1) The video provides a visual tour of several churches located in and around Jerusalem, highlighting their architectural features and the historical traditions associated with each site.
2) Churches discussed include the Augusta Victoria Church, the Dormition Church, the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu, the Church of the Redeemer, Santa Anna Church, churches on the Mount of Olives including the Church of All Nations and Mary's Tomb Church, and the Russian Church of Mary Magdalene.
3) Brief details are given about the origins and significance of each church according to Christian tradition.
This document provides a visual tour of many Christian churches located in Jerusalem. It begins with the Augusta Victoria church on the Mount of Olives and discusses its history. It then moves to the Dormition Abbey on Mount Zion and the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu on Mount Zion. Further churches discussed include the Church of the Redeemer near the Holy Sepulchre, the Santa Anna church near the Lion's Gate, and several churches on the Mount of Olives like the Church of All Nations. The tour concludes with the Holy Sepulchre, the most important church in Christianity. Overall, the document aims to showcase the diversity of impressive churches in Jerusalem through photographs and brief descriptions.
The document provides an overview of architecture from the Early Christian period through the Gothic era. It begins by discussing how the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves in 400 CE. Christianity had become the dominant religion. As new rulers came to power, architectural styles evolved from Early Christian to Byzantine under Constantine, and then to Romanesque. Key events and developments discussed include Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 CE and constructing Hagia Sophia, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 410 CE, and the emergence of Gothic architecture in the late medieval period. Stylistic elements of Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque architecture like semicircular arches, vaulting techniques, and basilica
églises originales (celle en bois debout en Norvège ,un amie l'a vue , le guide lui a expliqué que pour la chauffer , pas de poêle en bois, mais des pierres chaudes car risque d'incendie)
The document describes several notable churches from around the world. It provides brief descriptions of churches with unique architectural designs, such as the Chapel Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp which features curved thick walls that let in indirect light. It also mentions churches built in unusual locations, such as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Glory in Brazil which was inspired by the satellite Sputnik. The document highlights churches that took a long time to build or have an important historical or religious significance.
The document discusses the rise of Christianity and Byzantine art and architecture during the Byzantine Era. Roman basilica floor plans were adapted for early Christian churches. Justinian reconquered parts of the former Western Roman Empire and established Ravenna as the new capital, where many new churches were built. His reign marked the Golden Age of Byzantine culture, exemplified by architectural masterpieces like the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which featured innovative use of pendentives to support its grand dome. Byzantine art also developed a distinctive style using bright glass mosaics to depict biblical stories and figures.
This document presents several notable churches from around the world. It describes churches built in unusual architectural styles and locations, including ones built directly into rock formations, spanning large areas, and incorporating unconventional designs. Several churches are highlighted for their historical and cultural significance, large size accommodating thousands of people, and famous architects. The document showcases the diverse and impressive architecture found across religious structures globally.
The document presents photos and descriptions of various churches from around the world. It includes details about churches built in unusual architectural styles, such as the Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut designed by Le Corbusier with curved thick walls that let in indirect light. It also describes churches constructed in remarkable locations, such as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Glory in Brazil inspired by Sputnik and with an external height of 114 meters. The document showcases the diversity of architectural structures, histories, and religious monuments found in churches globally.
Modern churches integrate tradition with modernity and are cultural phenomena influenced by their time and place. Catholic church architecture displays duality between the material and transcendental, universalism through symbolic meanings, and continuity across different styles over the past 50 years. While styles have varied, their common feature is as integral elements of cultural space. This document discusses attributes of modern Catholic church architecture.
This document provides a visual tour of many Christian churches located in Jerusalem. It begins with the Augusta Victoria church on the Mount of Olives and discusses its history. It then moves to the Dormition Abbey on Mount Zion and the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu on Mount Zion. Further churches discussed include the Church of the Redeemer near the Holy Sepulchre, the Santa Anna church near the Lion's Gate, and several churches on the Mount of Olives like the Church of All Nations. The tour concludes with the Holy Sepulchre, the most important church in Christianity. Overall, the document aims to showcase the diversity of impressive churches in Jerusalem through photographs and brief descriptions.
The document provides an overview of architecture from the Early Christian period through the Gothic era. It begins by discussing how the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves in 400 CE. Christianity had become the dominant religion. As new rulers came to power, architectural styles evolved from Early Christian to Byzantine under Constantine, and then to Romanesque. Key events and developments discussed include Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 CE and constructing Hagia Sophia, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 410 CE, and the emergence of Gothic architecture in the late medieval period. Stylistic elements of Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque architecture like semicircular arches, vaulting techniques, and basilica
églises originales (celle en bois debout en Norvège ,un amie l'a vue , le guide lui a expliqué que pour la chauffer , pas de poêle en bois, mais des pierres chaudes car risque d'incendie)
The document describes several notable churches from around the world. It provides brief descriptions of churches with unique architectural designs, such as the Chapel Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp which features curved thick walls that let in indirect light. It also mentions churches built in unusual locations, such as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Glory in Brazil which was inspired by the satellite Sputnik. The document highlights churches that took a long time to build or have an important historical or religious significance.
The document discusses the rise of Christianity and Byzantine art and architecture during the Byzantine Era. Roman basilica floor plans were adapted for early Christian churches. Justinian reconquered parts of the former Western Roman Empire and established Ravenna as the new capital, where many new churches were built. His reign marked the Golden Age of Byzantine culture, exemplified by architectural masterpieces like the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which featured innovative use of pendentives to support its grand dome. Byzantine art also developed a distinctive style using bright glass mosaics to depict biblical stories and figures.
This document presents several notable churches from around the world. It describes churches built in unusual architectural styles and locations, including ones built directly into rock formations, spanning large areas, and incorporating unconventional designs. Several churches are highlighted for their historical and cultural significance, large size accommodating thousands of people, and famous architects. The document showcases the diverse and impressive architecture found across religious structures globally.
The document presents photos and descriptions of various churches from around the world. It includes details about churches built in unusual architectural styles, such as the Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut designed by Le Corbusier with curved thick walls that let in indirect light. It also describes churches constructed in remarkable locations, such as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Glory in Brazil inspired by Sputnik and with an external height of 114 meters. The document showcases the diversity of architectural structures, histories, and religious monuments found in churches globally.
Modern churches integrate tradition with modernity and are cultural phenomena influenced by their time and place. Catholic church architecture displays duality between the material and transcendental, universalism through symbolic meanings, and continuity across different styles over the past 50 years. While styles have varied, their common feature is as integral elements of cultural space. This document discusses attributes of modern Catholic church architecture.
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It was characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, barrel vaults, and small windows that provided structural support and security. Prominent building types included churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified towns that reflected the religious and military needs of the time. Local materials like stone, brick, and wood were used depending on availability, contributing to regional variations within the overall Romanesque style.
Licheń is a village in Poland that is home to the Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń, one of Poland's principal pilgrimage sites. The basilica is one of the largest churches in the world, with a nave that is 120 meters long and 77 meters wide and a central dome that reaches 98 meters high. Built between 1994 and 2004 thanks to donations from pilgrims, the basilica has become a major site of worship and pilgrimage in Poland.
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
This document provides an outline for lectures on Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. It discusses the historical background including the locations, time periods, social characteristics and beliefs. It also describes the different architectural forms used in Early Christian architecture, including basilica churches and alternative centralized plans. Finally, it introduces Byzantine architecture and previews topics to be covered such as domes, prototypes like Hagia Sophia, and the shift of architectural innovation to the Byzantine Empire.
English version of basilica di s . biagio a marateaMy own sweet home
The Basilica of San Biagio is located in the town of Maratea on the Tyrrhenian coast of Basilicata, Italy. It was originally built on the site of a pagan temple dedicated to the goddess Minerva. Tradition says the church was constructed in the 8th century when the relics of Saint Blaise were received. The church has undergone several restorations and expansions over the centuries. It was elevated to the status of a minor basilica by Pope Pius XII in 1940.
The basilica originated as a public building in ancient Rome that was used for government business. After Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Constantine, older basilicas were redesigned as churches. The architectural design of the Christian basilica included a long nave flanked by side aisles separated by columns, and an apse at the front covered by a half-dome where the altar was located. Over time, elements like a courtyard, covered walkways, and wooden roofs were incorporated into basilica designs that spread across the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of churches. It discusses the origins of Christianity and the teachings of Jesus Christ. It then outlines the major historical developments in church design from early Christian basilicas to modern structures incorporating new materials like concrete. Different types of churches are also defined like cathedrals, chapels, and convents. The document concludes with an analysis of two specific church case studies - The Holy Rosary Catholic Church in Dhaka, Bangladesh and The Jubilee Church in Rome, Italy designed by Richard Meier.
Byzantine art developed out of eastern Roman imperial art and reflected Christian religious themes. It utilized styles like mosaics, icons, and illuminated manuscripts. Major artistic periods included the Early Byzantine era featuring works like the Hagia Sophia and mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, the Iconoclastic controversy which banned religious images, and the Middle Byzantine period when icons were restored. Art was used to convey religious messages and assert political power in monumental church buildings and luxurious objects.
Romanesque architecture developed in Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by earlier Roman and Byzantine styles, featuring semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, and rounded arches. Romanesque architecture spread across Europe through the expansion of monastic orders like the Benedictines, pilgrimage routes, and the Crusades. Notable characteristics include the use of local materials like stone or brick, small windows, and ornamentation including carved animals and foliage. Example building types are churches, with thick walls and a basilica-style layout, as well as monasteries, castles, and fortified towns.
The Early Christian and Byzantine architecture began in Rome and Byzantium between the 1st and 15th centuries AD. The basilica floor plan, consisting of a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse, became standard for Christian churches after Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 AD. Alternative centralized plans with circular or cruciform shapes were also sometimes used. Byzantine architecture focused on churches as symbols of faith, combining innovative structures with light and decoration.
The Church of the Nativity was built in the 4th century by St. Helena over the place where Jesus was believed to have been born. It was reconstructed in the 6th century after being burnt down. The church contains the Grotto of the Nativity marking the exact spot, as well as chapels maintained by the Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, and Roman Catholic authorities. It remains the oldest church in the Holy Land.
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. As Christianity spread and was adopted as the state religion by Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were constructed to serve the needs of worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings with a central nave and side aisles. Examples include St. John Lateran in Rome and the first St. Peter's Basilica. Some churches utilized centralized plans with circular or octagonal spaces surrounded by ambulatories, such as the mausoleum of St. Constanza in Rome.
The document provides an overview of important religious sites in Jerusalem, including:
1) The Temple Mount area, which contains the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque.
2) The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built where Jesus was crucified and buried. It is jointly managed by several Christian orders and contains Jesus's traditional burial site.
3) The Mount of Olives, where Jesus spent time and the Garden of Gethsemane is located, containing olive trees and churches commemorating Jesus's prayer before crucifixion.
Early Christian art and architecture began between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and lasted until around 350-525 AD. It originated in Rome and Byzantium. Common architectural styles included basilicas, which resembled Roman civic buildings, and were suitable for churches. They had a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse. Famous early examples included Old St. Peter's Basilica and the Church of the Nativity. Early Christian art avoided depicting Jesus or biblical scenes, instead using symbols like loaves of bread to represent the Eucharist.
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the early 4th century AD. With Christianity becoming the official state religion under Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were needed for worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings. Two prominent early basilica churches were St. John Lateran in Rome (313-320 AD) and St. Peter's in Rome (333 AD), which had a nave and aisles topped by timber roofs. Alternative centralized plans like baptisteries were also sometimes used starting in the 5th century.
The Feminist Church, the old, historic Church of St Anne Molo, IloiloFergus Ducharme
The old, historic Church of St Anne in Molo, is a must see when you visit this area of the Philippines. It is often referred to as the Feminist Church because all the statues in the church are statues of Female Saints.
This document provides an activity to help students practice using descriptive adjectives to describe themselves and other topics for interviews. It includes lists of descriptive adjectives for personality traits, appearance, feelings, shape, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. As an example, it shows how to use the adjective "prudent" to describe being suitable for a job and provides a clarifying story. The goal is for students to use as many descriptive adjectives as possible to improve their vocabulary usage.
The document provides guidance and activities for students to enhance their vocabulary. It includes lists of descriptive adjectives for appearance, personality, feelings, shape, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. Examples are given for using the adjectives to describe people, objects, and concepts. The document also lists nouns, verbs, adjectives, and additional nouns to help students understand how words are formed and identify the source of words. The purpose is to help students not just learn new words but also practice using them to improve their word power and ability to describe things in more detail.
This document provides an activity to help students practice using descriptive adjectives to describe themselves, friends, interests, and more to interviewers. It includes lists of adjectives describing personality, appearance, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. Students are encouraged to use as many adjectives as possible in their self-descriptions and provide an example to clarify meanings.
This document provides a workbook activity to help students practice using descriptive adjectives when introducing themselves. It includes lists of adjectives describing appearance, personality, feelings, shape, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. Students are instructed to choose adjectives that describe themselves and their families/friends/interests and provide an example to clarify the meaning. The goal is to help students feel more comfortable describing themselves using descriptive words.
This document provides an overview of a project report submitted by Neelam Meena for her MBA program. The report examines Vodafone's corporate plans tailored for members of the Jewellery Association (JAS) in India. It acknowledges the guidance of her project guide. The preface states that the project aims to provide practical insights into working in an organization. The executive summary indicates that companies work hard to survive in competitive markets by controlling market share, and risks should be minimized when opening new businesses.
This document provides a summary of the Volvo Eicher collaboration joint venture. It begins with an overview stating that VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd. is a 50:50 joint venture between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors formed in July 2008. It is a leading commercial vehicle manufacturer in India. The second sentence provides background that Eicher Trucks and Buses has been operating in India for 25 years. The final sentence summarizes that the joint venture will leverage Volvo's technology and quality and Eicher's understanding of the Indian commercial vehicle market.
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It was characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, barrel vaults, and small windows that provided structural support and security. Prominent building types included churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified towns that reflected the religious and military needs of the time. Local materials like stone, brick, and wood were used depending on availability, contributing to regional variations within the overall Romanesque style.
Licheń is a village in Poland that is home to the Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń, one of Poland's principal pilgrimage sites. The basilica is one of the largest churches in the world, with a nave that is 120 meters long and 77 meters wide and a central dome that reaches 98 meters high. Built between 1994 and 2004 thanks to donations from pilgrims, the basilica has become a major site of worship and pilgrimage in Poland.
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
This document provides an outline for lectures on Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. It discusses the historical background including the locations, time periods, social characteristics and beliefs. It also describes the different architectural forms used in Early Christian architecture, including basilica churches and alternative centralized plans. Finally, it introduces Byzantine architecture and previews topics to be covered such as domes, prototypes like Hagia Sophia, and the shift of architectural innovation to the Byzantine Empire.
English version of basilica di s . biagio a marateaMy own sweet home
The Basilica of San Biagio is located in the town of Maratea on the Tyrrhenian coast of Basilicata, Italy. It was originally built on the site of a pagan temple dedicated to the goddess Minerva. Tradition says the church was constructed in the 8th century when the relics of Saint Blaise were received. The church has undergone several restorations and expansions over the centuries. It was elevated to the status of a minor basilica by Pope Pius XII in 1940.
The basilica originated as a public building in ancient Rome that was used for government business. After Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Constantine, older basilicas were redesigned as churches. The architectural design of the Christian basilica included a long nave flanked by side aisles separated by columns, and an apse at the front covered by a half-dome where the altar was located. Over time, elements like a courtyard, covered walkways, and wooden roofs were incorporated into basilica designs that spread across the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of churches. It discusses the origins of Christianity and the teachings of Jesus Christ. It then outlines the major historical developments in church design from early Christian basilicas to modern structures incorporating new materials like concrete. Different types of churches are also defined like cathedrals, chapels, and convents. The document concludes with an analysis of two specific church case studies - The Holy Rosary Catholic Church in Dhaka, Bangladesh and The Jubilee Church in Rome, Italy designed by Richard Meier.
Byzantine art developed out of eastern Roman imperial art and reflected Christian religious themes. It utilized styles like mosaics, icons, and illuminated manuscripts. Major artistic periods included the Early Byzantine era featuring works like the Hagia Sophia and mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, the Iconoclastic controversy which banned religious images, and the Middle Byzantine period when icons were restored. Art was used to convey religious messages and assert political power in monumental church buildings and luxurious objects.
Romanesque architecture developed in Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by earlier Roman and Byzantine styles, featuring semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, and rounded arches. Romanesque architecture spread across Europe through the expansion of monastic orders like the Benedictines, pilgrimage routes, and the Crusades. Notable characteristics include the use of local materials like stone or brick, small windows, and ornamentation including carved animals and foliage. Example building types are churches, with thick walls and a basilica-style layout, as well as monasteries, castles, and fortified towns.
The Early Christian and Byzantine architecture began in Rome and Byzantium between the 1st and 15th centuries AD. The basilica floor plan, consisting of a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse, became standard for Christian churches after Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 AD. Alternative centralized plans with circular or cruciform shapes were also sometimes used. Byzantine architecture focused on churches as symbols of faith, combining innovative structures with light and decoration.
The Church of the Nativity was built in the 4th century by St. Helena over the place where Jesus was believed to have been born. It was reconstructed in the 6th century after being burnt down. The church contains the Grotto of the Nativity marking the exact spot, as well as chapels maintained by the Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, and Roman Catholic authorities. It remains the oldest church in the Holy Land.
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. As Christianity spread and was adopted as the state religion by Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were constructed to serve the needs of worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings with a central nave and side aisles. Examples include St. John Lateran in Rome and the first St. Peter's Basilica. Some churches utilized centralized plans with circular or octagonal spaces surrounded by ambulatories, such as the mausoleum of St. Constanza in Rome.
The document provides an overview of important religious sites in Jerusalem, including:
1) The Temple Mount area, which contains the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque.
2) The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built where Jesus was crucified and buried. It is jointly managed by several Christian orders and contains Jesus's traditional burial site.
3) The Mount of Olives, where Jesus spent time and the Garden of Gethsemane is located, containing olive trees and churches commemorating Jesus's prayer before crucifixion.
Early Christian art and architecture began between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and lasted until around 350-525 AD. It originated in Rome and Byzantium. Common architectural styles included basilicas, which resembled Roman civic buildings, and were suitable for churches. They had a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse. Famous early examples included Old St. Peter's Basilica and the Church of the Nativity. Early Christian art avoided depicting Jesus or biblical scenes, instead using symbols like loaves of bread to represent the Eucharist.
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the early 4th century AD. With Christianity becoming the official state religion under Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were needed for worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings. Two prominent early basilica churches were St. John Lateran in Rome (313-320 AD) and St. Peter's in Rome (333 AD), which had a nave and aisles topped by timber roofs. Alternative centralized plans like baptisteries were also sometimes used starting in the 5th century.
The Feminist Church, the old, historic Church of St Anne Molo, IloiloFergus Ducharme
The old, historic Church of St Anne in Molo, is a must see when you visit this area of the Philippines. It is often referred to as the Feminist Church because all the statues in the church are statues of Female Saints.
This document provides an activity to help students practice using descriptive adjectives to describe themselves and other topics for interviews. It includes lists of descriptive adjectives for personality traits, appearance, feelings, shape, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. As an example, it shows how to use the adjective "prudent" to describe being suitable for a job and provides a clarifying story. The goal is for students to use as many descriptive adjectives as possible to improve their vocabulary usage.
The document provides guidance and activities for students to enhance their vocabulary. It includes lists of descriptive adjectives for appearance, personality, feelings, shape, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. Examples are given for using the adjectives to describe people, objects, and concepts. The document also lists nouns, verbs, adjectives, and additional nouns to help students understand how words are formed and identify the source of words. The purpose is to help students not just learn new words but also practice using them to improve their word power and ability to describe things in more detail.
This document provides an activity to help students practice using descriptive adjectives to describe themselves, friends, interests, and more to interviewers. It includes lists of adjectives describing personality, appearance, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. Students are encouraged to use as many adjectives as possible in their self-descriptions and provide an example to clarify meanings.
This document provides a workbook activity to help students practice using descriptive adjectives when introducing themselves. It includes lists of adjectives describing appearance, personality, feelings, shape, size, time, quantity, sound, taste, touch, and color. Students are instructed to choose adjectives that describe themselves and their families/friends/interests and provide an example to clarify the meaning. The goal is to help students feel more comfortable describing themselves using descriptive words.
This document provides an overview of a project report submitted by Neelam Meena for her MBA program. The report examines Vodafone's corporate plans tailored for members of the Jewellery Association (JAS) in India. It acknowledges the guidance of her project guide. The preface states that the project aims to provide practical insights into working in an organization. The executive summary indicates that companies work hard to survive in competitive markets by controlling market share, and risks should be minimized when opening new businesses.
This document provides a summary of the Volvo Eicher collaboration joint venture. It begins with an overview stating that VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd. is a 50:50 joint venture between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors formed in July 2008. It is a leading commercial vehicle manufacturer in India. The second sentence provides background that Eicher Trucks and Buses has been operating in India for 25 years. The final sentence summarizes that the joint venture will leverage Volvo's technology and quality and Eicher's understanding of the Indian commercial vehicle market.
This document contains a list of collective nouns describing groups of various animals, objects, and people. It provides terms for groups like a murder of crows, a gaggle of geese, a pride of lions, and many others. The list spans several pages and includes over 200 different collective nouns.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. The objectives of research include exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing. Research can be motivated by a desire for knowledge, to solve problems, intellectual stimulation, service, and respect. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and longitudinal vs historical. Research approaches include quantitative, qualitative, inferential, experimental, and simulation. Research is important as it fosters scientific thinking, informs policy, helps businesses, and aids social understanding. The key stages of the research process are outlined as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, sampling,
A research problem refers to a difficulty that a researcher experiences and wants to solve in a theoretical or practical situation. For a problem to exist, there must be: 1) an individual or group with the problem, 2) at least two possible courses of action to address the problem with different outcomes, and 3) some uncertainty about which course of action is best. Selecting a research problem requires considering factors like the problem's importance, the researcher's qualifications, available resources, and conducting a preliminary study. Defining the research problem properly involves generally stating it, understanding its nature, reviewing prior work, developing ideas through discussion, and refining it into a clear proposition.
Project by saurabh gupta on maruti suzuki india ltd.(1)Vinay Jeengar
This document provides an overview of the Indian automobile industry. It discusses key trends in recent years, including overall growth rates for different vehicle segments. Some of the major players in different segments are highlighted, with Maruti Suzuki and Hero Honda noted as the leading manufacturers in passenger cars and motorcycles respectively. Challenges in 2008 from the global recession are outlined, with most companies seeing sales declines that year. The road ahead is discussed, with expectations for continued overall industry growth in 2009 despite economic headwinds.
St. Catherine's Monastery is located at the foot of Mount Sinai in the Sinai Desert, where it is believed Moses received the Ten Commandments. Empress Helena had a chapel built there in 330 AD dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The monastery contains an important library with over 2,000 manuscripts and has been an important center of Christianity for over 1,600 years. It is renowned as one of the oldest working Christian monasteries in the world.
Precedent study: Chartres Cathedral (the architect and its background)Ong Seng Peng Jeff
The Chartres Cathedral in France was originally constructed in the 12th century and was destroyed by fire in 1194. It was rebuilt starting in 1194 under the direction of Bishop Fulbert and later Geoffroy de Lèves, though neither was a trained architect. The cathedral was reconstructed in the Gothic architectural style, notable for flying buttresses, pointed arches, clerestory windows, and triforium. The building was designed to depict religious stories and honor the Virgin Mary through sculptures and stained glass across its three main portals - the West, North, and South facades. These told biblical stories through images to educate worshippers.
In 330 AD, Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, influencing art and architecture throughout its territory. Byzantine art was primarily religious in nature, focused on glorifying Christianity through mosaics, frescoes, ivories, and architecture in churches. Key works included the Hagia Sophia, San Vitale, and the mosaics and frescoes of the Vladimir Virgin and Lamentation of Christ. Byzantine architecture used domes and Greek crosses and inspired later Islamic structures like the Alhambra and Great Mosque of Cordoba.
This document summarizes Byzantine architecture between the 4th and 14th centuries AD. Some key points:
- Byzantine architecture emerged as the Roman Empire's capital moved to Constantinople in 330 AD. It combined Roman and eastern influences and featured domes, mosaics, and complex floor plans.
- Major structures included Hagia Sophia, built under Justinian in 537 AD, and San Vitale in Ravenna, both featuring central plans and domes.
- Justinian's building program reconstructed many churches across the Byzantine Empire in the new domed basilica style fusing central plans and basilicas. This style came to define Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture.
This document provides a summary of a journey to Israel and holy sites. Some key points include:
1) The group visited various sites including the Dead Sea where they floated in the salty water, Masada where Jewish zealots committed suicide after being surrounded by Romans, and Qumran where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found.
2) In Jerusalem, they saw historic gates and walls, the Temple Mount, Western Wall, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and Garden of Gethsemane.
3) They also traveled to Ephesus in Turkey where the apostle Paul once lived and preached, seeing ruins of the temple of Artemis and other sites from the early
Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox Christian church and later Ottoman mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. Construction began in 532 AD under the direction of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and was completed in 537 AD. At the time, it was the largest cathedral in the world and remained so for over 1000 years. In 1453, after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque. It has since been converted into a museum but remains an iconic example of Byzantine architecture.
The document provides descriptions of several famous churches around the world, including:
1) Santo Domingo Church and Ex-Convent in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico, known for its pink facade, golden carvings, and housing a museum of Mayan culture.
2) Palenque archaeological site in Mexico, containing temples and where the author visited as a teen.
3) Attica First Baptist Church in New York, where the author grew up, which started meetings in 1803 in a hollowed out tree.
Beginning in the 1000s, a spiritual revival spread across Europe and led to reforms in the Catholic Church. Monasteries like Cluny adopted stricter rules, and popes began reforms to end practices like simony and priest marriage. These reforms strengthened the Church and increased the Pope's power. New preaching orders like the Franciscans, founded by St. Francis of Assisi, helped spread the Church's message. Grand cathedrals built in the Gothic style with innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses reflected the Church's growing influence and inspired awe in observers. The Crusades were a series of wars endorsed by the Pope to recover Christian holy sites from Muslim rule, though they were also motivated
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2. Naturally, Jerusalem is abundant with churches. The following presentation
is not an extensive survey of them and does not pretend to include them all.
One of the main parameters to include a church in this presentation is its
visual side. There is no real educational refer to which Christian division the
churches belong, but a mention only. This is mainly a visual journey, and its
purpose – seeing for oneself.
3. We will start our tour with the churches closing on the sky line of Jerusalem.
And first – the Augusta Victoria church on Mount Olives, which bell tower is
seen from every corner in Jerusalem. This church, established at 1910, was
built by the German Kaiser Friedrich the 2nd after his visit in Jerusalem at
1898, and is called after his wife, who had accompanied him on that visit. In
addition to the church itself, the place has a hostel for German protestant
pilgrims and a rest-home for German residents. For years now, these buildings
function as hospitals for the Arab population of Jerusalem and its environs.
6. We go to mount Zion, and on its top - the Dormition church – “the sleep of saint
Mary”. The chapel is dedicated to its decorations. Directly in front of the This
The main chapel hall and the ascension of Mary – mother of Jesus.
entrance, above the apsis – a big drowing of Mary and Jesus.
church, finished at 1906, is also an initiative of Kaiser Wilhelm the 2nd, who built
it on a ground given to him as a present from the Turkish sultan Hamid, while
visiting Jerusalem at 1898. It is built on the ruins of a crusaders church
preceded by a Byzantine one.
It is worth to tell, that the unusual cone roof of the church, made of tin over
wood construction, had not “content” along the years. In WWI Jerusalem
was attacked by Italian airplanes, and the only damage caused was a direct
hit to the Dormition’s roof. It took a long time to repair it, and shortly after,
late 1947, the War of Independence broke and the tin roof was pierced like a
sieve of massive shooting of the Jordanian legionnaires. The reconstruction of
the cone took till 1959, and held on until the first day of the Six Days War
(6/6/67), when it was hit and caught fire. After the war it was repaired again
and is still standing to date.
8. We go down to the basement, it too a beauty. Here we can find the sculpture
of sleeping Mary, and above it a ceiling with paintings of famous women of the
biblical history such as Eve, Esther, Ruth, Judith, and Miriam sister of Moses
– all surrounding Jesus.
9. On the eastern side of mount Zion facing Kidron valley and Kfar Ha’shiloach,
and a bit hidden though its might and beauty, is the Church of Saint Peter in
Gallicantu – built where traditionally stood the house of Kaipha – the head of
the Judean Sanhedrin, who sentenced Jesus to death!!! Here also denied Peter
the accusation of extraditing Jesus. The name Gallicantu – “call of the rooster”
in Latin, symbolizes the denial of Peter three times – one after the other. The
church is built of several stories, which the lower ones show ancient building
remains as well as the room which Jesus was imprisoned after his extradition.
The church is run by catholic monks of the French order – the Asamsonites.
10. The upper chapel, the main one – its ceiling decoration
The descent to the room where Jesus was imprisoned
The lower story chapel
12. The church of the Redeemer is a protestant Lutheran church located in the
Christian quarter of Jerusalem, near the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Its chapel
is simple and graceless but it stands out with its bell tower, rising above the old
city roofs, as well as its unique cloister built aside the chapel. This church is also
related to former mentioned Kaiser Friedrich the 2nd, as one of the reasons for his
visit in the country at 1898 was to inaugurate this church that was built with
German empire money. The church is built on the ruins of saint Mary the
crusader from the 12th century, as well as on some Byzantine remains.
13. This is the fabulous cloister of the church of the Redeemer – a remnant from
the Byzantine period. The cloister is a square court surrounded on four sides
with arcades, and a garden in its center.
This is the
arcade
14. Not far from there, at the beginning of the “Via Dolorosa”, adjacent to the
Lion’s gate, is a huge church called Santa Anna church. Anna was the wife
of Jehoyachin, mother of Mary, and here, according to the eastern church
tradition, Mary was born. The church belongs to a French order – the
catholic “white brothers”. It was built in the crusaders period (11th century)
on a Byzantine church ruins.
15. A sculpture of Anna and her daughter Mary in the residence cave of Anna,
and it decorations.
16. We go out east through the Lion’s gate and down the Mount of Olives we find
a few especially impressive impression front – the Churchchurch,
Below – the churches: the first view of the of the Agony, also
called the Church of All Nations – a name given to it as a result of the massive
and the inside view off the chapel.
fund rising in many different countries for its construction (in the years
1919-1924). It is built on ruins of a crusaders church and there are also
mosaics from an ancient Byzantine church. It is constructed on a natural
rock surface that according to the tradition used Jesus for his sleep before
extradited to the Sanhedrin. The place itself is called Gethsemane (or Gat
Shemanim in Hebrew, meaning oil press)
17. Inside the church – the rock Jesus spent his last hours on before being extradited
Jesus resting on the rock after The Last Supper
18. Next to the Church of All Nations is the Mary’s tomb church. This is a vast
cave, and acording to the chatolic tradition it was here the Mary was laid
before her ascension. As recalled – the Dormition church also describes the
place of Mary’s sleep, and on this matter the versions differ.
19. A bit more up the mountain is the Russian Church of Mary Magdalene. It was
built in 1888 according to the Russian tradition characterized with gold plated
“onion” towers, shining to the distance. Unlike most of the other churches, it
does not indicate on a holy place. Its name infers Mary the Magdalene
(Miriam of Migdal - a resident of the town of Migdal on the Galilee sea shore)
who was one of Jesus disciples, and according to the tradition also attended his
burial and resurrection.
21. Another short climb and we areandthe entrance hall beneath it with a latticed
The churches tear like dome at the humble of the Dominus Flevit Church
(meaning “The Lord Wept” in Latin). This church commemorate the story
window viewing the Temple Mount.
about Jesus saying: “When He approached Jerusalem, He saw the city and
wept over it… they will not leave in you one stone upon another…“ (Luke 19,
41- 44). The churches dome resembles a tear, and it is also built on a Byzantine
church ruins, which mosaic’s floor has partially preserved.
22. We move to the area of the modern western Jerusalem, and here we find a
few more beautiful churches. Beneath Israel Museum in the valley of the
cross is the Monastery of the Cross. Here – according to the tradition – grew
the olive tree which was used to make the cross on which Jesus was crucified
(hence the name). And if that is not enough – the tradition clams the tree was
planted by Lot as a part of his atonement. The place was first built in the 6th
century A.C. and ruined, and the present building was established in the 11th
century by Georgian monks. In the 18th century it was purchased by the
Greek orthodox church which own many assets in Jerusalem and its
surroundings.
25. We go to the Russian Compound to visit the Holy Trinity Cathedral. The
whole compound was purchased by the Russians in the second half of the 19th
century, when the Russian pilgrimage movement began to rise. First they
built hostels to accommodate the pilgrims, and in 1872 the church was
inaugurated. It was built (by the tsar’s initiative) to resemble the St Vasily
church in the red square in Moscow, with eight towers rising above it.
26. There is another area in
Jerusalem abundant with
churches – Ein Kerem. Lacking of
space, we will show only one of the
churches - the Church of the
Visitation. Here – according to the
tradition - was the summer house
of Zechariah and Elizabeth –
parents of John the Baptist, who
were relatives of Mary mother of
Jesus, and she visited here on her
way to Jerusalem, in her last days
of pregnancy.
The church was established in
1955 on the ruins of a crusaders
church from around the 12th
century, and it is a Franciscan
catholic church
27. The inside of the chapel, and the paintings of the tow relatives meeting.
And here before us, a painting showing a controversial story, telling about Herod receiving
a message saying the Messiah was just born to the Judea tribe. He issues an order to
execute all male infants recently born to the tribe, but when his soldiers come to Zechariah
and Elizabeth’s house, a miracle happens and a large rock is oppend, allowing her to hide
in it and save her son.
28. Church of the Holy Sepulchre
We finish with the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. This is the holiest site to
Christianity, even holier then St Peter’s basilica in the Vatican. This enormous
church is built on Jesus' crucifixion site – Golgotha, and inside is the cave
were Jesus was buried in, resurrected and ascended. The place was first
identified by Helena – mother of Constantine, the emperor who declared
Christianity as the official country’s religion in 324 A.C. In 326 A.C. Helena
arrived to Jerusalem to locate the place. In the site there was a Roman/pagan
shrine, apparently to blur the memory of Jesus, but post factum it seems to
have brought certainty to the identification of the site. The shrine was
destroyed and instead Constantine and Helena established the first Church of
the Holy Sepulcher, inaugurated in 333 A.C. The church was destroyed and
renovated several times due to the different conquests, and the structure we
know today was built in 1099 with the crusaders conquest and standing still
though repeatedly renovated.
Unlike most churches in the Christian world, that belong each to its certain
order, this church is joint managed by 7 different orders, the three dominant
ones being: the Greek orthodox, the Armenians and the Franciscans. On a
lower rank are the Copts, the Syrians, the Ya’acobits and the Ethiopians
(located on the church’s roof). (And the keys for the church, believe it or not,
are in the hands of a Muslim family!!!)
29. The joint management causes bitter disputes between the orders – when every
change, renovation or small repair demands unanimous agreement and some
times they quarrel for years on different executions, let alone fundamental
disagreements about performing different rituals on different dates.
In any case – these days it possible to see on Fridays, for instance, how all the
orders perform their prayers, each in its hall, and by the end, come down one
after the other, accurate to the minute, to finish the prayer in front of Jesus burial
cave – the holiest spot!!!
30. A painting of the Golgotha – the Roman’s execution site. Jesus is being crucified
along with two “ordinary” criminals. On this site exist today the Church of the
Holy Sepulcher
31. Inside, in front of the entrance, placed the Stone of the Anointing – used to purify
Jesus’ body and anoint it after he was taken down from the cross and brought to
burial.
32. On the wall – a large mosaic picture, describing in three scenes how Jesus was
taken down from the cross and brought to proper burial in the familial burial
cave of Joseph of Arimathea.
33. Hundreds of people stand in line “rotunda”, and in its center the “aedicule” – of
We are in the main hall – the to enter the cave itself and be in the presence
surrounding Jesus’ burial cave, and above it a marvelous dome that was recently
the Christianity father
renovated.
34. The anteroom to the burial cave The entrance to
the burial cave
An inside view of the burial cave
35. As mentioned before – the church has several praying halls, to all the different
orders, and here are some examples
Below – the Greek orthodox Golgotha chapel, and the “incense man” goes by and
waves the incense device
36. The Greek orthodox read their prayer and the head priest goes out to them when
finished
37. The Franciscans go out every Friday to their weekly parade along the Via
Dolorosa
38. Before us – a few examples of the “changing of guard” of the different
orders in front of the sepulcher cave. The Armenians
The Franciscans
The Malta
knights
39. Here we finish, and as always, almost, over but not done with, and yet, we
managed to bring to you a presentation of the variety of the impressive
churches of Jerusalem, the city holy to Christianity, as well as to the Judaism
and Islam.
Photography, editing, and the presentation creation
Igal morag - morag-i@013.net.il
You are also invited to visit my Internet site:
http://morageng.artvision.co.il
English version - S. Morag