The document introduces the concept of a circular economy as an alternative to the current linear economy model of "take, make, use, dispose". It describes how economies were more circular historically through practices like repairing items, composting food waste, and using parts from broken items to fix others. However, modern economies became more linear as repairing items became more expensive and consumers preferred quick replacements. The circular economy aims to mimic natural resource cycles by reusing, repairing and recycling materials as much as possible before using new raw materials. It discusses the biological and technical material cycles and how innovation can help transition to a more circular system through improved design, business models, recycling technology and collaboration.

1. Circular
Economy -
Introduction
By Božena Vučković
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2. What is Circular Economy?
• Remember how in the 80’s everything was repaired?
• If your TV broke, you took it to a repair shop.
• If your shoes wore out you took them to a shoemaker to see if they
can be fixed somehow.
• The same was with clothes, furniture, washing machine, fridge…
• Some things were repaired using parts from other broken items.
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3. • What happened with the food scraps back in the days?
• Nothing was wasted, people had their own gardens
and were composting food leftovers and later used the
compost to improve the quality of the soil for new use.
• So basically, in the past, our economy was already circular in a
way.
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4. • But then, our habits changed, we became impatient, we
didn’t want to wait for days for things to be repaired anymore.
• Buying a new thing was a quick fix and consequently repair
became more and more expensive.
• This is how we created the:
LINEAR ECONOMY SYSTEM
TAKE MAKE USE DISPOSE
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5. Nature does it differently - in a circular way
• Plants provide food for
animals.
• When animals die their
bodies provide food for
decomposers.
• Animal tissue is
decomposed into soil
nutrients.
• Soil nutrients serve as
food for plants and the
circle (cycle) continues.
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6. We want to do the same with our
economy!
• Have a
continuous flow
of biological and
technical
materials.
• Reuse, repair
and recycle as
much as possible
before using raw
materials.
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7. Waste is not waste, it is a resource!
• Did you know that in 1 ton of old cell phones there is 324
times more gold than in 1 ton of ore from Yanacocha, one
of the biggest gold mines in the world. [12]
• All that gold is goint to waste instead of being reused.
1t ore = 0.85 g (0.03 oz.) of gold 1t phones = 275 g (9.72 oz.) of gold
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8. In Circular Economy we have two types of circles
(cycles): Biological and Technical.
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9. Biological cycle
• Biological materials of our
products can increase
agricultural value.
• They can also be reused
several times in different
products (cascades), before
safely returning them to
biosphere.
Example of cascading:
1. Cotton clothing first reused
as a second-hand clothing.
2. Then it is reused in furniture
industry as fibre-fill.
3. Fibre-fill can then be reused
in construction industry as
insulation in stone wool.
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10. Technical cycle
• 1st circle: we try to
repair/reuse the product.
• 2nd circle: we try to
remanufacture and
regenerate the product
instead of throwing it away.
• 3rd circle: if repair/reuse or
remanufacturing were not
possible, we disassemble
the reusable parts in order
to use them again in the
manufacturing of new
products.
• The last option would be to
recycle the separate
parts/components so that
they can be used again
instead of raw materials.
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11. Creation of jobs
• Incineration = 1 new job
• Landfilling = 6 new jobs
• Recycling = 36 new jobs
• Reusing = 296 new jobs
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The number of jobs that can be created for every 10,000 tonnes of waste:
The world generates about 1.3 billion
tonnes of waste per year21 (2.9 trillion
pounds22). Do you know how many
jobs reusing could create?
38.5 million new jobs!!

12. What do we need?
• Innovation in design - less components,
products designed to be easily disassembled,
regenerated and recycled.
• Innovation in business approach - buying
service instead of buying the product.
• Technological improvements in recycling.
• Collaboration between public and private
sectors.
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13. Let’s close the Loop!
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