Citizen journalism involves non-professionals collecting and reporting news and information, often online. It has expanded with new technologies but also poses challenges. A key example is coverage of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, where citizen journalists provided timely photos but also spread misinformation. Overall, citizen journalism can add new perspectives but may lack professional standards regarding objectivity and verification. It improves some aspects of news reporting during crises through wider coverage, but can also reduce news quality if not subjected to traditional journalistic practices and ethics.
Online multimedia journalism is the process of combining text, images, sound, videos and graphics, to tell an interesting story with the use of the new technologies and internet.
World is transforming and converging rapidly through available information in various digital platforms. There has been a lot more discussions and deliberations has happened in the past at media, social, political and government forums about the reliability, authenticity and validity of information shared by users in the form of User Generated Content (UGC). According to a handbook on journalism, ‘Fake News’ and disinformation released by UNESCO, describes briefly about the emerging global problem of fake contents (disinformation) that confronts societies in general and journalism in particular.
Online multimedia journalism is the process of combining text, images, sound, videos and graphics, to tell an interesting story with the use of the new technologies and internet.
World is transforming and converging rapidly through available information in various digital platforms. There has been a lot more discussions and deliberations has happened in the past at media, social, political and government forums about the reliability, authenticity and validity of information shared by users in the form of User Generated Content (UGC). According to a handbook on journalism, ‘Fake News’ and disinformation released by UNESCO, describes briefly about the emerging global problem of fake contents (disinformation) that confronts societies in general and journalism in particular.
Amani Channel's research: "Gatekeeping and Citizen Journalism: A Qualitative Examination of Participatory Media." Presented 8/5/10 at AEJMC 2010, Denver.
In the current society where development has been taking place at a fast pace, a large number of people turn to their electronic devices that range from Social Media to predictions of weather (Curran 2010). As websites of social networking has been exploding and smart phones have been development, technology has quickly started to become the key way in order to receive information. The dependence on new technology for information have been providing huge benefits such as instant notification of emails and news allowing member of the society for being aware about what events are taking place across the globe in only a fraction of seconds.
A number of research papers have documented the rapid success and growth of minority or ethnic media across a number of areas throughout the world, being most prominent in Western Europe and North America. This trend has been attributed by scholars with the tendency of expressing the increased patterns of migration across the globe (Bloomsbury 1992). A crucial awareness about an extremely participatory culture of global media across multi- cultural societies has been established as a significant tool for explaining the impact and success of minority or ethnic media, along with embracing the changing methods by which there is use of media by people (Sanders 2009). Being a profession extremely centralized to the sense of self across the society, there lies a crucial significance for understanding the impacts of changing conditions on labour, cultures of professionalism, and the technologies in appropriation. These factors form the crucial attribute of work within the profession of journalism. It has been argued by a number of researchers that the continuously converging technologies undermine the basic standards and skills of journalism, while the so- called multiple tasking is fostered within newsrooms, which is seen as the outcome of economy based pressures cutting back over resources while the work loads are increased (Curran et al. 2012).
A. I need to remind the people who help me with this paper that my.docxrhetttrevannion
A. I need to remind the people who help me with this paper that my experience is not with a disabled child, but I experience with an adult disabled person.
B. My paper’s topic is “The physical health of adults with disabilities.”
C. Please follow the information that the teacher give us.
D. Please find 12 references those about “the physical health of adults with disabilities.”
As you complete the assigned reading for class on April 23, please submit short answers to the Three Things to Know.
2 sentences for each of the below questions
· How does media impact what we learn, as well as the way we learn?
· How has the nature of digital media made it central to our thinking and behavior?
· How has the nature of digital media shown the potential for limits of human control of media?The Crisis in Journalism
Internet-based companies have used technology to disrupt existing industries, undermining the financial foundation for traditional journalism (Franklin 2011; Jones 2009; McChesney and Pickard 2011; Meyer 2009). Subscriptions that had once funded newspaper journalism plummeted as users flocked to “free” online content. Print advertising, which had made up the bulk of revenue for news organizations, also fled to the internet; Craigslist and eBay replaced the newspaper classified ads, whereas Google, Facebook, and online ad brokers replaced display ads. As users and advertisers moved online, publishers decided they had to follow.
Stand-alone news websites offered free online content, reinforcing the expectation that news should be available without cost. Some introduced pay walls to try to recapture some lost revenue. In the hope of finding greater readership, “distributed content” became common, where publications allowed their content to appear on Facebook and other platforms. Unfortunately, of the people who find a news story from social media, about two-thirds remember the social media site where they found it, but fewer than half remember which news outlet originally published it (Kalogeropoulos and Newman 2017). Still, publishers competed to create content that met the format and content preferences of those platforms. When Facebook research showed users engaged with video presentations more than text, the call for news outlets to “pivot to video” followed. In one example, The Washington Post, best known for its sober political coverage, began creating scripted funny videos as a way to attract more users via distributed content (Bilton 2017).
That is a change from how news organizations have operated in the past. At legacy news sites—whether the printed newspaper or online website—news organizations offer the user a package of content. Users might skim the headlines, check out the sports, and delve deep into a feature article—all from a single news outlet. That means the editorial staff at the outlets produces a well-rounded package of information and news, along with lighter lifestyle and entertainment stories. With distributed content,.
Increased human activities in the Arctic has led to the diminishment of Arctic sea ice, about 70,000 km2 per year and has raised concerns for the region’s future. Measurements show that the ice has grown thinner, approximately 40% in the last two decades. The region is opened to increased human activities like commercial shipping, Arctic oil and gas exploration, in addition to deposition of soot by the maritime vessels. Black carbon from incomplete combustion is lodging over the ice and is causing graying of ice caps which was once a reflective surface to absorb more of sunlight and warm the water. Increased water temperatures are having grave impacts on the flora and fauna that are dependent on ice. In near future Polar bears are likely to face extinction as their breeding habitat is given to melting ice. Trapped green house gases like methane are released due to the melting areas of permafrost. Some simple maths can give us the glimpse of the complexity faced by the scientists in handling ice-ocean-climate models.
Social construction of race and gender, patriarchy and prejudice and discrimi...Service_supportAssignment
Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual, a group or an idea which is constructed because of a culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this research paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender and the problems associated with the same. In addition to this, how can social construct forms to be the basis for discrimination and prejudice? Further, racism and sexism will be discussed with examples and the role of power in the same. To end, patriarchy will be discussed and its role in racism and sexism will be added
A daydream has to be sweet and hence the term dream. A coffee day dream for a girl combines not only the right coffee but also gives her a lucid daydream on similar sweet elements, making her a princess in a castle waiting to be rescued by a prince. This pretty much forms the thematic background for the animation advertisement ‘Coffee Daydream’. Visual effects set the mood here as the viewer watches a girl having coffee, she sprinkles sugar on the coffee and when the advertisement is over she has completed her coffee and her dream. The use of visual technology adds the elements for the dream which is very subtly weaved into the story plot. Techniques of compositing, particle effects and smoke animation are used here to represent the goodness of the coffee being advertised for.
Organizational Management has been defined as the style of managing business of an organization is big or small. This management process involves the process of organizing, planning, leading and controlling the resources along with the main essence of achieving the goal of the business as well. The reason why organizational management is approached is that it provides better decision making capabilities which is both effective and useful to the way in which an organization can run and also carry on proper management strategies (Nikolakopulos, n.d.).
Nike has been the most successful organizations which has excelled in the development of the sports good. Over the years it has been consistently maintained its brand and is regarded as the most innovative organization. Over the years, Nike has been producing new and advanced sports accessories and has consistently been the top choice of the sportspersons.
The Coca-Cola Company, incorporated on September 5th, 1919 is a well known beverage company. The company has a ownership and licensing of brands and markets over 500 non-alcoholic beverages brands which usually consist of sparkling beverages but also a varied number of still beverages like water , enhanced water , juice and juice drinks , ready to drink teas and coffees and also many sports and energy drinks. For every industry who has to spend reasonable time and effort in marketing, Coca Cola serves as a true inspiration (World of Coca-Cola, 2015).When most of the company belongs to mature stage of the product life cycle, and is operating in a competitive market with little product differentiation, the company has been successful to grow in terms of strength as a brand and its marketing techniques. (Cokecce.com, 2015)
The recent downturn in the economy and recent failures in the business have been merged for the creation of a financial environment to make reports unlike any other within present memory. There has been a major impact on the confidence of investors that had been shaken up by an increase in the volatility within the markets of capital. This has further been followed up by unsettlement in the extremely publicized restatements being drafted for the statements of finance (Bond and Cummins 2010). These have resulted in the generation of several questions regarding the quality being presented in the reports of finance.
Background: Samsung Electronics Ltd is a multinational electronics company which has many manufactory and distribution centers all around the world. A subsidiary of the Samsung Group that is based out of South Korea, the company at presents is much diversified being in the production and sales of consumer electronics.
The country selected to be analyzed from the perspective of international business is Ireland. This country notebook will have its basis on making an organization to expand its operations to the business world of Ireland which has been regarded due to several reasons as the best country for doing business (Hill 2014). The target market selected is the hospitality industry of Ireland and the organization selected is Double Tree Hilton expansion internationally into the realms of Ireland.
The choice of consumers differs from one product to another. For example in case of skincare products, the choices are much different because youth under the age of 20-25 have different mindsets for the products because these age groups youth look for costly, from reputed brands. The lifestyle has changed as so the demand has changed. The consumer behavior and thoughts are changes as the time passes. The skincare or say as cosmetics products are highly concerns for female than male, and therefore this research also focuses on female participants a most to understand their choice criterion for skin care products and the value they perceive. The aim of this report is to understand consumer prospective, thoughts and choices while buying the skincare or cosmetics products. The results are obtained using SPSS software as quantitative analysis and conclusion is drawn based on that only. The results show that lifestyle; variety of products, and interest level of skin care products and more has impacted the choices of the consumers under the age of 20-25 in China. The analysis suggests that there have been done enough spending in last 5 years in China which is many folds of the last decades spending for skin care or cosmetics products. The value of choice of skin care or cosmetics products are also discussed and analyzed in the reports, through understanding of lifestyle, the kind of products, income and more factors that impacts the value of skin care or cosmetics products. The obtained results from the survey it is observed that most of the youth have various choices for skin care products depending on their budget, lifestyle, education and occupation. The upper age youth who used the skin care products mostly belong to employment as they need these products highly. The other group who used mostly was prescribed by the doctors. The rest were dependent on the income group and interests to have different choices for the skin care products and brand
Title: Millennium Bridge at London - Steel Structure Failure
This is 320 m span aluminum and steel bridge across the river Thames. This bridge has steel structure failure because it had vertical, lateral and torsional stiffness. The problem occurred because of side vibration of the bridge deck because of pedestrian lateral excitation. The main reasons for this failure were lateral stiffness of the deck and low damping potential which happens in steel structure only. This bridge was made of two dimensional cable truss. The stiffness in this bridge structure caused this failure in this bridge. Therefore, this bridge was closed for few days to fix the problem. It is therefore highly relates to steel structure failure and is suitable for the case study as well. This problem was rectified with help of installation of lateral dampers. All these characteristics of this bridge failures relates to steel structure failure.
With time the whole of the world is being influenced by the social media like YouTube (Bennett & Strange, 2011). The impact of YouTube can be seen in some recent TV programs and feature films. Some of the new TV programs and feature films have adopted the key elements of YouTube aesthetics, including the found dotage device and hand – held camera work to influence the viewers of the authenticity of a viewpoint of character or of narrative (Snickars & Vonderau,2009).
The following paper compares and contrasts the three recent feature films and TV programs, including 127 Hours, Paranormal Activity 3, and Blue Valentine. Each of these movies utilized the same element of YouTube aesthetics that is hand held camera work
Sports, Business, Theatre or Drama; change seldom discriminates. It resonates in each and every walk of life. On the brink of a terrific change is Politics, courtesy the social media. Social media has rapidly grown as a forum for political discourse and activism. Its various platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube etc. are providing a plethora of new ways to engage citizens in politics (Benkler, 2006). A great advantage inherent in social media is the possibility of personal, ie., one to one communication. Politicians as well as political parties are seemingly benefitting with this new found ability to reach out to their potential voters. It has become possible for politicians to reach voters in a well targeted manner without relying on the media as an intermediary (Gentle, 2012). Various reactions, messages, feedbacks and debates are generated online. In addition to this, support for offline causes of a political party are also generated through social media petitions
This research proposal is on the effect of the lending of bank capital and the link between the actual financial condition and the real activities that has been going around. This has succeeded in gaining a lot of attention in past few times because of the financial crisis the world has seen. The techniques of panel-regression can be used to study the lending techniques of bank’s large holdings and companies and the effects small or big of capital on lending (Pelosky, 1991). Then the effect of the capital ratios will be concluded using a variant model, and again the researcher will look for the results that are in marked contrast to estimate obtained by using simple practical relations between the aggregate commercial-bank assets and leverage growth, this has recently been very powerful which was kind of influential for policy maker’s as a result point of views regarding how the loan growth is affected by the bank capital. The models which have been estimated will be used to understand the recent developments in bank lending
The expression and gesture of an artist worth more than action, in today’s culture Artistic expression pays a civilly prevalent. In today’s society dance plays a very important role, to communicate their ideas through various medium. The variety form of dance use the oldest expressions from the culture, and experiment it in a new style. For many in the society dance are entertainment, education, stress release, and a form of worship. Beyond everything in life the thoughts of dance and art serves a greater purpose, artist believes that dance denotes the meaning of tradition and the results of its expression depicts the reaction of culture on society. Dance is an initiation of culture and tradition to the human torso in its most raw form, whether one is bringing up their hand or performing in ballet, in whatever way the artist is holding out and holding back the tradition and style alive.
Understanding the social gifts of drinking rituals an alternative framework f...Service_supportAssignment
The drinking behavior of the binge was described as the most significant reason for the health issues in college campus. By interrelating the ritual behavior and the health condition of the students, the authors conducted focus groups discussion. Through the in-depth interview they explored the nature of alcohol consumption was high among college students. This report extracted from the discussion provides a clear picture about the role of Ritual with student drinking in the campus. With the interpretation of the subject “Drinking-as-ritual” in a theoretical Framework let the authors to discuss how developers of public service announcement captured and contextually drinking rituals. This study makes PSA a more relevant to the target audience
Music to me is an art that stands amongst a few other things I enjoy profoundly. Music is something I can turn to in whichever mood I’m in. It can cheer me up when I’m feeling down. It can calm me down when I’m worked up and very often it has been able to give me good energy. It can motivate me when I feel demotivated with anything. Music has also been a great source of inspiration to me. Music alone has not captured me but lyrical content has also contributed towards my love for music
Modern HRM practices try to recruit employees within the organization. The reasons for internal recruitment are as follows. It is less time consuming in order to hire resources within the company. There is no need for extensive skill assessment process. Employee is well known to the company. There is no need to scout for new candidates. This increases procedural efficiency (Moser, 2005). This process of internal hiring ensures that the employees within the organization sense job security (Chan, 1996). Apart from this it has been observed that new hires joining rate is lesser when compared to internal employees. It takes time for the external candidate to understand the official process of the company. During certain times for some positions there is high employment rate. There is lack of external resources during this time internal sourcing is preferred by the companies (Moser, 2005). This process is saves time. This is found to boost productivity and overall morale of the company
Nike is basically an American establishment for athletic merchandises. It has managed to garner immense brand recognition around the world. They design, manufacture, produce and have an effective distribution system. The company is involved in a number in selling number of sporting gears and athletic accessories (Osayawe Ehigie, 2006). Nike has adopted multi level marketing channels in order to sell. Logistic management of the company is well known. There are a number of factors that needs to be changed in the marketing strategy in order to ensure that Nike presence increases sales in the Nigerian markets and the company manages to expand its consumer base. There is potential for the company emerges as a strong brand in under serviced Nigeria and in African continent. The purpose of this thesis is to look into current Nike presence in Nigeria and recommendations will be proposed based on the analysis
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. Drawing on example of crisis, explain the extent to which citizen journalism
improves (or not) news reporting
By Student’s Name
Course
Tutor
University
Department
2. Citizen Journalism is basically defined as collecting, disseminating and analyzing news as
well as information by mainly non-professionals among the public where specifically there is
use of internet in communicating with the public. This information which is provided by
private individuals can take many forms varying from a podcast editorial to a report about
council meeting. One very important feature of the citizen journalism is that it is found usually
found online and moreover, the emergence and quick availability of internet with its web-
related innovations has made the concept of citizen journalism possible. (Rogers, 2015)
In similarity to the online domain which has interest in the gate keeping research, therefore
participatory journalism has also become a natural nexus for the journalist information.
Newspapers are mainly concerned with information as provided for online user generated
content as the editors also express professional concerns as long as reputation, trust and legal
liability. Gate keeping should rather become one of the most important and compelling logic
which will help n examining the citizen journalism online and its effects as well. (C. Lewis,
Kaufhold and L. Lasorsa, 2010)
Citizen Journalism started as a revolution in the early 2000s, with the beginning of
democratic process where one would no longer be only depending on the news and
information provided by the professional reporters. Though citizen journalism is still
considered as work in progress yet there is a huge expectation that this kind of journalism will
be a good way of communicating information and spreading awareness among the public. But
the situation of these citizen journalists has become very pitiful as they do not get paid for
their work and with such circumstances it is rather unrealistic to expect any level of
commitment from the citizen journalists which normal professionals usually do. (Rogers,
2015) The main reason for the emergence of citizen journalism was the introduction of
internet. It is today a universally accessible and globally relevant idea and has its own position
under the traditional media with both public and commercial presence.
Citizen journalism uses a lot of blogs and websites in order to write on a variety of topics
ranging from intimate diaries to that of political commentary. In fact most of the leading
newspapers today have a separation section of blog category in their official website. In the
year 2013, a training for the citizen journalism was conducted which attracted the interests of
a great number of people. (Hodzic, 2013) This is so since people were excited to participate in
3. commenting on social events and this made way for a tough challenge for citizen journalists
so that they too can improve their working performance. The present society is more inclined
towards the contemporary side of the story and this is why the role of media has changed in
many ways in comparison to what it was earlier. Even though citizen journalism was
considered amateur yet the big media companies had to support the citizen journalism as they
did not have any other choice in hand. (Hodzic, 2013)
The field of citizen journalism has expanded quite a lot as long as the technological advances
are concerned. There have been a lot of questions regarding the presence and validity of the
citizen journalism in the society such as the following:
Should the citizen journalism be treated in parity to the professional reporters?
What standards should the citizen journalists follow since they do not have any formal
training and experience of professional journalist?
How quickly should the public believe the content of citizen journalism?
What is the extent of skepticism that news consumers should have regarding the
citizen journalists? (Leibowitz, 2015)
One of the major citizen journalism crisis had taken place in the year 2013 when a citizen
journalists wrote in the Reuters blog about a manhunt for a suspect in the bombings. This
was indeed a big example of crisis and also demonstrated the risks and value of citizen
reporting via social media. The citizen journalists were able to capture some iconic photos
of the events and could also share the compelling stories which followed by the
announcement of bombings and the search of manhunt by the government officials. Yet
again it has been reported that social communities quickly report and get wrong
information including falsely accusing suspects. Even though there have been instances
when the an equal number of evidences have also shown that the communities had self
corrected themselves as well and improve on their misinformation. The Boston Marathon
bombings was indeed one of the exceptional cases which showed the incapacity of citizen
journalisms and also the lack of professional competency show that the citizen journalism
does not improve news reporting to a great height. (Knoblich, 2013) In contrary to this
event the professional news outlet don’t usually offer the same type of participatory
engagement for citizens as the citizen reporting does. In order to strengthen the voice of
4. the citizen reporters, outlets have been formed out of creative partnerships and this has
lead to citizen specific sites such as Reuters and Global Voices or even the combination of
YouTube, WITNESS and Storyful that will make things better and smooth for the local
public who is interested in knowing about the news and whereabouts for the benefit of the
people. Therefore, it can be stated that unprofessional photos and stories that capture
magnitude of each crisis has been accepted by every marketing and media houses and has
indeed become a standard practice now. Hence, engaging strategies are required to be
introduced in order to inspire citizen reporting and improve their quality of covering news
and information. (Knoblich, 2013)
The era of digital technology has provided these citizen journalists with tools and that will
help them to capture various events, images, video or even insight into the affairs along
with the interests of the audiences across the globe. The work of citizen journalists has
been considered dangerous while they also try to record evidence or also ignoring their
civic duty to lend help to others. Such criticisms have been very crucial and important
where the security was mainly an important concern and the events in the year 2012 social
media reports of the attacks by Muslims against North Eastern migrants of India which
also caused panic among the general public. Widespread discussion of the images within
news media and analysis of images have also been suggested that a lot of the accounts
have been fake and there is a need to identify as well as question the validity of fakeness.
(Watson and Wadhwa, 2013)There is huge amount of concern as also expressed in the
relation to spreading the rumors via using social networking sites. An example of Sandy
can be seen when rumors went viral and FEMA too had given out $300 worth of free food
stamps and also for those who had lost power and forced an initiation of control
mechanism. (Watson and Wadhwa, 2013)
There are indeed various layers to citizen journalism such as they are open up to public
comment as the readers get an opportunity to criticize, react, praise or even add to the
published work of the professional journalists. There is another part of it which is defined
as the citizen add-on reporter as the public submitted information can be offered for the
better working of the community with lone professional reporter. Citizen journalism is
also concerned with open source reporting where there is collaboration between a
5. professional journalist and also providing guidance to the reporter. (Outing, 2005) The
citizen blog-house has a lot of volunteers who put up their work on the websites as they
are short-lived and start out on strong views which is beneficial for the readers as well.
The citizen journalists also have newsroom blogs where there is citizen ombudsmen which
offers public commentary and also on how they would be performing and also explaining
the editor’s blog from this point of view. Integrating citizen and pro journalism comes
under one roof and this perhaps includes both professionally paid journalists and citizen
journalists as well. The volunteer journalists are potentially working towards the resources
of the citizen and that too will cover the more diverse and larger issues in bringing more
better perspectives. (Outing, 2005)
The main reason why the citizen journalists are criticized is that citizen journalists are not
accustomed to the established standards and practices of what the professional journalism
follow. Reports from citizen journalists are considered of a standard quality and may also
be either subjective and inaccurate. Citizen journalism are often seen with a skeptical view
as they may not function according to the traditional journalistic value of objectivity and
this is how the professionally trained journalists can understand the ethics as required of
the reporters. (UNCP, 2015)
Nevertheless the citizen journalism uses the latest technology tools and also worldwide
internet distribution as they could find out the new and different news stories. The citizen
journalists uses latest media technologies, social networks, media sharing websites and
also discovering the news more effectively and faster compared to what the professional
journalists may present. (El Semary and Al Khaja, 2013) Citizen journalists work
consistently throughout the day like a hungry journalists. Citizens are very active in their
role and process of becoming the journalists of the new and modern era who do not work
by any rules and rather make their own incredible importance in the organization as well.
Since the citizen journalism has their own personality and does not follow the traditional
form of journalism therefore, there is absolutely no care for the news and also the idea of
working in a different way of providing news. The citizen journalists do not care about the
presentation as well which is why they did not work on the reporting of news and events in
6. a proper manner which further lead to crisis in the reporting method. (El Semary and Al
Khaja, 2013)
There is a respect given to the ethical problems since it is associated with dissemination of
information and it has also been noted that most of the citizen journalists are basically not
trained in this field of reporting news and articles to the normal public. Citizen journalists
work upon the concerns where there is presence of recent emergencies and crisis which
may also provide emphasis on the analysis, critique and reporting norms of the events as it
is available in the given event. Even though it is not much surprising and informative too
at the same time that there is availability of information on ethics as it also constitutes
major obstacle against the widespread use of tools. The legal framework as addressed in
the issues raised by using social media at the time of crisis also provides a major
contribution as long as the dilemmas are concerned in the fast checking format. (Watson et
al., 2014)) Citizen journalism and their involvement in emergency communications also
work out and this allows the need and requirement of publicizing and disseminating
information offers which is an important opportunity for improving response efforts. The
reason for utilizing social media by individuals in order to report information and also for
providing ethical importance to the security of citizens is the main aspect why citizen
journalism was started. The citizen journalists played a major role in their applications as
they ensured new media has been conducted in the same manner as it is beneficial to the
social well-being of the people and also other people’s ethical way. The potential
performance and data individuals may have a chilling effect to the extent that there is
dissenting opinions can be shaped and communicated at the same time. (Watson et al.,
2014)
The claims as made by the citizen journalism both at the micro and macro level of
blogging and working on website is that of representing news on the public sites. There is
popular and widely accepted notion which is sourced by the citizen images of risk
episodes as being deployed by the professional media organizations including the events
such as the 2008 and 2005 terrorists attack in Mumbai and London footage. (Mythen,
2008)The academic debate about the value of citizen journalism has also yielded
something of a gravitational pull towards either technophobia. Citizen journalism can add
7. to the plurality of discourses which has been circulating about the hazardous events as
there is alternate use of mainstream news and questions at the same time. The risk
incidents of the media has also played a very crucial role in the way that there is traditional
media portals as well as utilizing alongside instead of newspapers, television and radio.
There is a big way in which the role of citizen journalism can access the economic and
cultural resources for the affluent and individuals in the internet can also be utilized as an
interpreting risk incidents. The citizen journalism acts in a major way as they can bridge a
gap or media which links the traditional journalism with the new media. The report for the
quality of information circulating in the risk incidents is also one of the reasons why the
discussion and debatable topics of the consumption of risks is the main positive effect
which the opportunities provide in the risk episodes. (Mythen, 2008) There is a dearth of
professional journalism as well in the media world which has led to the debate and
discussion about the risk episodes in the positive manner which also shows an increasing
need to improve the quality of information as circulating among the risk averse aspects of
the people.
Moreover, the presence of different media in the journalism industry is also a major reason
why there is risk information available in the media technologies and also for navigating
diversification of media platforms through which the risk news is also available in the
media industry. The empirical research which the citizen journalists work on is also given
importance since the readers can also work out well. Western media users have therefore
prefer the existence of professional journalism rather than citizen journalists since the
manner in which they use the professional people work is quite different in the way in
which the journalists can also work in a completely professional manner. (Mythen, 2008)
The reason why the citizen journalism can also work on to understand the betterment of
the fundamentals and their challenge in their stakeholders as involved in the
communication of risk. The promise of journalism is also critical since there is a great fact
to that mediated accounts as they play a great role in structuring the manner in which the
knowledge of people can also be formulated in the risk perception. The media and the
purpose for spreading the vernacular knowledge is the risk events which an individual can
make up the media accounts against the social interactions and also understanding the
sense that it makes through the risky episodes. (Mythen, 2008)
8. The audience or the readers as such are the main judges which help in getting the
information as they would work on the multiple sources so that there is automatically less
and lesser frequently for the newspapers and network television. The reason for the
information has also decreased and the readers too have been indeed a crisis of the media
industry as well as for the citizen journalism there was an absolute reason for emerging in
the crisis for the industry. (VAN DER HAAK, PARKS and CASTELLS, 2012)
Journalism is one of the major and important industries in and around the world which
carries information and knowledge which helps in broadcasting and this is how the tax
payer and advertising revenue is created.
9. References
C. Lewis, S., Kaufhold, K. and L. Lasorsa, D. (2010). The philosophical and practical
challenges of user-generated content for community newspapers. THINKING ABOUT
CITIZEN JOURNALISM, 4(2), pp.166-167.
Hodzic, D. (2013). Citizen journalism and its importance. [online] Iletisim. Available at:
http://iletisim.ieu.edu.tr/flows/?p=1266 [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015].
Knoblich, T. (2013). Can Citizen Journalism Move Beyond Crisis Reporting. [online] pbs.org.
Available at: http://www.pbs.org/idealab/2013/05/can-citizen-journalism-move-beyond-
crisis-reporting127/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015].
Leibowitz, M. (2015). Drawbacks of citizen journalism. [online] Salzburg. Available at:
http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/lessons/citizen-journalism [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015].
Rogers, T. (2015). What Is Citizen Journalism. [online] Journalism.about. Available at:
http://journalism.about.com/od/citizenjournalism/a/whatiscitizen.htm [Accessed 4 Jan.
2015].
Watson, H. and Wadhwa, K. (2013). The Evolution of Citizen Journalism in Emergency
Management. [online] emergencymgmt. Available at:
http://www.emergencymgmt.com/training/Citizen-Journalism-Emergency-
Management.html?page=1 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015].
Outing, S. (2005). The 11 Layers of Citizen Journalism. [online] Poynter. Available at:
http://www.poynter.org/uncategorized/69328/the-11-layers-of-citizen-journalism/ [Accessed 5
Jan. 2015].
UNCP, (2015). Citizen Journalism. [online] Available at:
http://www2.uncp.edu/home/acurtis/Courses/ResourcesForCourses/Journalism/CitizenJournal
ism.html [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015].
Watson, H., Baruh, L., L. Finn, R. and Scifo, S. (2014). Citizen (in)security?: social media,
citizen journalism and crisis response. Citizen (in)security?: social media & crisis response,
pp.295-296.
10. VAN DER HAAK, B., PARKS, M. and CASTELLS, M. (2012). The Future of Journalism:
Networked Journalism. International Journal of Communication, 2, pp.2924-2927.
Mythen, G. (2008). Reframing risk? Citizen journalism and the transformation of
news. Journal of Risk Research, pp.50-55.