Chromatogrpahy
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The document describes a chromatography experiment to identify an ink used to alter a cheque. The experiment involves placing dots of the unknown ink and sample inks on a chromatography paper and developing the paper in a solvent. This allows calculation of Rf values to compare the inks and identify which sample ink matches the unknown ink used in the cheque alteration. The results and analysis will reveal which ink was used to make the forgery and explain how this determination was made.
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1. A mole is a unit used to quantify an amount of substance and refers to 6.022x10^23 elementary entities, whether atoms, molecules, ions or other particles.
2. The mass of one mole of a substance can be calculated from its relative atomic/molecular mass. For example, one mole of carbon has a mass of 12g while one mole of oxygen has a mass of 32g.
3. Moles allow for stoichiometric calculations to determine amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions and for calculating molar concentrations in solutions.
Equilibria
When reactants and products reach dynamic equilibrium in a reversible reaction, their quantities will not change unless disturbed. According to Le Chatelier's principle, if a stress like increased reactant concentration is applied, equilibrium will shift to reduce it by making more products. Altering temperature and pressure also shifts equilibrium by making the forward or reverse reaction more favorable. The Haber process produces ammonia at high pressure and temperature according to these principles, allowing large scale production.
Moles
1. A mole is a unit used to quantify an amount of substance and refers to 6.022x10^23 elementary entities, whether atoms, molecules, ions or other particles.
2. The mass of one mole of a substance can be calculated from its relative atomic/molecular mass. For example, one mole of carbon has a mass of 12g while one mole of oxygen has a mass of 32g.
3. Moles allow for stoichiometric calculations to determine amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions and for calculating molar concentrations in solutions.
Simple moles
The document discusses key concepts related to moles including:
1) Definitions of relative atomic mass (RAM), relative formula mass (RFM), and relative molecular mass (RMM) which refer to the average mass of atoms and molecules.
2) How to calculate RAM, RFM, and RMM using the periodic table and chemical formulas.
3) What a mole is and how it relates to Avogadro's number to allow counting and measuring very large numbers of small entities like atoms and molecules.
Collision theory and Boltzmann
Higher temperatures increase the rate of reaction by providing particles with more kinetic energy, leading to more frequent and more energetic collisions that are more likely to exceed the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. Specifically, for every 10 degree C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction doubles and the time taken halves, as increased particle energy from heat causes more collisions per unit time and a greater chance of particles reaching the activation energy required to react upon colliding.
Simple moles
The document discusses key concepts related to moles including:
1) Definitions of relative atomic mass (RAM), relative formula mass (RFM), and relative molecular mass (RMM) which refer to the average mass of atoms and molecules.
2) How to calculate RAM, RFM, and RMM using the periodic table and chemical formulas.
3) What a mole is and how it relates to Avogadro's number to allow counting and measuring very large numbers of small entities like atoms and molecules.
Collision theory
Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide and the collision must provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Reactions with a lower activation energy are more likely to occur. Increasing concentration, temperature, or surface area increases the rate of reaction by providing more opportunities for collisions that can surpass the activation energy. Catalysts also increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy required.
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Chromatogrpahy
- 1. Chromatography Aim To be able to identify a specific ink
- 2. Context Chromatography – this is a technique that can be used to separate colours in inks/paints, identify different inks/paints and can also be used to identify biological chemicals such as amino acids. You will be given a sample of ink that was used to alter a cheque and several inks that may have used to change it. You have to match one of the inks to the ink that was used to alter the cheque.
- 6. Results Rf Value Ink Distance travelled by ink Distance travelled by solvent
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