1) Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns due to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases. 2) Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and leading to global warming. 3) Effects of climate change include stronger storms, more wildfires, rising sea levels, worsening droughts and floods, and threats to human and environmental health.

1. Climate Changes
 The term climate refers to the general weather conditions of
a place over many years.
 Climate change is a significant variations of a weather
conditions.
 Conditions becoming warmer, wetter or drier over several
decades (or) more
 Its that longer term trend that differentiates climate change
from natural weather variability
 While climate change and global warming are often used
interchangeable, global warming the recent rise in the global
average temperature near the earth’s surface.
 The global climate is the system connected to sun, earth,
ocean, wind, rain and snow, forests, deserts and savannas etc.

2.  Global climate change refers to the average long term
changes over the entire earth.
 These including warming temperature and changes in
precipitation as well as effect of earth warming such as
 Rising sea level
 Shrinking mountain glaciers
 Ice melting at a faster rate than usual in Greenland,
Antarctica and the arctic.
 Changes in flower and plant blooming times.
Some parts of the world earth are warming faster
than others. An average global air temperature near
earth’s surface have gone up about 2 degrees in the past
100 years.
Climate changing right now:

3.  Many people, including scientist are concerned about
this warming. As earth’s climate continues to warm,
the intensity and amount of rainfall during storms
such as hurricanes is expected to increase.
 Due to warms climate to increase drought, heat
waves, when the earth temperature increase by one or
two degrees that can change and impacts on human
health, earths plants animals etc.
According to NASA scientist, Climate change
describe a change in a average conditions, such as
temperature and rainfall. In a region over a long
period of time.

4. Weather Vs Climate:
Weather describes the conditions outside right now in a specific place.
Forex: Rain, Snow, Wind, hurricanes, tornadoes these are all weather
events.
Climate: Climate describes the weather conditions that are expected in a
region at a particular time of year.
 The mechanics of the earth’s climate system are simple.
 When energy from the sun is reflected off the earth and back into space
by clouds and ice OR when the earth’s atmosphere release energy the
planet cools.
 When the earth absorbs the suns energy OR when atmospheric gases
prevent heat released by the earth from radiating into space (The GHE)
the planet warms. A variety of factors, both natural and human can
influence the earth’s climate system.
causes climate change

6. The American association for the advancement of science
has stated. The scientific evidence is clear: global climate
change caused by human activities is occurring now and it is a
growing threat to society.
Below are a few of the ways humans are accelerating climate
change.
Green house gases: Green house gases play a vital role in the
earth’s climate cycles. As the planet gets reflected into space.
Green house gases in the atmosphere trap the reflected energy,
redirecting it back down to the earth and eventually
contributing to global warming. Various gases play this role
including
Water vapour, Co2, CH4, NOx, CFC’s

7.  While some of these green house gases such as water
vapour are naturally occurring other such as CFCs are
synthetic
 CO2 has been increasing at an alarming rate and has the
potential to stay in the earth’s atmosphere for thousands
of years unless it gets absorbed by the ocean, land, trees
and other sources.
 However as CO2 production has steadily risen, the
earth’s natural resources to absorb it has also been
diminished.
 Some studies even predict that plants and soil will be able
to absorb less CO2 as the earth continues to warm-
possible accelerating climate change even further.

8. The evidence is clear: the main cause of climate
change is burning fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal.
When burnt, fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the
air, causing the planet to heat up.
The climate on earth has been changing since it
formed 4.5 billion years ago. recently, natural factors have
been the cause of these changes. Natural influences on the
climate include volcanic eruptions, changes in the orbit of
the earth and shifts in the earth’s crust (known as plate
tectonics).

9. Over the past one million years, the earth has
experienced a series of ice-ages (glacial periods) and warmer
periods (inter glacial). Glacial and inter glacial periods cycle
roughly every 100,000 years, caused by changes in earth’s
orbit around the sun.
For the past few thousand years, earth has been in an
interglacial period with a constant temperature.
However, since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s,
the global temperature has increased at a much faster rate.
By burning fossil fuels and changing how we use the land,
human activity has quickly become the leading cause of
changes to our climate.

10. Green house gases and the green house effect
Some gases in the earth’s atmosphere trap heat
and stop it escaping into space. We call these green
house gases.
These gases act as a warming blanket around the
earth, known as the green house effect.
Green house gases come from both human and
natural sources. Gases like carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrous oxide naturally occur in the atmosphere.
Others, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are
only produced by human activity.

11. When short wave radiation from the sun reaches earth
most of it passes straight through and hits the surface.
The earth absorbs most of this radiation and gives off
longer wavelength infrared radiation.
The green house gases absorb some of this infrared
radiation instead of it passing straight out into space.
The atmosphere them emits radiation in all directions,
sending some of it back to the surface, causing the planet to
heat up.
This process is known as the green house effect.

13. The green house effect is critical to our survival. In
fact, without green house gases, earth would be about 30
degrees colder than it is today.
Without green house gases and their warming effect,
we would not be able to survive.
However, since the Industrial revolution, we have been
adding more and more green house gases into the air,
trapping even more heat.
Instead of keeping earth at a warm, stable temperature,
the green house effect is heating the planet at a much faster
rate.
main cause of climate change.

14. Human causes of climate change
Humans cause climate change by releasing
carbon dioxide and other green house gases into the
air.
Today, there is more carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere than there ever has been in at least the
past 800,000 years.
During the 20th and 21st century, the level of
carbon dioxide rose by 40%.

15. We produce green house gases in lots of different
ways:
 Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and
coal contain carbon dioxide that has been locked
away in the ground for thousands of years.
 we release the stored carbon dioxide into the air.
 Deforestation – Forests remove and store carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.
Cutting them down means that carbon dioxide
builds up quicker since there are no trees to absorb it.
Not only that, trees release the carbon they stored
when we burn them.

16.  Agriculture – Planting crops and rearing animals
releases many different types of green house
gases in to the air. For example, animals produce
methane which is 30 times more powerful than
carbon dioxide as a green house gas.
 The nitrous oxide used for fertilizers is ten times
worse and is nearly 300 times more potent than
carbon dioxide
 Cement – Producing cement is another
contributor to climate change, causing 2% of our
entire carbon dioxide emissions.

17.  Livestock: While interconnected to many of
the agricultural and deforestation issues we
have already touched on, livestock in the form
of cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry play a
significant role in climate change.
According to one study “Livestock and
climate change”, livestock around the world is
responsible for 51% of annual global greenhouse
gas emissions.

18. Natural changes to the climate
Natural cycles can cause the climate to
alternate between warming and cooling.
natural factors that force the climate to
change, known as forcings.
Even though these natural causes contribute to
climate change,
we know that they are not the primary cause,
based on scientific evidence.

19. Some of these natural cycles include:
Milankovitch cycles – As earth travels around the sun, its
path and the tilt of its axis can change slightly.
These changes, called Milankovitch cycles, affect
the amount of sun light that falls on earth.
This can cause the temperature of earth to change.
However,
these cycles take place over tens or hundreds or
thousands of years.

20. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) –
ENSO is a pattern of changing water
temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.
In an EI Nino year, the global temperature
warms up and in a La Nina year, it cools down.
These patterns can affect the global
temperature for a short amount of time (months
or years)
but cannot explain the persistent warming that
we see today.

21. Natural forcings that can contribute to climate change
include:
 Solar irradiance – Changing energy from the sun has affected the
temperature of earth in the past.
However, we have not seen anything strong enough to change our
climate. Any increase in solar energy would make the entire atmosphere of
earth warm, but we can only see warming in the bottom layer.
 Volcanic eruptions – Volcanoes have a mixed effect on our climate.
Eruptions produce aerosol particles that cool earth, but they also release
carbon dioxide, which warms it.
Volcanoes produce 50 times less carbon dioxide than human do, so
we know they are not the leading cause of global warming.
On top of this, cooling is the dominant effect of volcanic eruptions,
not warming.

22. Immediate effects of climate change
1. Agriculture, deforestation and livestock are
interconnected
2. Livestock in the form of cattle, sheep, pigs and
poultry play a significant role in climate change, live
stock around the world is responsible for 51% and
global green house
 Stronger storms & hurricanes
 Heatwaves
 Wildfires
 More flooding
 Heavier droughts

23. In 2014 the U.S. department of defence released a report that
stated climate change posed a severe and immediate threat to
national security.
According to former secretary of defence, chuck hagel, “Rising
global temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, climbing sea
levels and more extreme weather events will intensify the challenges
of global instability, hunger, poverty, and conflict.
Furthermore climate change is likely to cause economic
challenges in many parts of the world.
Some estimates have the US already spending around $ 240
billion annually due to human caused climate change and future
costs are projected to be even higher.
However, putting and exact number on the real costs of climate
change is difficult once you consider the staggering costs of losing
natural resources like clean air and water.

24. Long term impact of climate change
The long term impact of climate change could be absolutely
devastating to the planet and everyone and everything living on it.
If the world continues on its current trajectory then we
will likely continue to see increasing effects on everyday life.
Health
There are many ways in which climate change could impact
people’s health.
Depending on age, location and economic status, climate
change is already affecting the health of many and has the
potential to impact millions more.
According to the center for disease control and prevention
climate change related health risks may include:

25.  Heat related illness
 Injuries and fatalities from severe weather
 Asthma & cardiovascular disease from air
pollution
 Respiratory problems from increased
allergens
 Diseases from poor water quality
 Water & food supply insecurities

26. Ecosystems are interconnected webs of living
organisms that help support all kinds of plant and
biological life.
Climate change is already changing seasonal
weather patterns and disrupting food distribution
for plants and animals throughout the world
potentially causing mass extinction events.
Some studies estimate that nearly 30% of plant
and animal species are at risk of extinction if
global temperatures continue to rise.
Negative impact on ecosystems:

27. Water and food resources: Climate change could
have a significant impact on food and water
supplies.
Severe weather and increased temperatures
will continue to limit crop productivity and
increase the demand for water.
With food demand expected to increase by
nearly 70% by 2050, the problem will likely only
get worse.

28. Rising sea levels could have far reaching
effects on coastal cities and habitats.
Increasing ocean temperatures and melting
ice sheets have steadily contributed to the rise of sea
levels on a global scale.
At current rates the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration estimate sea levels to
rise by at least 8 inches by 2100, potentially causing
increased flooding and decrease in ocean and
wetland habitats.
Sea levels rising:

29. White contributing to rising sea levels,
shrinking ice sheets present their own set of
unique problems, including increased global
temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change has driven summer melt
of the ice sheets covering Greenland and
Antarctica to increase by nearly 30% since
1979.
Shrinking Ice sheets

30. The ocean is one of the main ways in which
CO2 gets absorbed.
human caused CO2 is pushing the world’s
oceans to their limits and causing increased
acidity.
As pH levels in the ocean decrease, shellfish
have difficulty reproducing, and much of the
oceans food cycle becomes disrupted.
Ocean Acidification

31. The main pathways and categories of health impact of climate change
are shown in Figure 1.
Figure1. Pathways by which climate change affects human health including local modulating
influences and the feedback influence of adaptation measures. Source: adapted from Patz et al., 2000.

32. Mitigation Solutions
Between 1970 and 2004 global emissions of
greenhouse gases rose by 70%, mainly as a result of
rising energy consumption.
The CO2 emissions of electrical power stations,
factories, motor vehicles, homes, offices and other
sources grew even greater: by 80%.
Developed countries are responsible for half the
world’s CO2 emissions.
While the share of emerging economies like China and
Latin America in global CO2 emissions is rising, it is still
far less than that of Europe and the United States taken
together (both in absolute terms and per head of the
population).
If no action is taken, global CO2 emissions are
projected to rise by a further 45% to 110% between
2000 and 2030.

33. In many of the world’s regions and countries
governments have introduced policies to reduce emissions of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
This is often referred to as mitigation policy.
A case in point is the Kyoto Protocol, under which
industrialized countries have committed themselves to a certain
cut in emissions; this has not been ratified by Australia or the
US, however
The European Union has an additional policy target of
reducing its CO2 emissions by twenty to thirty percent by the
year 2020 relative to 1990
One of the key instruments for securing these targets is
the European “carbon emissions trading scheme”.
At the national and local level, too, action is being taken
by governments as well as environmental organizations.
One example of the latter type of action is Green sure, a
green energy plan presented to the Dutch government in 2007
by the Netherlands’ largest environmental and trades unions
organizations.

34. Young people themselves can also take action
to limit climate change.
The first step to realize that many everyday
activities—computer gaming, showering, travel,
consume energy and that energy is also required
to produce food, clothing, cars, buildings and all kinds
of other products.
Everyone uses energy and every unit of energy
consumed can further exacerbate climate change. It’s
therefore important to realize that all of us share
some of the responsibility for climate change.
What we ourselves can do to tackle climate
change depends very much on our personal situation.

35.  Purchase renewable energy certificate for your
home power needs
 Make your home energy efficient
 Buy carbon offsets
 Adopt a plant based diet
 Reduce food waste
 Recycle
 Stop using fossil fuels
 Stop deforestation

36. Future effects:
Some of the long term effects of global
climate change in the united states are as follows:
According to the third and fourth national
climate assessment reports.
Change will continue through this century
and beyond
Global climate is projected to continue to
change over this century and beyond.
The magnitude of climate change beyond
the next few decades depends primarily on the
amount of heat trapping gases emitted globally
and how sensitive the earth’s climate is to those
emissions

37. 1. Temperature will continue to rise
2. Frost free season (and growing season) will
lengthen
3. Changes in precipitation pattern
4. More drought and heat waves
5. Hurricanes will become stronger and more
intense
6. Sea level will rise 1-8 fact by 2100

38. 10C 20C 30C 40C 50C
Fresh
water
supplies
Small glaciers
disappear
threatening water
supplies for 50
million people
Potential water
supply decrease
20-30% in some
region
(southern
Africa and
Mediterranean)
Serious drought
in southern
europe every 10
years 1-4 billion
more people
suffer water
shortages
Potential water
supply decrease
of 30-50% in
southern Africa
and
Mediterranean
Large glaciers
possible
disappear
affecting % of
Chinas
population
Food and
Agricultu
re
Modest increase in
yields in temper
region
Decline in crop
in tropical
region (5-10%
in Africa)
150-550 million
more people at
risk of hunger
yield likely to
peak higher
latitude
Yield decline 15-
35 in Africa
some entire
region out
agricultural
production
Increase in
occen acidity
possible
reduce fish
stock
Human
health
At least 3,00,000
die each year from
climate related
evidence reduction
in water mortality
in high latitude
40-60 million
more exposed
to malaria in
Africa
1-3 million more
potentially people
die annual from
mal nutrition
Upto 80 million
more people
exposed
Further
disease
increase and
substantial
burden on
health care
service
Possible effects of Climate change
Environmental temperature rise relative to pre industrial
temperature

39. The economics of Global climate change
Coastal
Areas
Increased
damage
from coastal
flooding
Upto 10
million
more people
exposed to
coastal
flooding
Upto 170
million more
people exposed
to coastal
flooding
Upto 300
million more
people
exposed to
coastal
flooding
Sea level
rise
threaten
major cities
such as
newyork,
Tokyo and
London
Ecosyste
m
At least
10% land
species
facing
extinction
increased
wild fire
15-40%
species
potential
face
extinction
20-50% species
potentially face
extinction
possible on set
of collapse of
amazon forest
Loss of half
of arctic
tunders wide
spared Loss
of coral reef
Significant
extinction
across the
globe

40. Adaptation Solutions
Adaptation is processes through which societies make
themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future
Adapting to climate change taking the right measures to reduce
the negative effects of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by
making the appropriate adjustments and changes (UNFCCC, 2007
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
defines adaptation as ‘adjustment in natural or human systems
in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects,
which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities
(IPCC, 2
The consequences of climate change can be seen all over the
world.
Sea level rise, flooding, hotter summers and wetter winters are the
picture of present and future