Citric acid is produced industrially through fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus niger. The process involves:
1) Growing A. niger in large fermenters on a substrate like molasses under controlled conditions of pH, oxygen levels, and temperature.
2) After several days of fermentation, citric acid is recovered from the liquid through precipitation and crystallization.
3) Citric acid finds a wide variety of applications as a food additive, cleaning agent, in cosmetics and personal care products, and for industrial uses due to its acidity and ability to chelate metals. Worldwide production exceeds 1 million tons annually to meet demand.
this presentation elaborates about the process of producing baker's yeast in detail
contents:1)Introduction
2)media and other raw material preparation
3)fermentation conditions
4)industrial preparation
5)Flowchart for the production of baker’s yeast
6)applications of bakers yeast.
this presentation elaborates about the process of producing baker's yeast in detail
contents:1)Introduction
2)media and other raw material preparation
3)fermentation conditions
4)industrial preparation
5)Flowchart for the production of baker’s yeast
6)applications of bakers yeast.
Dark-field microscopy is used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear bright against a dark background. This type of microscope contains a special condenser having a central blacked-out area.
introduction: Citric acid (C6H8O7) is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, grapes, tomatoes, beets etc.)
Citric acid known as an intermediate of kreb's cycle, and hence present in all living organisms.
Citric acid is produced by three method fermentation, chemical synthesis and extraction from citrus fruits.
In 1782, Carl Wilhelm Scheele first obtained citric acid from lemon juice, but in 1923 Pfizer began operating a fermentation based process in the USA.
Uses: Used as flavoring agent in food industries.
Used in chemical industries (as an antifoam agent).
In pharmaceuticals industries (as Tri-sodium citrate as blood preservative).
In detergent industries (as strong cleaning agent).
As chelating and sequestering agent.
In production of carbonated beverages.
Used as antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables.
Various cosmetic product like lotion, shampoos, creams, and toothpaste.
Biosynthesis: The metabolic pathway involved in citric acid biosynthesis the TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle.
In TCA cycle critic acid is a intermediate product, glucose is predominant source of carbon for acid production.
In glycolysis glucose is converted in 2 molecules of pyruvate. Pyruvate form Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate which finally convert in citrate.
Citrate synthase is a regulatory enzyme for production of citric acid because the activity of this enzyme increases at the time of acid production, while activity of other enzymes that degrade the citrate are reduced.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is also a key enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in citrate production.
type of fermentation: There are two types of fermentation:
Surface fermentation - Characterized by growing microorganisms as a layer or film on a surface in contact nutrient medium, which may be solid or liquid.
Submerged fermentation – In this process microorganisms are throughout the nutrient medium.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Dark-field microscopy is used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear bright against a dark background. This type of microscope contains a special condenser having a central blacked-out area.
introduction: Citric acid (C6H8O7) is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, grapes, tomatoes, beets etc.)
Citric acid known as an intermediate of kreb's cycle, and hence present in all living organisms.
Citric acid is produced by three method fermentation, chemical synthesis and extraction from citrus fruits.
In 1782, Carl Wilhelm Scheele first obtained citric acid from lemon juice, but in 1923 Pfizer began operating a fermentation based process in the USA.
Uses: Used as flavoring agent in food industries.
Used in chemical industries (as an antifoam agent).
In pharmaceuticals industries (as Tri-sodium citrate as blood preservative).
In detergent industries (as strong cleaning agent).
As chelating and sequestering agent.
In production of carbonated beverages.
Used as antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables.
Various cosmetic product like lotion, shampoos, creams, and toothpaste.
Biosynthesis: The metabolic pathway involved in citric acid biosynthesis the TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle.
In TCA cycle critic acid is a intermediate product, glucose is predominant source of carbon for acid production.
In glycolysis glucose is converted in 2 molecules of pyruvate. Pyruvate form Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate which finally convert in citrate.
Citrate synthase is a regulatory enzyme for production of citric acid because the activity of this enzyme increases at the time of acid production, while activity of other enzymes that degrade the citrate are reduced.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is also a key enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in citrate production.
type of fermentation: There are two types of fermentation:
Surface fermentation - Characterized by growing microorganisms as a layer or film on a surface in contact nutrient medium, which may be solid or liquid.
Submerged fermentation – In this process microorganisms are throughout the nutrient medium.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
production of citric acid , acetic acid and gluconic acid...
CITRIC ACID.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is naturally found in fruits such as lemon, orange, pineapple, plum, and pear.
- Molecular formula is C6H8O7 and belongs to the carboxylic acids groups.
- Stronger acid compared to other typical carboxylic acid.
Produced by fermentation and suitable pH is around 3-6. Citric acid is ( 2- hydroxy-1,2,3 propane tricarboxylic acid).
Citric acid is excreted from the cells in response to unfavorable intracellular condition caused by increased levels of tricarboxylic acids (TCA)
A crucial prerequisite for overflow of citric acid from A. niger cells is therefore increased level of Krebs cycle intermediates caused by anaplerotic reactions.
ACETIC ACID
• Acetic Acid is systematically named as ethanoic acid.
• It is a colorless liquid organic compound.
• It has a pungent/ vinegar-like odor.
• Glacial acetic acid is the pure form of acetic acid (99.98%).
• Vinegar is product of Acetic acid. The first vinegar was spoiled wine.
• It has melting point 16 to 17°C; 61 to 62°F.
GLUCONIC ACID.
Introduction:
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2 (CHOH)4COOH.
It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid. In aqueous solution at delicately acidic pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion.
Gluconic Acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Gluconic acid, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially. This agent and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts.
Aqueous gluconic acid solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes. In alkaline solution, this agent exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminum, copper, and other heavy metals.
Generally, organic acids are produced commercially either by chemical synthesis or fermentation. ... All organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle can be produced in high yields in microbiological processes. Among fermentation processes, the production of organic acids is dominated by submerged fermentation.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. SHRI SHIVAJI EDUCATION SOCIETY AMRAVATI
SHRI SHIVAJI COLLEGE OF ARTS COMMERCE AND SCIENCE
AKOLA(MS)
NAAC REACCREDITED WITH A GRADE(CGPA OF( 3.24)COLLEGE WITH POTENTIAL FOR EXCELLENCE(STATUS BY UGC)LEAD COLLEGE
(STATUS BY SGBAU, AMRAVATI)
DST-FIST SUPPORT
3. INTRODUCTION
Citric acid (C6H8O7 ) is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus
fruits.
Citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, tomatoes, beets etc.) are those fruits which
contains sufficient amount citric acid and they are classified as acid fruits.
Citric acid is produced by three method fermentation, chemical synthesis
and extraction from citrus fruits.
Citric acid is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is
extensively used in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits.
It is good, natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic
Taste to food and soft drinks, more than million tonnes are
produced every year by fermentation.
4. HISTORY OF CITRIC ACID
PRODUCTION
1. History of Citric Acid Production 1784 by W. Scheele isolated from
the lemon juice as calcium citrate, which treated with sulphuric
acid gave citric acid in the liquid phase.
2. Zahorsky in 1913 patented a new strain - Aspergillus niger
3. Currie 1917 opened the way for industrial citric acid
fermentation using a new micro-organism.
4. In 1960’s practice of submerged fermentation gained popularity.
1 2 3 4
5. STRAINS FOR CITRIC ACID
PRODUCTION
Many strains excrete traces of citric acid as a metabolite of primary
metabolism.
Various strains of genera fungi, yeast and bacteria were reported such as:
Penicillium luterum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium restrictum,
Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium citrinum, Paecilomyces divaricatum,
Mucor piriformis, Trichoderma viride, Sacharomycopsis lipolitica,
Arthrobacter paraffineus, Corynebacterium sp.,etc.
Only mutants of Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger) and yeasts genus Candida
have almost exclusively been utilized.
6. PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Surface or submerged fermentation technique dominated over
traditional method of preparing citric acid by extraction from various
juices.
Promising results were obtained in fed-batch process and by
continuous fermentation.
Citric acid fermentation using immobilized A. niger cells on various
kinds of carriers as glass, polyurethane foams, entrapment in calcium
alginate beds, polyacrylamide gels, agar, agarose , cellulose carriers,
metal screens and polyester felts.
7. Industrial Production of Citric Acid
• Microorganism: Aspergillus niger (mainly), Candida yeast (from
carbohydrates or n-alkanes)
• Citric acid production is mixed growth associated, mainly take place
under nitrogen and phosphate limitation after growth has ceased.
• Medium requirements for high production.
• Carbon source: molasses or sugar solution.
• Na-ferrocyanide is added to reduce Iron (1.3 ppm) and manganese
• - High dissolved oxygen concentration
• - High sugar concentration
• - pH<2
• - 30 °C
8. • Bioreactor: batch or fed-batch (100m 3 ) - 5-25X10 6 A. niger
spores/L may be introduced to the fermenter.
• Aeration is provided to the fermenter by air sparging (0.1-0.4
vvm)
• Temperature is controlled by cooling coil.
• Agitation: 50-100rpm to avoid shear damage on molds.
• Fed-batch is used to reduce substrate inhibition and prolong the
production phase one or two days after growth cessation.
• Volumetric yield: 130 kg/m 3
10. • Molasses substrate(15-20 % of sucrose, added nutrients) acidified with, phosphoric acid to a pH
• 6.0 - 6.5 and heated at temperature 110 ºC for 15 to 45 min.
Potassium hexacyanoferrate is added to the hot substrate, to precipitate or complex trace metals
• [Fe, Mn, Zn] and to act in excess as a metabolic inhibitor restricting growth and promoting
• acid production
• Inoculation is performed in two ways, as a suspension of conidia added to the cooled medium, or as a
• dry conidia mixed with sterile air and spread as an aerosol over the trays
• The temperature is kept constant at 30 ºC during the fermentation by means of air current
• Within 24 hours after inoculation, the germinating spores start forming a 2-3 cm cover blanket of
• mycelium floating on the surface of the substrate. As a result of the uptake of ammonium ions the pH
• of the substrate falls to 2.0
• The fully developed mycelium floats as a thick white layer on the nutrient solution. The fermentation
• process stops after 8 - 14 days.
• Recovery of mycelium to extract citric acid
SURFACE FERMENTATION PROCESS
11. SOLID STATE FERMENTATION
The solid substrate is soaked with water up to 65 - 70 % of water content. After the removal
of excess water, the mass undergoes a steaming process
Sterile starch paste is inoculated by spreading Aspergillus niger conidia in the form of
aerosol or as a liquid conidia suspension on the substrate surface
The pH of the substrate is about 5 to 5.5, and incubation temperature 28 to 30 ºC. Growth
Can be accelerated by adding α-amylase, although the fungus can hydrolyze starch with its
own αamylase. During the citric acid production pH dropped to values below 2
The solid state surface process takes 5 to 8 days at the end of which the entire is extracted
with hot water. On other cases, mechanical passes are also used to obtain more citric acid
from the cells
12. SUBMERGED FERMENTATION
Beet molasses substrate (12 - 15 %. reducing sugar content ), Nutritive salts, such as ammonium
nitrate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate are added. pH of substrate is maintained at 5.5 to
5.9.
The process can usually run in one or two stages, using hydrophilic spores suspensions or
germinated conidia from the propagator stage . Amounts of spores are 5 to 25 x 106 per liter of
Substrate
The development of the hyphae and the aggregation generally requires a period from 9 to 25
hours at temperature of 32 ºc
Mycelia aggregation and spherical pellets, the productive form can be detected after 24 hrs of
inoculation.
The change of pH in this phase is from 5.5 to 3.5, for beet molasses substrate, and to 2.2 for the
sucrose substrate
Fermentation last up to 6-8 days and later citric acid is purified from mycelium
13. FACTORS AFFECTING CITRIC ACID
PRODUCTION
Factors affecting citric acid fermentation
i. The concentration of carbon source,
ii. Nitrogen and phosphate limitation,
iii. pH (pH>5)
iv. Aeration
v. Trace Elements
vi. Lower Alcohols
14. PRODUCT RECOVERY
The recovery of citric acid from liquid fermentation is generally accomplished by
three basic procedures :
1. Precipitation
2. Extraction
3. Adsorption and Absorption (mainly using ion exchange resins).
Separation of citric acid from the liquid :
calcium hydroxide is added to obtain calcium citrate
tetrahydrate → wash the precipitate→ dissolve it with
dilute sulfuric acid, yield citric acid and calcium
sulphate precipitate → bleach and crystallization →
anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid.
15. APPLICATIONS OF CITRIC ACID
Powdered Citric Acid Uses
• We get a citric acid powder which is white. It helps in improving kidney
health, throat infection, get rid of acne etc. Some other citric acid uses are
• Used as a food additive
• Used in cleaning
• Used as cosmetics
• Used in water softener
• Used in Industries
16. Food Additive
• Citric acid is used in food as a flavoring agent and preservative.
• It is used in processed food products like beverages, soft drinks etc.
• Due to its sour taste, it is used in making certain candies.
• Sometimes the sour candy is covered with white powder which is citric acid.
• To keep fat globules away some ice cream companies use it as an emulsifier.
Cleaning Agent
• Citric acid is one of the chelating agents.
• With the help of citric acid limescale from evaporators and boilers is removed.
• It is used in soaps and laundry detergents as water are softened by the acid.
• Household cleaners used in kitchen and bathroom also contain some amount of citric
acid.
• It is not only used as a cleaner but also as a deodorizer.
17. Cosmetics
• Citric acid helps in the removal of dead skin so used for home masks.
• Improves skin tone and skin growth reducing wrinkles, acne scars etc.
• To balance the pH levels citric acid is commonly used the ingredient in cosmetics.
• It is found in hand soap, body wash, nail polish face cleansers, shampoos and some
other cosmetics products.
Water Softener
• Citric acid is used as a water softener in detergents, because of it’s an organic acid,
chelating, and buffering properties.
• The chemical properties of citric acid as a weak organic acid make it a strong softener
for water.
• It operates by breaking down the trace quantities of metal discovered in water, making
it an optimal all-natural option for hard water treatment.
18. Separation:
• The biomass is separated by filtration
• The liquid is transferred to recovery process:
• Separation of citric acid from the liquid: precipitation
calcium hydroxide is added to obtain calcium citrate
tetrahydrate → wash the precipitate→ dissolve it with
dilute sulfuric acid, yield citric acid and calcium
sulphate precipitate → bleach and crystallization →
anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid.