Education

1. Submitted by : Impa. H. R.
UHS20PGD395
Dept. of Vegetable Science
College of Horticulture,
Bagalkot
TOPIC: ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
AND CROP IMPROVEMENT IN CHILLI
Submitted to : Dr. R. S. Javadgi.
Head & Professor
Dept. of Vegetable Science
College of Horticulture,
Bagalkot

2. Pimiento Jalapeno
Ancho Anaheim Cayenne
Paprika

3. Long wax
Tabasco
Ornamental peppers
Cherry pepper

5. Capsicum annuum Pepper Types
Cayenne Bell Ancho Chile
Serrano Yellow Wax Jalapeno Jaloro Jalapeno

6. Breeding for Quality Traits in Chilli
R K Dhall
Agricultural Research Journal Punjab agric Univ 45 (3 & 4) : 156-60
 The grower judges quality in yield, good fruit color and lack of diseases and insect
pests. When the chilli fruit moves through the market channels, other quality
parameters are recognized.
 Chilli suitable for dried powder may not be satisfactory for paprika use. In a gross
simplification, the breeding objectives for quality traits could be recognized on the
basis of four market types
Market type Important fruit quality traits
Fresh market (green, red) colour, pungency, shape, size,
flavour, exocarp thickness
Fresh processing (sauce, paste,
canning, pickling)
colour, pungency, flavour,
pericarp thickness
Dried spice (whole fruit,
powder)
colour, pungency, flavour, dry
matter, low crude fiber
Oleoresin extraction Essential oil (colour,
pungency)

7. 1. Colouring matter of red ripe fruits
• The red colour in chilli is due to capsanthin and capsorubin, while yellow
colour is due to beta-carotene and violexanthin. Extractable colour is
measured by spectophotometric process, designated ASTA units.
• Capsnthin contributes up to 60% of the total carotenoids (Bosland and
Votava, 2000).
• Generally, the higher the ASTA colour value, the greater the effect on the
brightness or richness of the final product. The range of colour (capsanthin)
content is ˂70 ASTA units (low), 70-100 ASTA units (medium) and ˃101
ASTA units (high).

8. • The colour deterioration in chilli and chilli powder has been
attributed to oxidation of carotenoid pigments, which is greatly
influenced by moisture content, storage temperature,
atmosphere and light, harvesting condition, variety and drying
temperature also influence colour retension.
• Colour retention in stored powder is a major problem in most
of the oleoresin extracting factories and enterprises.

9. 2. Pungency
• The nature of pungency has been established as a mixture
of seven homologous branded chain alkyl vanillyl amides
named capsaicinoids, which are synthesized and
accumulated in the epidermal cells of placenta of the
fruits.
• Capsaicinoids are synthesized by capsaicin synthase
(CS).
• CS gene primarily expresses during placenta development
at 16-25 days after anthesis.
• The non pungent chilli is believed to have evolved from
pungent chilli by loss of CS gene.

10. Effect of storage on stability of capsaicin and colour content in chilli
(Capsicum annuum L.)
J. Pandey, J. Singh, R. Kumar, K. Srivastava, S. Kumar, M. Singh, B. Singh
Advances in Genetics and Breeding of Capsicum and Eggplant, (2010)
• The objective of this study was to assess the stability of quality
traits in stored chilli powder.
• The fruit samples were oven dried and grinded for the
biochemical estimations, after quantifying capsaicin and
oleoresin in freshly grinded powder the same was stored for
six months at ambient temperature for the study of the
degradation of the quality components.
 Capsaicin was estimated by spectrophotometer
 The procedure described by AOAC (1995) was used to
determine the extractable color and color value.

12. • From the findings it is evident that the percent degradation in
capsaicin content between the fresh and stored powder is
lesser cooperatively colour, whereas extractable colour and
colour content drastically decreased in all the genotypes after
storing the powder for six months at ambient temperature.
• Therefore from above experimentation, it has been concluded
that the capsaicin is more stable trait than the colour in chilli.

13. 3. Dry matter content
• There is no positive relation between the dry matter content
and its capsaicin content.
• A fairly thin pericarp is necessary as drying can be more easily
accomplished. On drying, fruits with thick pericarp show
wrinkled surface and dull appearance.
• Singh (2001) observed that non-additive gene action was of
prime importance for dry matter content, hence suggested
heterosis breeding for the trait

14. 4. Nutrient content
• Fresh fruits may contain upto 341 mg/100g of
Vitamin C. It is reduced by 30 per cent in canned
and cooked foods and almost negligible in dry chilli.
• Vitamin A is not present in chilli but its provitamins
are present, i,e., alpha, beta, gamma-carotene and
cryptoxanthin, which are all transformed in the
human liver into Vitamin A.

15. • A scoville heat unit measures the heat of chilli powder
(Scoville, 1912). Originally, it was an organoleptic test but
now measured with high performance liquid chromatography
(Woodbury, 1980).
• Dried red chilli powder is classified into five groups based on
pungency level:
1. non-pungent or paprika (0-700 SHU)
2. mildly pungent (700 to 3,000 SHU)
3. moderately pungent (3,000 to 25,000 SHU)
4. highly pungent (25,000 to 80,000 SHU)
5. highly pungent (> 80,000 SHU)

17. Effect of spacing and nutrient management in Naga King Chilli for its quality
attributes and soil nutrient status under poly-house condition
Akhoki G Shimray, Pranabjyoti Sarma, Senjem Semba, Chandra Deo and
Sudeshna Kharga
The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(9): 528-533
• Local landrace genotype from Manipur was collected and the experiment was done
in a factorial RBD with two factors (spacing and Nutrient) i.e.
• 3 spacing levels S1 (60 cm x 60 cm)
S2 (60 cm x 75 cm)
S3 (60 cm x 90 cm) and
• 3 nutrient levels N1 (90:45:45 kg NPK/ha + 20 t FYM/ha)
N2 (120:60:60 kg NPK/ha +15 t FYM/ha)
N3 (150:75:75 kg NPK/ha + 10 t FYM/ha)
• With 3 replication and 9 treatments to study the effect of spacing and nutrient
management in Naga King Chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) for its quality
attributes and soil nutrient status under polyhouse condition.
• Among the spacing taken the quality attributes like Vitamin-C, capsaicin contents
and Dry matter i.e. 84.88(mg/100g), 2.95% and 9.63% respectively, were found
maximum spacing S3.

18. • Among the nutrient dose, the maximum Vitamin-C, capsaicin and dry
matter i.e. 80.24 (mg/100g), 3.02% and 10.17% respectively were found in
N3
• The TSS ranges were recorded between 3.6 - 4.3˚B in Green fruit and 6.4 -
7˚B in red ripe fruit among the S x N levels treatments.
• Whereas the interaction effects on S x N levels on fruit quality parameters
shows significant result in capsaicin and dry matter but shows non
significant in TSS, and vitamin – C
• Maximum NPK content of 446.00, 58.51 and 348.45 kg/ha in soil was
obtained from nutrient level N3 and least NPK content of 379.10, 37.96
and 280.62 kg/ha was obtained from nutrient level N1.
• Interaction of spacing and nutrient levels did not bring about any
significant difference in available nitrogen and potassium content in soil
after harvest.
• While the interaction of spacing and nutrient levels showed significant
different in Phosphorus content in the soil. Spacing level S3 and nutrient
level N3 obtained the best result.

19. • Though India stands first in chilli cultivation covering 45 per
cent of the world hectarage, its productivity is quite low (1
t/ha dry chilli) as compared to USA, China, South Korea,
Taiwan, etc. (3-4 t/ha dry chilli).
• Initially area under chilli F1 hybrids was very low (2%),
probably due to small flower size and low seed yield per an act
of pollination.
• However, in the past 10 years the male sterile systems have
been exploited in F1 hybrid seed production and the percent
share of hybrid varieties increased to 25 to 30%.
• Development of hybrid seeds by hand emasculation and
pollination is a tedious process and involves high cost.
Exploitation of heterosis

20. • Exploitation of heterosis economically depends on the
development of new techniques, which lead to cheap hybrid
seed production.
• The ms10 (syn. mc509) gene reported by Pochard (1970)
has been transferred to the horticulturally superior cultivar
‘Punjab Lal’ (Singh and Kaur 1986) through the conventional
backcross method and the resultant line designated as MS-12.
• MS-12, a nuclear male-sterile (NMS) line developed at Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India), has been utilized to
develop commercial F1 hybrids.

21. Advantages of using male sterile system in
hybrid seed production
i) Cost effective reducing 50% of labour as there is no
need for emasculation and tying/tagging individual
fruit after crossing, provided the seed production is
inside the net
ii) Female parent being male sterile, no chances of
getting selfed seeds as mixtures
iii) Protection of female parent, as without maintainer
(B) line the female parent cannot be maintained

22. GMS
•Genetic male sterility is inherited by a single recessive gene, ms in chilli
•The ms12 has been utilized to develop first commercial male sterile based
chilli hybrids CH1 & CH3 by PAU, Ludhiana
Msms
(self)
MsMs: Msms: msms
(1:2:1 ratio genotypically)
msms X MsMs msms X Msms
(Maintainer line)
All fertile 1:1 ratio segregation
Maintainance of male sterility

23. • However, the male fertile and male sterile lines can be
differentiated only at the flowering stage on the basis of
yellowish or light purple anthers (male fertile) vs. dark purple
anthers (male sterile).
• Male sterile line ms-3 introduced from Hungary is maintained
at Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre
(AVRDC), Taiwan.
• Three morphological markers viz., taller plant height, erect
plant growth habit and dark purple anthers are associated with
the male sterile plants with ms12.

24. Meiotic analyses of male fertile and male sterile plants revealed that ms12 was
a spontaneous male sterile line, in which microspores degenerated
immediately after formation of the tetrads (Dash et al., 2001).
Fig.
(a) showing pollen grains
adhering to the green anthers
(b) showing purple anthers
without pollen grains (ms12)

25. CGMS
• CMS can arise spontaneously in breeding lines,
following mutagenesis, as a result of wide
crosses, or the interspecific exchange of nuclear
and cytoplasmic genomes (Schnable and Wise,
1998).
• If dominant restorer allele (located in nuclear
genome) for pollen fertility of a cytoplasmic male
sterile line is identified, it is commonly known as
cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CGMS).

26. •Peterson (1958) described a cytoplasmic male sterile system isolated from an
Indian accession, USDA PI 164835 – unstable and fertile under cool
conditions
•During the hot season (minimum temperature reaches 300C) male sterility in
(S)rfrf plants is stable. When the temperature drop below the optimum (240C,
170C day and night), meiotic breakdown is either stopped or delayed,
resulting in pollen fertility.
• However, the advantage of the different seasons (hybridization during
summer and seed increase of MS lines during the cool season) may be
exploited
•One of the stable A and B line pairs has been introduced from AVRDC by
IIVR and used in the development of high yielding hybrid viz., CCH2.

27. LIST OF CHILLY HYBRIDS DEVELOPED BY
EXPLOITING MALE STERILITY
CH 1 (GMS based ms12) PAU, Ludhiana
CH 3 (GMS based ms12) PAU, Ludhiana
Arka Meghana (CGMS) IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Sweta (CGMS) IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Harita (CGMS) IIHR, Bangalore
CCH 2 (CGMS based) IIVR, Varanasi
Kashi Surkh (CGMS based) IIVR, Varanasi
Arka Khyati (CMS based) IIHR, Bangalore

28. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
K. Madhavi Reddy, A. A. Deshpande and A. T. Sadashiva
Indian J. Genet., 62(4): 363-364 (2002)
• During 1990-91 male-sterile plant was naturally observed in the experimental plot
of IIHR, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore.
• The male-sterile plants had shriveled anthers and were devoid of pollen grains.

29. •The four male-sterile lines developed were crossed into a common restorer line, PMR
76 during kharif 2000.
Except MS-4 x PMR-76 all the other hybrids are early in flowering compared to the
chilli hybrid, CH-1.

30. Advances in male sterility of chilli
A co-dominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker
(CAPS) named PmsM1-CAPS, was found to be associated with
genetic male sterility (GMS) in colored pepper (paprika), and
some CAPS markers were tightly linked to the ms1 and ms3 genes
responsible for GMS (Lee et al., 2010).
Chen et al. (2012) found a novel gene, Camf1, which expresses
only in the anthers of male fertile plant and suggesting its
importance in fertility of C. annuum L.

31.  Bartoszewski et al. (2012) identified several markers linked to
ms8 locus responsible for nuclear male sterility.
 An Rf-linked molecular marker was employed to analyze the
interaction between 6 CMS lines (A), 5 maintainers (B), and 6
restorers (C) (Ma et al., 2013). They found the 6 restorers have
diverse restoring abilities in individual CMS lines and
concluded that the restorers can transmit the Rf gene or the Rf-
linked marker to F1 hybrids.

32. Identification of host plant resistance to pepper leaf curl virus in chilli
(Capsicum species)
Sanjay Kumar, Sanjeet Kumar, Major Singh, Ashok Kumar Singh, Mathura Rai
Scientia Horticulturae 110 (2006) 359–361
• The occurrence of chilli leaf curl disease caused by white fly
(Bemisia tabaci) transmitted (WFT) gemnivirus, namely, pepper leaf
curl virus (PepLCV) has been reported from India
• Leaf curl resistant genotypes under open field conditions have been
reported, especially from India (e.g. Pusa Jwala) (Tewari and
Ramanujam, 1974; Mathai et al., 1977). However, resistant
genotype based on artificial screening has not been reported.
• A total of 307 chilli and sweet pepper genotypes including
landraces, improved varieties, inbreds and hybrids representing four
cultivated species, viz. C. annuum (285), C. frutescens (5), C.
chinense (6), C. baccatum (3), one wild species, viz. C. chacoense
(2) and six interspecific derivatives were raised

33. • The initial screening was done under field conditions based on
visual observations on symptom appearance at 60, 120 and
180 days after transplanting. The symptom severity noted on
each genotype was rated following a severity scale from 0 to 5
• Disease incidence (DI) was calculated by dividing number of
diseased plants to the total number of plants (20 in each
genotype).

34. • For artificial screening under glasshouse conditions, in first phase, selfed
progenies of five symptom-less, three highly resistant and three susceptible
genotypes (Table 2) were raised and challenged by viruliferous white fly
maintained on cv. California Wonder in the wooden cage covered with
nylon net.

35. • Hence it may be concluded that three genotypes are not
symptom-less carrier and may possess mechanism to avoid
transmission of viral genome in their sap (true resistance).

36. • Two of these genotypes, viz. GKC-29 and EC-497636 are the derivatives of
interspecific cross within Capsicum annuum species complex and both
share C. frutescens as one of the common parents. The EC-497636
(Hungarian wax fruits) is an introduction from Hungary and had very poor
adoptability under open field conditions. The GKC-29 and BS-35 (C.
frutescens) are landraces collected from North-East region of India and
produce cherry and tabasco fruits, respectively, which are commercially
undesirable.

37. Effect of Different Mulches on Vegetative and Reproductive Components
of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L) Hybrid Sierra
M.S. MARICHAMY, ANJU THOMAS, ANISHA THOMAS, J. JAYABHARATHI AND
V. KANTHASWAMY
Advances in Life Sciences 5(3) : 888-893, 2016
• Chilli is sensitive to water stress. Young chilli seedlings cannot withstand
either water deficit or excess soil moisture while older plants can withstand
deficit or excess water.
• Field experiments were carried out at Department of Horticulture, Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal
on sandy loam soil during August 2014 to March 2015.
• to study the effect of different mulches (plastic and organic) on vegetative
and reproductive parameters of chilli hybrid Sierra.
• Urea, DAP, MOP were applied as per the crop production guide
recommendations (30 kg of N, 80 Kg of P2O5, 80kg of K20 ha-1).

40. • Plants grown under black on white mulch followed by black
on silver mulch produced larger fruit and have higher fruit
yield per plant because of better plant growth due to
favourable hydro-thermal regime of soil and complete weed
free environment.
• The increase in yield of mulched plot was probably associated
with the conservation of moisture and improved
microclimate both beneath and above the soil surface and
great weed control, especially in black on white and black on
silver plastic mulch recorded more number of leaves as a result
of more branches due to the extra length (more number of
internodes) in the main stem could have positively influenced
the yield.

41. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing
Characters of Rainfed Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
B. N. Gare*, P. U. Raundal and A. V. Burli
Advanced Agricultural Research & Technology Journal n Vol. I n Issue 2 n JULY 2017
• The production of chilli is adversely affected due to
flower and fruit drop which is caused by physiological
and hormonal imbalance in the plants particularly under
unfavorable environments, such as extremes of
temperature i.e., too low or high temperatures
• The experiment was conducted during kharif 2013,
2014 and 2015 at the Agricultural Research Station,
Gadhinglaj, District Kolhapur which is geographically
situated in sub-montane zone of Maharashtra, India.

42. • Phule Sai variety of chilli was selected for the study which was planted in
second fortnight of June at 60 x 45 cm. The experiment was laid out in
randomized block design
T1-NAA 40 ppm
T2-NAA 50 ppm
T3-NAA 60 ppm
T4-Ehtrel 150 ppm
T5-Ehtrel 200 ppm
T6-Ehtrel 250 ppm
T7-Tricontanol 1ppm
T8-Tricontanol 2 ppm
T9-Tricontanol 3 ppm
T10- control

43. •The pooled mean data on various attributes showed that foliar application of NAA 60
ppm at 6, 8 and 10 weeks after transplanting recorded significantly highest dry red
chilli yield (1910 kg ha-1) than rest of the treatments and was at par with 50 ppm
NAA (1885 kg ha-1).
• Improvement in yield and its component characters due to application of NAA
might be ascribed to more efficient utilization of food for reproductive growth
(flowering and fruit set), higher photosynthetic efficiency and enhanced source to
sink relationship of the plant, accumulation of sugar and other metabolites.

44. Ecofriendly pest management practices for leaf curl complex of chilli
(Capsicum annuum L.)
B. Mondal and P. Mondal
Journal of Biopest, 5: 115-118 (2012)
• Use of pesticides indiscriminately to protect the crop without
proper diagnosis which results in resurgence of the pests,
phytotoxicity on fruits, destruction of earthworm,
infertility/low fruit setting due to killing of pollinators and
presence of high amount of pesticidal residue on harvested
fruits.
• Suryamukhi is very popular and is widely cultivated in
different districts of West Bengal. It is an early fruiting variety
of medium height, generally having moderate number of
secondary branches. The variety is very much susceptible to
thrips and mites.

45. Boom Tet : Natural alkaloids and lactone (0.4%) +Terephenoids and isoflavones (1.6%)
Redux : Sea weed extract (10%) + Chavicol (2%)
Garlic extract (10%) : Crashed garlic 10g + Water 100 ml;
Neem cake @ 2t/ha and One yellow sticky trap was installed at the centre of each plot

46. • To study mite population five plants
were selected randomly from each
plot and tagged. Six leaves from each
plant (two each from bottom, middle
and top canopy) were plucked and
kept in properly labelled
polypropylene bag. Later, these
selected leaves were examined under
stereo-binocular microscope for
counting the number of mites per leaf.
• To study the thrips population another
five plants were selected randomly
from each plot. A pot containing
kerosinized water was placed under
the selected plant and each twig was
shaken gently, and thrips which fell
on the water were noted down.
• Observations were recorded at seven
days interval starting from 14 days
after transplanting (DAT) upto last
harvesting of fruits.

47. It can be concluded that module T4, T5 and T6 may be considered for sustainable
production of chilli.

48. Characterization, screening and evaluation
of germplasm
• The germplasm collections in the year included, two genetic and nine cytoplasmic
male sterile lines and others. The maintenance of all the germplasm was done
using the nylon net bags or cages for true to type seeds. The 34 stuff-type chillies
evaluated and maintained comprised of collections from stuff type hotspot areas
(Saidpur, Paterwa and other local areas) and some selected lines from amongst the
breeding populations (Table 1). Red ripe fruit yield of about 1 kg/plant was
obtained in several lines such as Saidpur Coll.-13, Saidpur Coll.-4, Paterwa
pickle type and Pickle Type-12, depicting thereby an estimated average yield
potential of ≥ 250 q/ha.
IIVR Annual report (2017-18)

49. Morpho-molecular identification and first report of Fusarium equiseti in causing
chilli wilt from Kashmir (Northern Himalayas)
2021
• In addition to Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, a new fungal
species was found in association with the chilli wilt in Kashmir valley viz.,
Fusarium equiseti that has never been reported before from this region. The
studies were confirmed by pathogenicity test and re-confirmation by DNA
barcoding.

50. In vitro regeneration in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) and biohardening
of plantlets using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Advances in Genetics and Breeding of Capsicum and Eggplant, (2010)
• Availability of a repeatable in vitro regeneration system is a pre-requisite
for application of molecular techniques for genetic improvement of chilli
• Unlike other Solanaceous species, chilli is recalcitrant to in vitro
regeneration and hence, the present study was undertaken to standardize
the complete regeneration protocol through direct and indirect
organogenesis followed by bio-hardening of plantlets using Glomus
mosseae, Gigaspora margarita and mixed AMF strains in four Indian chilli
cultivars namely, KtPL-19, Pusa Sadabahar, ArCH-001 and Salem
• Explants were excised from 21-day-old in vitro raised seedlings. Culture
initiation was found better in cotyledonary leaf, hypocotyl and shoot tip
explants, while it was poor in root segment.
• Full-strength MS medium was found better than half-strength MS and B5
media for culture initiation.
• Callus induction on cotyledonary leaf (98.11%) and hypocotyl (97.97%)
was the maximum on MS + 5.0 mgl-1 2, 4-D +1.0 mgl-1 kinetin.

51. • For callus multiplication, 3.0 mgl-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was found the best.
• Shoot bud induction was achieved on hypocotyl derived callus with addition of 1.5
mgl-1 TDZ.
• For direct organogenesis from cotyledonary leaf explant, MS + 1.0 mgl-1 TDZ was
found to be the best for all the cultivars. Multiple shoot formation (maximum 5.19)
from shoot tip explant was found on medium MS + 7.0 mgl-1 BAP + 0.25 mgl-1
IAA in cultivar Pusa Sadabahar.
• Shoot multiplication was most successful when carried out on MS medium
supplemented with 6.0 mgl-1 BAP + 1.0 mgl-1 Kin + 0.5 mgl-1 GA3 and 4%
sucrose level and cultures were maintained at 5000 lux light intensity and 16/8 hr
light/dark cycle.
• For in vitro rooting, ½ MS + 1.0 mgl- 1 IBA with 3% sucrose was found better than
full-strength MS + 2.0 mgl-1 IBA. In vitro hardened plantlets were treated with
different strains of AMF under glasshouse conditions. Survival percent, shoot and
root growth, cholorophyll a, b and total cholorophyll were increased when plantlets
were treated with mixed strains of AMF.
• The present findings would permit asexual propagation of elite or difficult-to-isolate
stocks, cell selection for useful variantsand recovery of transformed plants from
genetically engineered cells.

52. Varieties

55. Kashi Tej (CCH-4) F1 Hybrid
 CMS based F¬1 hybrid dual purpose (green and dry), early maturing
hybrid variety, high pungency, tolerant to Anthrachrose, fruit rot disease
and thrips. Plants yields (14.2t/ha)
Kashi Ratna CCH-12 (F1) Hybrid
 CMS based F1 suitable for green chilly purpose tolerant to anthracnose
and thrips with a yield potential of 20-22 t/ha. Semi erect, early maturing
variety, fruit contains 0.62% (93450 SHU) capsaicin and 175.6 mg/100g
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Kashi Abha (VR-339)
 Fruits are short staut with blunt apex and highly pungent. Tolerant to
biotic (anthracnose, CLCV, thrips and mites) and abiotic stress (low
and high temperature), yield 15 t/ha.

56. Kashi Surkh
 This is a F1 hybrid of a cross between CCA 4261 and inbred derived from
Pusa Jwala. Plants are semi determinate (1-1.2 m), erect and nodal
pigmentation on stem.
Hybrid-Kashi Early
 This F1 hybrid has been developed by crossing PBC-473 x KA-2 at IIVR
Varanasi. Plants of are tall (100-110 cm height) without nodal pigmentation
on dull green stems and bear pendant fruits. Fruits are long (8-9 x 1.0-1.2
cm), attractive, dark green and turn bright red at physiological maturity,
pungent with smooth surface. First picking of the green fruits starts at
about 45 days after transplanting