The document discusses the principles of health education, including educational diagnosis, participation, using multiple methods, planning and organizing, basing education on facts, segmenting audiences, assessing needs, and respecting local culture. It also describes the targets of health education as individuals, groups, and communities. There are three levels of health education for disease prevention: primary aims to prevent disease onset, secondary aims to prevent disability, and tertiary aims to avoid major disability for chronic conditions. Finally, it lists schools, workplaces, healthcare settings, and homes as common locations for delivering health education.
Information is the knowledge derived from study, experience or instruction. It can also be defined as a collection of facts or data.
Education is both the acquisition of knowledge and experience and the development of skills, habits and attitudes that help a person lead a full and meaningful life.
Communication is the interaction between two or more persons that involves the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver.
Therefore, information, education and communication are closely related to health and play a vital role in creating awareness about health, mobilizing people and making them knowledgeable about health-related factors through efficient mass communication methods.
Information is the knowledge derived from study, experience or instruction. It can also be defined as a collection of facts or data.
Education is both the acquisition of knowledge and experience and the development of skills, habits and attitudes that help a person lead a full and meaningful life.
Communication is the interaction between two or more persons that involves the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver.
Therefore, information, education and communication are closely related to health and play a vital role in creating awareness about health, mobilizing people and making them knowledgeable about health-related factors through efficient mass communication methods.
Health education is an important component of community health nursing and every health care provider need to know about health education. how they educate the individuals, families and communities.
health education is included in nursing and all allied health education services and disciplines.
All health care providers including doctors, nurses, paramedics and others health care providers also know about the aims, objectives & purposes, methods and models of health education.
It discuss about what is health, health education, aim, objectives, need, areas, scope, functional objectives, importance and new dimensions of health education.
Health education is an important component of community health nursing and every health care provider need to know about health education. how they educate the individuals, families and communities.
health education is included in nursing and all allied health education services and disciplines.
All health care providers including doctors, nurses, paramedics and others health care providers also know about the aims, objectives & purposes, methods and models of health education.
It discuss about what is health, health education, aim, objectives, need, areas, scope, functional objectives, importance and new dimensions of health education.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the basic principles of health education
2. Identify targets for health education
3. Determine levels of health education in disease
prevention
4. Mention different settings for health education
5. State roles of health educator
3. Principles of health education
The practice of health education is based on the
assumption “that
• Combination of planned, consistent, integrated
learning opportunities
• In different settings
• Beneficial health behavior will result
4. The following are principles of health education
Educational
diagnosis
Participation
Multiple
methods
Planning and
organizing
Facts Segmentation
Need-based Culture
5. 1. Principle of educational diagnosis
▪ The first task in changing behaviors is to determine the
causes of a health behaviour (predisposing, enabling
and reinforcing).
▪ Just as physicians must diagnose an illness before it can
be properly treated, so, too, must a behaviour be
diagnosed before it can be properly changed.
▪ If the causes of the behaviors understood, health educator
can intervene with the most appropriate and efficient
combination of education, reinforcement and motivation
6. 2. Principle of Participation
• The view for success in any attempt to change behaviors
will be greater if the individuals, families, community
groups, as well as administrators and other community
members at community level have been participated.
• Personal involvement is more likely to lead to personal
acceptance.
Importance of Participation:
• identifying their own needs for behaviour change
• Selecting the educational methods that will enable them
to change
• The participation of all community members is essential to
gain support and to use locally available resources.
7. 3. Principle of multiple methods
• Human behavior can be very complex with multiple
causes.
• So in the effort to influence behavior, the Health
educator should use different educational methods
and a variety of media to conduct health education
sessions.
• A mix of educational methods is important to hold
the attention of your audiences and convey the
messages to their best effect.
8. 4. Principle of planning and organizing
• Unplanned health education sessions may well be a
waste of effort.
• Planning and organizing are fundamentals for health
education which distinguishes it from other incidental
learning experiences.
• It involves deciding in advance the when, who, what,
how and why of health education.
• It also requires the planning for resources, methods and
materials to be used, identification of target groups etc.
• It should be organized based on scientific findings and
correct knowledge.
9. 5. Facts
•Health education is given based on scientific
findings/facts and current knowledge.
•It is unthinkable to provide health education
without scientific knowledge related to the topic
or issues to be addressed.
10. 6. Audience Segmentation
• Health education should be designed for the particular
target group of people you are hoping to reach.
• For example
• If you need to create awareness on prevention of
mother to child HIV/AIDS transmission (PMTCT) your
specific audience should be as many as possible of the
pregnant mothers.
• If you want to create awareness on the role of males in
family planning services your target audience could be
married males and male adolescents.
• Such segmentation of your audience makes your health
education more effective.
11. 7. Need- based assessment
• Health education is best implemented after the real
needs of the community have been assessed and
identified.
• Before involving any individual or group within your
community in health education activities you should
try and discover the felt needs of the community.
• Health education activity will be wasted in your
community if you have not found out about
community needs.
12. 8. Culture
• Health education should not consider formal learning process. To
offer new ideas with a natural ease and caution, one should become
familiar with the local culture.
• Health education should respect cultural norms and take account
of the economic and environmental constraints faced by people
• Therefore, Health education starts from where people are and
slowly build up the talking point to avoid any clash of ideas to allow
for people understanding, appreciation of new ideas.
13. Targets of health education
Every stage of life, every person or social group and all occupations are
appropriate targets of health education programs. Depending on the type
of the problem there are three broadly classified targets of health
education programs.
▪ Individuals: this includes clients of services (contraceptive users),
patients (E.g. diabetic or hypertensive patients) and healthy
individuals.
▪ Groups: includes gatherings of two or more people who have a
common interest. E.g. a family planning service for a couple a
youth club about HIV/AIDS
▪ Community: include a collection of people who have a feeling of
belongingness, and who usually share common values, culture,
beliefs and interests. E.g. a village community about the dangers of
FGM
14. The levels of health education in
disease prevention
There are three distinct levels of disease prevention in
health education: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
health education.
15.
16. Primary health education
• Is includes of those health education activities that aimed
specifically at prevent the onset of illness or injury before
the disease process begins
Examples:
• Wearing safety belt
• Immunization
• Physical exercise
• Brushing one’s teeth
• Breast feeding
17. 2. Secondary health education
• Once the disease occurred, health education is important to
slow down the disease progression to prevent the onset of
disability.
Examples:
▪ Providing HE on adherence to medical regimen
▪ Educating ill person to seek treatment
▪ Breast-cancer screening
▪ Blood pressure examination
▪ Cholesterol level examination
▪ Treating malaria patients
18. Tertiary health education
• Health education programs that specifically
aimed at patients with irreversible, incurable,
and chronic condition for social and
psychological adjustment. It meant to avoid
major disability, premature death.
• Examples:
• Educating after lung cancer surgery
• Educating patients about the use of disability
aids and rehabilitation services
20. ▪ School health education involves
instructing school-age children
about health and health-related
behaviors.
▪ School children are groups of young
people with similar background and
environment (segmented group).
▪ School based health promotion is
the most crucial approach needed
to improve the wellbeing of the
children and the adolescent.
21. ▪ The work site health promotion
programs are of recent origin when
compared to other settings.
▪ Health promotion encourages worksites
to offer programs in:
▪ worker safety and health
▪ alcohol and smoking reduction
▪ blood pressure and cholesterol
education and control
▪ Majority of the activities reported at the
worksites are injury prevention, job
hazards, and smoking control.
2. Health education activities in worksites
22. ▪ Health education for:
▪ high-risk individuals, patients, their
families, and the surrounding
community, as well as
▪ in-service training for health care
providers, are all part of health care
today.
It focuses on
▪ Preventing and detecting disease
▪ Helping people make decisions about
genetic testing
▪ Managing acute and chronic illnesses.
3.Health education activities in health care
setting
23. Health behaviour change
interventions are delivered to
people in their homes through:
▪ traditional public health means,
like home visits
▪ a variety of communication
channels and media such as
Internet, telephone, and mail.
4.Health education activities in homes
24. Role of health educator
1. Talking to the people and listening of their problems
2. Thinking of the behavior that could cause, cure and prevent these
problems.
3. Finding reasons for people’s behaviors (behavioral and non-behavioral)
4. Addressing social and environmental factors that can impact health, such
as poverty, access to healthcare, and environmental pollution.
5. Helping people to see the reasons for their actions and health problems.
6. Asking people to give their own ideas for solving the problems.
7. Helping people to look as their ideas so that they could see which were the
most useful and the simplest to put into practice.
8. Encouraging people to choose the idea best suited to their circumstances.