1) The document discusses the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G and some of their key architectures and technologies. It covers early analog 1G networks like AMPS and the transition to digital 2G networks like GSM.
2) GSM network architecture is explained including the base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation support subsystem. Security mechanisms in GSM like authentication using SIM cards and encryption of user data is also summarized.
3) Mobile IP is introduced as a solution for allowing mobile hosts to stay reachable as they move between networks. It works by having the mobile host register its new location with its home agent, which can then forward packets to the mobile host's current foreign agent and location
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Global System For Mobile Communication by Ummer &MaroofUmmer Rashid Dar
Global System For Mobile Communication
By: Ummer Rashid Dar & Maroof Bashir Bhat
M.tech (ECE) ,1st year .
Pounduchery University.
Dept.of Electronics Engineering .
605014
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. • Evolution of Cellular Networks
• Architectures
– AMPS
– GSM
• Security Mechanisms in GSM
Cellular Networks: Agenda
3. Origin of Wireless Communications
• Wireless communications gained popularity in
1930’s
– Mainly used for public safety by police and other
government organizations
– Not connected to the PSTN (Public Switching
Telephone Networks)
• First public mobile telephone service started in
1946 in United States
– Using a single high power transmitter and large tower
to cover an area of 50 km
4. Concept of Cellular Networks
• A single high power
transmitter services one
larger area multiple low
power transmitters service
multiple smaller areas
(Cells)
• Frequency can be reused
by cells far away from each
other improve usage
• A set of cells that do not
share frequency form a
cluster
• The cluster is then
replicated throughout the
desired communication
area
5. Evolution of Cellular Networks
1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G
Analog Digital
Circuit-switching Packet-switching
6. 1G Systems
• Goal: To develop a working system that could
provide basic voice service
• Time frame: 1970-1990
• Technology: FDMA/FDD
• Example Systems:
– Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS-USA)
– Total Access Communication System (TACS-UK)
– Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT-Europe)
• Incompatible analog systems
7. 2G Systems
• Goal: Digital voice service with improved quality
and also provide better data services
• Time Frame: 1990- 2000
• Technology: TDMA/TDD, CDMA
• Example Systems:
– Global System for Mobile (GSM-Europe)
– IS-136(TDMA)
– IS-95 (CDMA)
8. • Goal: To provide better data rates and wider
range of data services and also act as a
transition to 3G
• Time frame: 2000-2002
• Systems:
– IS-95B
– High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
– General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
– Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
2.5G Systems
9. • Goal: High speed wireless data access and
unified universal standard
• Time frame: 2002-
• Two competing standards
– One based on GSM, IS-136 and PDC known as
3GPP
– Other based on IS-95 named 3GPP2
• Completely move from circuit switching to
packet switching
• Enhanced data rates of 2-20Mbps
3G Systems
10.
11. • Future systems
• Goal:
– High mobility, High data rate, IP based
network
– Hybrid network that can interoperate with
other networks
4G Systems
12. AMPS
• 1G system developed by Bell Labs
• Analog system used FDMA/FDD
• 40Mhz of spectrum
• 842 channels
• rate: 10kbps
15. • Call arrives at MSC via the PSTN
• MSC then sends out a paging message via all
BTS on the FCC (Forward Control Channel).
• The paging message contains subscriber’s
Mobile Identification Number (MIN)
• The mobile unit responds with an
acknowledgement on the RCC (Reverse
Control Channel)
• MSC directs BS to assign FVC (Forward Voice
Channel) and RVC (Reverse Voice Channel)
AMPS: Conventional Telephone Cell Phone
16. • Subscriber unit transmits an origination
message on the RCC
• Origination message contains
– MIN
– Electronic Serial Number
– Station Class Mark
– Destination phone number
• If BTS receives it correctly then it is passed on to
MSC
• MSC validates the information and connects the
call
AMPS: Cell phone initializes a call
17. • GSM system consists of three interconnected sub-
systems
– Base station Subsystem
• Mobile station (MS)
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Base Station Controllers (BSC)
– Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentication center (AUC)
– Operation Support Subsystem
• Operation Maintenance Centers
GSM: Architecture
20. • Principles
– Only authenticated users are allowed to access the
network
– No user data or voice communication is transmitted in
“clear text”
• The subscriber identity module (SIM) card is a
vital part of GSM security. It stores
– International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
– Ciphering Key Generating Algorithm (A8)
– Authentication Algorithm (A3)
– Personal Identification Number
– Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Security in GSM
21. • Mobile station contains
– A5 algorithm and IMEI
• The network stores
– A3, A5, A8 algorithms
• The Authentication Center stores
– IMSI
– Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
– Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Security in GSM
22. Channel Establishment
Identity (TMSI or IMSI)
Authentication Request (RAND) Run Authentication
Algorithm (RAND)
Response
(SRES,Kc)
Authentication Response (SRES)
•RAND is 128 bit random
sequence
•SRES is signed response
generated for
authentication
Security in GSM: Authentication
Network
Mobile
Station
SIM
23. At the Network end
At the Mobile user end in the SIM
A3 Algorithm
RAND (challenge)
Ki (128 bit)
Transmitted to mobile
A3 Algorithm
RAND (challenge)
Ki (128 bit)
A8 Algorithm
Kc used for encryption
of user data and
signaling data
Proper authentication
completed if result is zero
Transmitted
back to base
station
Authentication based on RAND
24. • Ki is known only to the operator who programs
the SIM card and is tied to IMSI
• IMSI should be transmitted as less as possible.
• Only TMSI is used for authentication
• TMSI is periodically updated
Security in GSM: Authentication
25. • GSM uses symmetric cryptography
– Data is encrypted using an algorithm which is seeded
by the ciphering key Kc
• Kc is known only to base station and mobile
phone and is frequently changed
• The A5 algorithm is used for ciphering the data
• Along with Kc the algorithm is ‘seeded’ by the
value based on the TDMA frame
• Internal state of the algorithm is flushed after a
burst
Security in GSM: Data Encryption
26. A5 algorithm
Kc (from A8 algorithm)
Count
(from TDMA frame)
User Data
Xor
Encoded
message
Security in GSM: Authentication
27. • Why Mobile IP?
• Basic Principle of Mobile IP
• Route Optimization
Mobile IP: Agenda
28. • Internet hosts/interfaces are identified by IP address
– Domain name service (DNS) translates host name to IP
address
– IP address identifies host/interface and locates its network
IP Addressing
Gateway
Host 1 MH
129.168.105.126 129.168.105.124
ISU: 129.168.*.*
Internet
Host 2
Gateway
130.203.4.112
PSU:
130.203.*.*
29. • A host move to another network requires different
network address
– But this would change the host’s identity
– How can others still reach the moving host? How can on-
going connections to the moving host be not interrupted?
• Applications
– GPRS (2.5G), 3G cellular networks
– Mission-critical applications
• IP devices held by police, ambulance, coast guards are always
connected when moving
– Moving offices, …
Problems
30. CH
MH
Home network
MH
CHMH = mobile host CH = correspondent host
Home network Foreign network
Foreign network
How to direct packets to moving hosts transparently?
Routing for Mobile Host
31. • An analogy: what do you do when moving from one
apartment to another?
– Leave a forwarding address with your old post-office!
– The old post-office forwards mails to your new post-
office, which then forwards them to you
• Mobile IP:
– Two other entities – home agent (old post-office), foreign
agent (new post-office)
– Mobile host registers with home agent the new location
– Home agent captures packets meant for mobile host, and
forwards it to the foreign agent, which then delivers it to
the mobile host
Mobile IP: Basic Idea