Operator overloading is an important concept in c++. It is a type of
polymorphism in which an operator is overloaded to give user
defined meaning to it.
10. << Left shift
<<= Left shift/assignment
<= Less than or equal to
== Equality
>= Greater than or equal to
>> Right shift
>>= Right shift/assignment
^= Exclusive OR/assignment
|= Bitwise inclusive OR/assignment
|| Logical OR
11. The operators :: (scope resolution), . (member access), .* (member access
through pointer to member), and ?:(ternary conditional) cannot be overloaded
New operators such as **, < >, or & | cannot be created.
The overloads of operators &&, ||, and , (comma) lose their special
properties: short-circuit evaluation and sequencing.
The overload of operator -> must either return a raw pointer or return an
object (by reference or by value), for which operator -> is in turn overloaded.
Precedence and Associativity of an operator cannot be changed.
Cannot redefine the meaning of a procedure.
Restrictions:
12. To overload a operator, a operator
function is defined inside a class as:
The return type comes first which is
followed by keyword operator, followed
by operator sign,i.e., the operator you
want to overload like: +, <, ++ etc. and
finally the arguments is passed. Then,
inside the body of you want perform the
task you want when this operator function
is called.
How to overload operators in C++ programming?
13. Example of operator overloading in C++ Programming
#include <iostream.h>
class temp {
private:
int count;
public:
temp(): count(5){ }
void operator ++()
{ count=count+1; }
void Display()
{ cout<<"Count: "<<count;
}
};
OUTPUT
Count: 6
int main()
{ temp t;
++t; //operator function void
operator ++() is called
Display();
return 0;
}
14.
15. SCOPE OFVARIABLES:-
Scopeof variableis definedas region or part of program in which
the variableis visible/ accessed/ valid .
all the variablehavetheir area of functioningand out of that boundarythey don’t hold
their value, this boundaryis calledscopeof the variable.
Types of Scope OfVariable :-
1. Global scope.
2. Local Scope.
17. Variable is said to have global scope / file scope if it is defined outside
the function and whose visibility is entire program.
File Scope is also called Global Scope.
It can be used outside the function or a block.
It is visible in entire program.
Variables defined within Global scope is called as Global variables.
Variable declared globally is said to having program scope.
A variable declared globally with static keyword is said to have file
scope.
.
File Scope of Variable :
18. For example:
#include<iostream.h>
int x = 0; // **program scope**
static int y = 0; // **file scope**
static float z = 0.0; // **file scope**
int main()
{
int i; /* block scope */
/*
.
.
.
*/
return 0;
}
19. Advantages / Disadvantages of File scope / Global
Variable
Advantages of Global Variables :
If some common data needed to all functions can be declared as global to avoid
the parameter passing
Any changes made in any function can be used / accessed by other
Disadvantages of Global Variables :
Too many variables , if declared as global , then they remain in the memory till
program execution is over
Unprotected data : Data can be modified by any function
21. Block Scope of Variable :
Block Scope i.e Local Scope of variable is used to evaluate expression at block
level. Variable is said to have local scope / block scope if it is defined within
function or local block. In short we can say that local variables are in block scope..
Important Points About Block Scope :
Block Scope is also called Local Scope
It can be used only within a function or a block
It is not visible outside the block
Variables defined within local scope is called as Local variables
22. Example : Block/Local Scope
#include<stdio.h>
void message();
void main()
{
int num1 = 0 ; // Local to main
printf("%d",num1);
message();
}
void message()
{
int num1 = 1 ; // Local to Function message
printf("%d",num1);
}
Output:
0 1
23. • In both the functions main() and message() we have declared same
variable.Since these two functions are having different block/local scope,
compiler will not throw compile error.
• Whenever our control is in main() function we have access to variable from
main() function only. Thus 0 will be printed inside main() function.
• As soon as control goes inside message() function , Local copy of main is no
longer accessible. Since we have re-declared same variable inside message()
function, we can access variable local to message(). “1” will be printed on the
screen.
Explanation Of Code :
24. Example 2:
#include<iostream.h>
void message();
void main()
{
int num1 = 6 ;
Cout<<num1;
message();
}
void message()
{
cout<<num1;
}
Compile error:
Variable num1 is visible only with
in main function, it can not be
accessed by other function.
Output of Above Program :
25. Advantages / Disadvantages of Local scope / Block
Variable
Advantages of Local Variables :
Since data cannot be accessed from other functions , Data Integrity is preserved.
Only required data can be passed to function , thus protecting the remaining data.
Disadvantages of Local Variables :
Common data required to pass again and again .
They have Limited scope.
26. Class scope:
The scope of the class either global or local.
Global Class:
A class is said to be global class if its definition occur outside the
class if the definition occur outside the bodies of all function in a
program
which means that object of this class type can be declared from
anywhere in the program.
For instance consider the following code fragment:
27. #include<iostream.h>
class X Global class type X
{ :
:
};
X obj1; Global object obj1 of type X
Int main()
{
X obj2; Local object obj2 of type X
:
}
Void function(void)
{
X obj3; Local object obj3 of type X
:
}
Example:
28. A class is said to be local class if its definition occur inside a function body, which
means that the object of this class type can be declared only within the function that
define this class type.
#include<iostream,h>
Int main()
{
Class Y Local class type Y
{ :
};
Y obj1; Local object obj1 of type X
}
Void function(void)
{
Y obj2; invalid. Y type is not available in function().
:
}
Local Class :
30. NOTE:
A local object can be created from
both class types: global as well as local.
Local Object:
#include<iostream.h>
class x
{
public:
int a;
void fun( );
};
void main( )
{
x obj1;
obj1.a=10;
obj1.fun( );
}