Cholesterol Lab Report

Cholesterol Lab Report
Abstract:
The main purpose of this experiment was to purify the steroid hormone, Cholesterol, by
Bromination. This process was achieved by the electrophilic addition reaction to a natural product
(Cholesterol dibromide). After adding the designated amount of the white powdered cholesterol and
the reddish brown solution of bromine to the Erlenmeyer flask, the mixture turned to a bright yellow
color then it was chilled in an ice–water bath, allowing crystals to form. Finally, the vacuum
filtration was used to isolate the sand–like white–ish yellow crystals that were formed and used to
measure the melting point of cholesterol dibromide in the following lab period. The percentage yield
was calculated to be 17% and the melting point rangeof the product obtained was 100.8C–104.8C.
Procedure:
The procedure for this experiment is found in the organic chemistry I lab manual written by Zachary
Poulos (pages 123–134). There were no changes to the procedure.
Reaction
Data and calculations:
Data:
Original Mass of Cholesterol (mg)
102 mg
Mass of empty Al dish (mg)
405 mg
Mass of Al dish & Cholesterol dibromide (mg)
429 mg
Percentage Yield (%)
16%
Melting point range (Literature, C)
105C (Poulos, 123)
Melting point range of Cholesterol dibromide (C)
100.8C–104.8C
Calculations:
–Molecular weight of Cholesterol (C27H46O) = 386.66 mg/mmol
–Molecular weight of Cholesterol dibromide (C27H46Br2O∙HOAc) = 606.52
–Mass of recovered Cholesterol dibromide: 430 mg – 405 mg= 25 mg
Theoretical yield

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Na2co3 Synthesis Lab Report
IV. CONCLUSION _
In this experiment, a solution of Na2CO3 was reacted with a solution of CaCl2 to form a precipitate
of CaCO3. The theoretical yield of CaCO3 was calculated and then compared to the actual yield of
CaCO3. The results suggest that the Theoretical Yield was 4.2246 grams and the Actual Yield was
4.24 grams, which gave a Percent Yield of 100.473% and a Percent Error of 0.473%. The actual
yield was greater than the theoretical yield. It is suggested that it was greater than because I used
two different filter papers and I only measured one. If I had measured the two different papers, I
would probably obtain a different mass for each of them. Because I am only off by 0.02 grams, that
could have been the reason why I didn't get the mass I should have obtained. After finishing my
experiment I measured another filter paper and it weighed 0.928 (Image #2). It is very possible for
one of the filter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main strength in the method was the procedure, because it clearly and briefly explained the
steps needed to take. Following my method was easy, because it was very clear and easy to follow.
However, the method did not include many photos of the set–up and of the experiment overall. The
main weakness in the method was the lack of photos of how I set–up my materials and of
observations I made during the experiment (Separating the precipitate from the water, the water, the
precipitate before and after drying) to further explain and extend the understanding of the reader. In
following this method it was difficult to understand some of the last steps and the set–up because of
the lack of photos. An improvement to the method would be to measure the mass of both filter
papers. I would make this improvement because if I had done that before my final result would be
closer to the Theoretical

Experiment 8 Phenol Alkylation
Experiment 8: Phenol Alkylation Amber Chavis CHEM 2753 – 007 November 15, 2017
Objective/Purpose: This experiment was designed by conducting a substitution reaction to construct
a complex compound (2–methylphenoxyacetic acid) from two simple parts; also known as synthesis
– converting simple molecules into more complex molecules. A purification technique known as
crystallization was used to purify the product. Suction filtration was used to filter out the product.
The experiment was completed over a three–day experimental period. Procedure: In this experiment,
0.31 g (2.87 mmol) of 2–methylphenol was suspended in a 10 mL Erlenmeyer flask along with 1
mL of water and a stir bar. The flask was clamped onto a hotplate/stirrer and turned on so that the
stir bar would turn freely. Based on the amount of 2–methylphenol, 0.957 mL (0.00287 mmol)
NaOH was calculated and collected in a syringe. The NaOH was then added to the 2–methylphenol
solution and allowed to mix completely. In another 10 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 0.34 g (2.92 mmol) of
sodium chloroacetate was calculated based on the amount of 2–methylphenol and placed into the
flask along with 1 mL of water. The sodium chloroacetate solution was mixed until dissolved. The
sodium chloroacetate solution was poured into the 2–methylphenol and NaOH solution after it was
fully dissolved using a microscale funnel. Then the apparatus was put together. The glass portion of
a medicine dropper was attached and placed inside of a

Portal Frame Analysis
University of Manchester
University of Manchester
NISHANT AGARWAL
The report primarily discusses results obtained from the conducted experiments and includes
computed data from the Kingston computer program. The value of the plastic moment capacity of
each experiment was obtained; Obtained value was used to find the yield strength of the structures
and compare them to typical values for mild steel. The important data is summarized in a table;
followed by a list of important formulae. All individual results are listed in the appendix at the end.
NISHANT AGARWAL
The report primarily discusses results obtained from the conducted experiments and includes
computed data from the Kingston computer program. The value of the ... Show more content on
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The computed value fy of 394.1 N/mm2, is within the required range of yield strength for mild steel,
i.e. (360 – 430 N/mm2).
NOTE: Before commencing the experiment, the cantilever strip was bent at about 20mm off its edge
to prevent the weight hanger from slipping off. The hanger was then loaded and deflections
measured till collapse of the cantilever arm.
2.2 Beam Mechanism:
Fig. 2.2(b) Plastic hinge formation, Beam mechanism
Fig. 2.2(b) Plastic hinge formation, Beam mechanism
Fig. 2.2(a) Portal Frame with Vertical Load
Fig. 2.2(a) Portal Frame with Vertical Load
From Plastic analysis,
Mp = 10.35 kN–mm (Beam Mechanism)
Mp = 10.35 kN–mm (Beam Mechanism)
Wl2θ = MP θ+ MP 2θ + MP θ
→ MP= Wl8
Notes & Comments:
Number of plastic hinges that should form are 4; Albeit, Moments at B, C, and D are greater than

those at fixed feet, and a beam mechanism forms in BCD. Therefore, only 3 plastic hinges are
formed. (Todd, 2000)
NOTE– The behavior is similar to a fixed ended beam.
Fig. (II.A) shows the formed plastic hinges on the collapsed portal frame due to vertical loading at
l2. Plastic hinges have been labeled in order of appearance.
The formula for moment capacity of the above mechanism has been calculated by the virtual work
method.
The computed value fy of 356.589 N/mm2, is within the required range of yield strength for mild
steel, i.e. (360 – 430 N/mm2).
Fig. (II.B) shows the

Physics Of The Scientific Method
The objective of the lab is to recognize the importance of observation in the scientific method,
merely applying the copper cycle and the process and reactions that take place throughout. Copper is
present in several biological systems, having both biological and environmental implication. Sets of
experiments will alter copper into nitrate salt, then a hydroxide, followed by an oxide and sulfate,
before reaching the state of metallic copper once. These reactions are managed to test the copper in
its ionic and the elemental kind, as well as any fluctuation of copper 's reactivity in different
chemical environments. Materials and Procedure The accompanying materials utilized as a part of
these experiments were a 50 mL container, a hot plate, a plastic funnel, aspirator, rubber tubing, a
ring stand, a clasp, an iron ring, measuring boat, magnetic stir bar, a 10 mL graduated barrel, few
expendable pipettes, a filter flask, a Buchner pipe, filter paper, refined water, a mixing pole, lastly
litmus paper. Six chemicals were utilized as a part of the investigations are copper (wire), 6M
HNO3, 6M NaOH, 3M H2SO4, Zinc, and 6M HCl. Toward the start of the lab, the 50 mL was
connected to the ring stand on top of the hot plate. The iron ring was incorporated into the lab, so it
can keep the measuring glass enduring set up. Soon after, a fume hood was amassed utilizing a pipe,
elastic tubing, and the suction apparatus. The tube was appended to the ring stand on top of the
measuring

The Reduction Of 4 Tert ¬¨ -butylcyclohaxanone
In this experiment, the reduction of 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone was performed using sodium
borohydride. To complete this reduction, 0.5010 g of 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone was added to 6.0
mL of methanol and heated until the ketone dissolved completely. Next, 0.0510 g of sodium
borohydride was added to the solution. At this time, bubbles formed and an exothermic reaction
took place. After the solution was stirred for 20 minutes, 2 mL of sulfuric acid was added to the
flask. The solution became white and cloudy, and more bubbles formed. Immediately after the acid
was added, 5 mL of water was also put into the reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 10
minutes. During this time, a white solid formed. After this, the solution was ... Show more content
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This was calculated by taking the mass of 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanol, dividing it by the theoretical
yield determined by mass of the limiting reagent, 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone, and multiplying by
100. This percent yield is respectable, but a higher one could have been obtained. A source of error
resulting in a lower percent yield was the filtering to remove the magnesium sulfate out of the dried
organic solution. When filtering, some of the liquid was absorbed into the filter paper, prohibiting
some of the product from being recovered. To prevent this loss, one should use a pipet to recover the
product from the magnesium sulfate. The product that was recovered during this experiment, was
spectroscopically analyzed, and a ratio of cis–trans product was found. IR and 1H NMR analysis
was also performed for the starting ketone, 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone. The IR spectra, RM–07–
Oi, contained peaks at 2947 cm–1, 2868 cm–1, 1720 cm–1, and 1365 cm–1. These peaks represent a
carbon–hydrogen stretch, a sp3 hybridized carbon, a ketone and a ring carbon–carbon stretch, which
are all present in 4–tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone. This confirms that the initial ketone used was 4–
tert¬–butylcyclohaxanone. The 1H NMR also proves this. Peaks found at 2.34 ppm, 2.07 ppm, 1.45
ppm and 0.87 ppm show that only four chemical shifts occur in this compound. There are not four
types of hydrogens in this molecule, but some chemical environments are similar resulting in only
four

Types Of Cross Sectional Aspect Ratio
Specimens characterization:
The test specimens were divided into three series (R1.5, R2.0 and R2.5) on the basis of cross–
sectional aspect ratio, and complete details of the test columns are summarized in the table 1 and
Fig. 1. The specimen identification convention, which are utilized in Table 1, is in accordance with
the first letter R defining the rectangular column. In addition, the following numbers 1.5, 2.0, and
2.5 refer to different sets of cross–sectional aspect ratios. The following letter and number refer to
the volumetric ratio of hoop (H) reinforcement with 0 denoting plain concrete, 1, and 2 denoting
transverse reinforcement of 0.3 and 0.6% volumetric ratio, respectively. The third last symbol L and
number following it refer to the number of layers of CFRP wrap. The final symbol in the specimen
identification of M or C refers to monotonic uniaxial loading and complete unloading/reloading of
cyclic axial loading patterns. In this paper, complete unloading/reloading refers to unloading from
the envelope curve to zero stress followed by reloading to the envelope curve. For further
clarification, R2.5H2CL4, for example, had aspect ratio 2.5 and hoop steel reinforcement ratio 0.6%
.As well, before it was tested under cyclic axial compression loading, this specimen was externally
confined with four layers of CFRP material.
Specimens fabrication and material properties:
So that a reliable model for the design of CFRP– confined rectangular concrete columns subjected

Essay On Stability Of River Banks
The practicality of determining the critical height for the stability of a slope is significantly relevant
to the current day, as many riverbanks face these problems of instability and overpopulation has led
to more civilisations becoming at risk of mass failure. Ultimate failure of a mass of soil is currently
the most important threat to the long term stability of the Three Gorges dam (the largest dam in the
world) and the 6300 km long Yangtze river, where up to 41.1% of the river basin area suffers from
soil erosion problems (People's Daily Online, 2001). Slope stability is a largely researched topic and
numerous models, failure mechanisms and parameters have been explored, however the analyses of
river banks subject to the presence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only recently, the presence of pre–existing cracks (Utili, 2013) and cracks forming as part of the
failure mechanism (Michalowski, 2013) have been included in a semi–analytical approach for the
quantitative assessment of slope stability based on the kinematic approach of limit analysis. The
determination of the critical height for which failure of the river bank takes place is the most
important feature. The topic researched has significant practical relevance to the real world because
through determining estimates of the critical height, it leads us one step further in mitigating slope
failure and protecting nearby infrastructure.
3.1 Methods 3.1.1 Limit Analysis
The method of limit analysis is used within this paper (Chen, 1975) as it allows a semi–analytical
solution to be achieved. This is used to run a parametric analysis in order to investigate the stability
of river banks for a range of values of ground tensile strength and under various hydraulic
conditions.
Within this study, the kinematic approach of limit analysis provides rigorous upper bounds to the
true collapse value for values of engineering interest of internal friction angle, inclination of the
slope, pore water pressure and the height ratio (h/H) of the vertical part of the bank over the total
bank height. In

Silver Nitrate Test Lab Report
This reaction is observed to be an SN1 reaction which was later verified by the silver nitrate test.
The percent yield obtained for mass was 28.9%. The reason the percent yield was low could be due
to the loss of product. This could have happened in several ways including the loss of the organic
phase during extraction where too much of the organic phase could have been extracted resulting in
less of the product being formed. The lower percent yield may also be due to the reaction not going
to completion, resulting in fewer product formed. Additionally, impurities in the product also yield
less of the product. Incorrect measurements of the graduated cylinder may have also led to a
decreased yield. The weight of the graduated cylinder may have no been accurate if excess water
was present leading to added weight. Also, the filter paper used in the gravity filtration may have
also not been able to hold all the crystals and have allowed some to pass through leading to incorrect
mass of product. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When an aqueous solution is added to a salt, NaCl, it causes it to be insoluble in water and therefore
be recovered later on by having it crystalized. This is referred to as salting out, meaning that the
polar organic compounds, which are soluble in water, are extracted into a nonpolar solvent. This is
useful when it comes to drying of the aqueous extraction via the drying agent and in removing
excess water from the organic solvent. Moreover, the drying agent used in this experiment was the
Na2SO4. The drying agent allows for removal of water; however, if too much drying agent is used,
it could lead to lose of the organic solvent by absorption. This may lead to a decreased

Essay on Corning Glass Work Case Study
Harvard Business School Case Study
Corning Glass Works:
The Z–Glass Project
Claude Barnett  Jason Fishner  Jillian Ozkara  Frankie Quarles
Empire State College – Operations Management
Instructor Betul Lus
October 17, 2010
Problem Statement
The Corning Glass Company many product developments throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s.
During that time they always had been a leader in the arena of glass and ceramic products. Corning
Glass Company focused on commercial products until the 1960s when it entered the consumer
market. One of Corning's exceptional technologies in this market was Z–Glass. After several
successful years of producing Z–Glass at the Harrisburg plant, ... Show more content on
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Moreover, Corning's reemphasis of technical competence demonstrates its corporate identity and
commitment to process and productivity excellence.
Corning has a diverse product line that includes glass, ceramics, tableware, cookware, and auto
parts. In order to offer such a diverse portfolio of products, Corning constantly reevaluates its
production capabilities and deploys resources to improve productivity. The manufacturing and
engineering team was developed internally and tasked with the responsibility of process change and
improvement. The M & E team plays an integral part in Corning's ability to garner new market share
and leverage existing opportunities. For instance, the M & E team participated in numerous projects
throughout Corning, but its core responsibilities include internal consulting, product quality
assurance, and the smoothing the transition of products from R&D to production. The M & E team's
function is to solve problems by implementing long term solutions that facilitate process and quality
improvement.
Despite M & E's capabilities and overall intent, the formulation of this team was not well received
initially by other divisions within the Corning

Case Analysis: Love After Lockup
Garrett was convicted of burglary, grand theft and several other counts for which he was sentenced
to seven years in prison. During his stay, Joanna reached out to him via letter after confessing to
have drank too much Moscato one night and began looking through websites to talk with inmates.
She stated his mugshot was very attractive which drove her to communicate with him. They had
been in a relationship for six years while he was incarcerated and the day he was released, she
openly asked when they were going to get married and that she expected a solitaire, single carat
diamond ring as soon as possible. "Love after Lockup" is a reality television miniseries that aired
this year which follows six couples, that met online through pen pal ... Show more content on
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Specially, they wanted to avoid "mass–murderers" (insert citation) thus setting their degree of
violent offenders' standards quite low. In the show, they use men and women offenders whom their
offenses range from heroin distribution to armed robbery with several counts in–between. These
inmates were specifically chosen because they displayed high rates of change probability, meaning
while they were incarcerated, they showed outwardly promising chances of reintegrating back into
society (insert citation). While that's always the goal, recidivism rates are regularly increasing. In
2017 the U.S Sentencing Commission recorded that out of the over 24,500 former inmates, there
was a 49.3% chance of re–offense within eight years (insert citation). Throughout the first season of
"Love After Lockup" they make sure to show the rigor of reintegrating back into the 'free–world' but
it must be known that these former inmates were carefully selected to be on the show because they
stood the best chance to live the picturesque Americana life with their beloved

Vinegar Experiment
Objective The purpose of this experiment was to use stoichiometry to calculate the volume and
percent yield of CO₂ produced from a reaction of acetic acid (vinegar) with baking soda.
Procedure
First the balloon was weighed on its own, and its mass was 2.8 grams. Then the container with the
sample of baking soda was weighed and its mass was 14.0 g. The baking soda was then placed into
the balloon and the mass was 6.4 g. Lastly, the container minus the baking soda was weighed in
order to be used to calculate the mass of the baking soda on its own, and the empty container's mass
was 10.3 g. In the final step of measuring the mass of the baking soda the amount of moles in the
balloon was calculated by dividing the determined mass in grams (3.7g) by the molecular weight of
NaHCO₃ (84.01 g) to get .004 moles of baking soda. Next, the volume of vinegar was measured
using a graduated cylinder. The amount of vinegar measured was 49.8 mL and then poured into an
empty bottle. To find the mass of vinegar in the soda bottle the density equation used. The density of
vinegar (1.01 g/mL) was multiplied by the volume of vinegar measured (49.8) to get the mass of
vinegar (50.3 grams). Next, the moles of just acetic acid in the bottle were calculated. Vinegar is 7%
acetic acid so the mass of vinegar was multiplied by .07 to determine the mass of CH₃COOH in
grams. Then the 3.52 g was divided by the molar mass of CH₃COOH (60.04 g) to get 0.059 moles of
CH₃COOH in the soda bottle. In

To Synthesize a Fragrance Used Commercially in Two Steps...
What's That Smell? Due Date/Submission Date: 02/17/2014 I. Purpose To synthesize a fragrance
used commercially in two steps by using a chemoselective reduction reaction, and a polymer–
supported reaction. II. Reaction Equations and Mechanisms III. Calculations Part 1 Theoretical
Yield 1) (1.62 g ethyl vanillin x 154.16 g ethyl vanillyl alcohol) / (166.18 g ethyl vanillin) = 1.503 g
ethyl vanillyl alcohol 2) (0.3 g NaBH4 x 154.16 g ethyl vanillyl alcohol) / (37.83 g NaBH4) = 1.223
g ethyl vanillyl alcohol Percent Yield = (1.03 g / 1.223 g) x 100 = 84.2% Melting Point Range ( ̊C):
83.9, 84.4, 85.0 Melting Point Average ( ̊C): 84.43 Rf Values Starting material = 4.0/5.5 = 0.73 Final
product = ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While we refluxed the solution there was no color change, the solution stayed clear. After gravity
filtration the solution stayed clear. After roto vap, solution was a milky brown color. IR spec data
showed a weak OH peak as well as strong C–O stretches around 1200 cm–1. V. Discussion
Questions: 1. Our percent yield for alcohol was 84.2% which is average. We rushed through our
vacuum filtration and probably did not let the solid dry long enough and might have not transferred
all of the solid to the vacuum filtration from the beaker. 2. The TLC results showed two different
spots that traveled different distances on the TLC plate, one for ethyl vanillin and one for ethyl
vanillin alcohol which proves there is no evidence of the starting material in our final product. The
product (ethyl vanillin alcohol) was more polar and interacted more with the solvent than our
starting material (ethyl vanillin). This increase in polarity is due to the extra alcohol group in the
ethyl vanillin alcohol and the smaller Rf value also indicates it is more polar and pure than the ethyl
vanillin. 3. The IR spectrum of the starting material shows a medium/strong C–O bond at around
1500cm–1, also the starting material shows a strong C–H bond at around 3000cm–1 and another
medium C–H bond at 2865cm–1 indicating an aldehyde group whereas the product does not. The IR
spectrum of the product shows a two weak broad O–H peaks at around

Essay Wittig reaction
SYNTHESIS OF TRANS–9–(2–PHENYLETHENYL) ANTHRACENE (A WITTIG REACTION)
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to convert carbonyl compounds to alkenes using Wittig reaction.
In this case we will be synthesizing Trans–9–(2–phenylethenyl) anthracene from
benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride and 9–anthraldehyde. We will also aim to obtaining a high
percent yield and purity for the synthesis of Trans–9–(2–phenylethenyl) anthracene. The mechanism
for this reaction goes thus:
Experimental:
Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (0.201g) and 9–anthraldehyde (0.116g) were weighed and
added to a short–neck round–bottomed flask (5ml). Dichloromethane (2ml) was measured using a
measuring cylinder and added to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hickey) Organic chemistry lab 2 manual, department of Chemistry University of New Orleans. We
observed a yellow residue in the bottom of the flask after the dichloromethane has been boiled off,
and 2–propanol (3ml) was added to it and then was heated until the entire residue dissolved and the
solution was transferred to a clean Erlenmeyer flask.
After allowing the flask to cool to room temperature and cooling on ice, the product was collected
and washed with 2–propanol (2ml) into a clean Hirsch funnel and was filtered using vacuum
filtration. The triphenylphosphine oxide remained in the propanol solution, and the crystals were
dried by drawing air through them. The mass, percentage yield and melting point of the product was
obtained. The crystals were stored in a glass vial for next experiment.
Data/calculations
Mass of product obtained = 0.077g
Mole Ratio for both C25H22PCl and C15H10 O with product is 1:1
Determination of the number of moles for each reactant: Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
(C25H22PCl) =
9–anthraldehyde (C15H10 O) =
The limiting reagent is therefore Benzyl triphenylphosphonium chloride.
The theoretical yield of 9–(2 phenylethenyl) anthracene is 0.145g
Actual 0.077g
Percentage yield =
Melting Point:

Fast ramp Slow ramp
Start temp.

Limiting Reactant Lab Report
In order to calculate the percent yield, we first had to determine the moles of the limiting reactant,
which was anthranilic acid in this case, by dividing the mass of was anthranilic acid we weighted in
the beginning of the lab (2.001g) and dividing it with the molar mass of was anthranilic acid. Thus
obtaining the value of 0.01456g. Then in order to calculate the theoretical yield, we multiplied the
moles of was anthranilic acid with the molar mass of N–acetylanthranilic acid and the mole ration
which was 1:1, thus obtaining the value of 2.614g. Finally, to determine the percent yield, we
divided the mass of the pure crystals with the theoretical yield and multiplied it by a 100, thus
obtaining a 16% yield. Discussion and Conclusion
The reaction of anthranilic acid lead to the end product of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In order to calculate this value, the moles of anthranilic acid were needed, since it was the limiting
reactant. The mole for anthranilic acid was 0.01456 mol. We then had to calculate the theoretical
yield, which in this case was 2.614g. This was obtained by multiplying the moles of anthranilic acid
with the molar mass of N–acetylanthranilic acid as well as multiplying the mole ration of 1:1, thus
obtaining the value 2.614g. Finally, we had to divide the mass of the purified product with the
theoretical yield and multiply it by 100 in order to get 16%. This percent yield was incredibly low,
however we did mass the crystal after taking the melting point, which of course altered our data–
thus bringing us to a low percent yield. Next time we will mass the product before doing other
activities that could alter our mass. Also, we could have also could have written the masses down
incorrectly since the mass of the crystals was fairly low, next time we will double check the masses
in order to ensure better accuracy. Despite this, a lower percent yield does also indicate that the
acylation was done to the carboxylic acid

The Importance Of Fatigue Condition
Rice et al. [121] first reported that the size of plastic zone under creep stress was 4 times that of
under fatigue conditions using theoretical calculation. Subsequently, Irwin at al. [122] established
equations for estimating the plastic zone size under creep and fatigue, and Equations (1) and (2)
show that the size of plastic zone will reduce with increasing yield strength of AA alloy.
3. Discussion
It is generally assumed that the crack growth rate of coarse–grain is lower than that of fine–grain,
and the fatigue crack growth resistance can be improved by increasing the grain size [79]. Reasons
can be mainly concluded by the following three aspects [80,81], i.e., first, grain boundary is
weakened under high temperature, and cracks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lots of experimental results indicate that the grain size can significantly affect the fatigue crack
growth rate of AA alloy.
However, the experimental results in this study indicate that with decreasing grain size the fatigue
crack growth rate of AA alloy becomes smaller and smaller. Therefore, the fatigue crack growth
resistance increases with decreasing grain size. This is opposite to the prevailing effect of grain size
on fatigue crack growth rate. The main reasons are concluded as follows:
(1) Previous experimental results indicate that the amount of η–Ni3Al0.5Nb0.5 phase can
significantly affect the DFCGR property of AA alloy. The η–Ni3Al0.5Nb0.5 phase mainly plays a
role of pinning grain boundary and retarding the intergranular diffusion of oxygen. Thus, the crack
growth at grain boundaries can be retarded, and the notch sensitivity of the alloy can be avoided.
Therefore, more the η–Ni3Al0.5Nb0.5 phase, the fatigue crack growth rate of the alloy can be
reduced favourably. Figure 1 shows that the amount and morphology of η–Ni3Al0.5Nb0.5 phase
precipitated from AA alloy with different grain sizes are different under the same thermal
treatments. With decreasing grain size, both the grain boundary area of the alloy and the amount of
η–Ni3Al0.5Nb0.5 phase increase, and the ability of grain boundary pinning and grain boundary
oxygen diffusion retarding are significantly enhanced, thus the fatigue crack growth rate will reduce

Chemical Reaction Lab
Examining the Percentage Yield of a Chemical Reaction
Komal Maan
470883
Ms. Chandan
April 28th, 2015
Introduction:
Numerous factors can determine the percentage yield of a chemical reaction. Such as the nature of
the reaction, the conditions in which the reaction is carried out and the nature of the reactants used
in the reaction. In this investigation the percentage yield was to be determined using the following
chemical reaction:
Fe(s) + CuCl₂ (aq) FeCl₂ (aq) +Cu(s)
Steel wool was used since it is virtually pure iron. In this reaction single displacement had occurred.
Question:
What is the percentage yield of the reaction of iron and copper chloride when steel wool and copper
chloride dehydrate are used as reactions?
Predictions: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then added 5.00g of CuCl₂ ●H₂O into the distilled water. Stirred to dissolve the mixture Measured
the mass of the steel wool using the balance, added the data into the observations table Added the
steel wool into the CuCl₂ solution in the beaker. Allowed the steel wool to sit until there is a
reaction. This could take 20 minutes Once the reaction was done, pour off the solution into the
250mL

Lab 1 Nitration Of Naphthalene
Nitration of Naphthalene
Wed 2/25/2015
Lab report # 1
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to nitrate naphthalene with nitronium ion, which is formed at
low concentration from a reaction of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The percent yield from the
experiment was 54.4% of the product, and the melting point of the possible results were 59 °C for
1–nitronaphthalene, and 78°C for 2–nitronaphthalene.
Introduction:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene can be nitrated by the same methods as
benzene derivatives, including the well–known "mixed acid" method that utilizes a mixture of nitric
acid and sulfuric acid. The electrophile is the nitronium ion, NO2+, which is formed at low
concentration by a reaction of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solid was then boiled with 10ml of fresh water for 10minutes. The mixture was cooled in ice
and the product was collected by vacuum filtration. 0.1 of the crude product was then recrystallized
for 5minutes with 5ml of hexane under reflux. The hot solution was filtered using a preheated
filtering paper. Crystallization occurred, and then the product was collect by vacuum filtration. The
product was dried and the melting and mass were measured of the product, nitro naphthalene.
Results:
Table 1: physical properties for reactant and products:
Reactant/ product
Molecular weight (g/mol)
M Pt (°C)
B Pt (°C)
Density(g/mL)
Sulfuric acid
98.079
X
X
X
Nitric Acid
63.01
X

83
X
Hexane
86.18
X
68
0.654
Naphthalene
128.17
78
X
X
Nitro Naphthalene
173.17
59
X
X
Table 2: Data collected during lab:
Reactant/ product
Weights( mass) (g)
Moles(mmoles)(g/moles)
Naphthalene used
0.610
0.0049
Empty container
23.87
X
Container + crude product
24.35
X
Crude product weight
0.48
0.0027 Table 3: Data collected during recrystallization:
Weights(mass) (g)
Moles(mmoles) (g/moles)
Empty container
31.5
X
Container + recrystallized product
32.4
X
Recrystallized product
0.09
0.006197

Theoretical yield
0.824
0.00476
Percent yield
52.4 %
0.00249
Discussion:
The percent yield from the experiment was 54.4% of the product, which was low. This low
percentage yield might occurred due to loss of the product during transferring or weighing. The
melting point of the possible

Sample Of An Experiment On A Lab Preparation Of...
The objective of the experiment was to synthesize a sample of cyclohexene by using an E1 reaction,
which involved cyclohexanol.
Procedure Part A– Preparation of Cyclohexene
Prior to beginning the procedure, a distillation setup was constructed in order to prepare for a later
step in the procedure; a diagram of the construction was included in Figure 1.A. In a clean 50–mL
Erlenmeyer flask, 5 mL of water were placed, and, with extreme caution, 4.0 mL (8.0 g, 0.08 mol)
of concentrated sulfuric acid were added to the flask while swirling; it was emphasized that this acid
can be highly corrosive and should be handled with care, especially while pouring it into the water1.
It was observed that the flask began to heat up as the acid was added, and began to release a gas for
a brief moment. Afterwards, the diluted acid was allowed to cool to about room temperature and 3.2
mL (3.0 g, 0.030 mol) of cyclohexanol were added to the mixture. The contents of the flask were
carefully transferred to a 25 mL round–bottom flask that was attached to the distillation setup. The
contents were distilled at a steady pace, making sure that all the junctions and flasks were clasped
appropriately in order to avoid any accidents. The distillation was allowed to continue until the
liquid found in the starting flask turned black and began to emit a white gas. It was noted that at
around 53 °C distillate began to form, and at around 92 °C the liquid turned black. Approximately
2.8 mL of distillate

All Sealants Are Not Created Equal Case Study
When you have asphalt pavement, you must maintain it properly to make sure that it reaches its full
life expectancy. Sealcoating is a vital part of maintaining asphalt pavement; it can prolong the
pavement's life as well as improve its appearance. However, you might not be aware of the key
ingredients that go into a quality sealant and how they affect the results of the sealcoating job.
All Sealants Are Not Created Equal
Your sealcoating contractor can choose from a wide variety of sealants for your job. The options
include sealants of different quality levels that normally have different prices. If you want your
sealcoating to last, you want to make sure that your contractor chooses a sealant that is of sufficient
quality for the use to which your pavement will be subjected. Applying a sealant meant to support
only light pedestrian traffic to a busy parking lot is simply not going to yield the desired results. The
sealcoating will disintegrate quickly, meaning that your pavement will no longer have the protection
you need.
Never Overlook the Importance of Sand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sand makes an ideal aggregate for sealcoating and provides a number of benefits. Sand enhances
traction on the sealcoated pavement, enhancing safety for pedestrians as well as drivers. It also helps
with the appearance of the pavement; the sand will settle in hairline cracks or tiny imperfections to
improve the smoothness of the surface. Furthermore, sand helps the sealcoating form a tough, hard
film to provide better resistance to traffic, chemicals and sunlight. However, the amount of sand
included in the mix must be correct and it must have grains that are the right

Finance Term Paper
University of Texas at Dallas
Jindal School of Management
FIN4300
Problem Set #3
Fall 2014
Important note: Please submit paper copy of your solutions
Due Dates: Dec. 8 for Section 002 and Section 501; Dec. 9 for Section 001 (all in–class)
1. Suppose you are a portfolio manager at Paulson & Co. Inc. Today is the last day of
April 2013. Your portfolio did not do well in the most recent month. After learning about the post
earnings announcement drift, you decide to give it a try. You gather most recent earnings
information on 100 stocks as of April 30 2013. After examining the earnings surprises, you decide to
buy an equally weighted portfolio of the top 10 stocks with the most positive earnings surprises. At
the same time, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(a) What is the annual coupon payment of a bond that trades at par and has the yield to maturity
equal to the interest rate, 4%? The bond has a face value of $1,000 and pays annual coupons.
(b) What is the price of an annual coupon bond with a face value of $1,000, a coupon rate of 10%,
and 30 years to maturity?
1
4. Suppose the term structure of interest rates are not flat. The one year spot rate, r1 , is
6.01%/year, the two–year and the three–year spot rates, r2 and r3 , are both 5%/year.
(a) What are the forward interest rates for the second and the third year?
(b) Consider a zero–coupon bond with the face value of $1,000 and three years to maturity. What
should be the bond price today?
5. In your calculations, please round computed prices to the second decimal place (e.g.,
220.78 instead of 220.7765).
A risk–free annuity A pays two annual payments of $100 (the first payment is made in a year).
(a) If the term structure of interest rates is flat and the interest rate is 61.80%/year, what is the price
of the annuity?
(b) What is the yield to maturity of the annuity?
(c) The term structure suddenly changes and now the spot interest rate for one year
(r1 ) is 80%/year and the spot interest rate for two years (r2 ) is 50%/year. As it turns out, the price

of the annuity stays the same as in part (a). What is the yield to maturity of the annuity now?
(d) Suppose that there are two

Analysis Of Fea Abaqus, Adaptive Mesh ( Ale ) Method
MN5561 FEA REPORT
Student Number: 1337150
ABSTRACT
In FEAABAQUS, adaptive mesh (ALE) method is one of the most important elements to maintain
a high–quality mesh throughout an analysis in a case that large deformation causes element
distortion. The purpose of this master of engineering report is to use adaptive meshing in simulation
of an axisymmetric forging problem where highly deformation was seen. Meanwhile, investigating
results of elastic–plastic deformation simulation in FEAABAQUS. Through finishing the simulation
under different mesh sizes and mesh types in ABAQUS, rectangle type meshing is better for this
forging problem and the best final element size is 3 mm (normal).
1. DESCRIPTION OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION
1.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is aimed to make one area with including the adaptive mesh (ALE) control effect. Figure 4:
Dividing the blank for mesh
With the sketch completed already, the assembly between the die and blank can be done quickly in
assembly region through creating instances from parts region and translate them together to satisfy
the Figure 1. It will be analysed as shown in Figure 5. Note that it is greatly significate to set a
reference point for the die in the part model, which directly effects defining the boundary condition
and success of the simulation in the end of the job model. Figure 5: the assembly between the die
and blank
1.3 Applying the Material Properties
The material properties for ASTM A285 Grade B Carbon Steel came from steel material properties
databases on the MakeItFrom website. Table shown blow provides the mechanical properties also
found in steel material properties databases.
Tensile Strength(Ultimate) 420Mpa
Tensile Strength(Yield) 200Mpa
Density 7.84 kg/m^3
Poisson's Rate 0.3
Young's Modulus 210000Mpa

Table 1: Mechanical Properties of ASTM A285 Grade B Carbon Steel
To perform the elastic–plastic analysis, one material had to be created. This material has five
physical properties that need to be applied to the test specimen which are Density, Young's Modulus,
Poisson's Rate, Yield stress and

Synthesis Of Dulcin Synthesis
Introduction
There is a demand for artificial sweeteners because people want to control their intake of sugar.
Saccharin, cyclamates, aspartame, as well as Dulcin, are some sugars that fulfill the need for
sweeteners to be of low caloric content. Some of the sweeteners, such as Dulcin, are now considered
to yield undesirable health effects with long term use. Dulcin is 250 times sweeter than table sugar.
The synthesis of Dulcin was done in order to calculate the percent yield. The lesson of this
experiment was to learn how to synthesize Dulcin from phenetidine and potassium cyanate
(KOCN). During the experiment, Dulcin was synthezided in the presence of water and acetic acid,
which were the solvents. Hydrocyanic acid (HOCN) was formed from the acetic acid and KOCN
(Scheme 1 equation 1). Then the HOCN will react with phenetidine to make Dulcin (Scheme 1
equation 2).
Scheme 1: Steps in Dulcin Synthesis. The apparatus used was the vacuum filtration, which is faster
than the gravity filtration and can only be used with a Büchner funnel. When using the Büchner
funnel, a filter paper needs to be inside of the funnel, as well as, a rubber stopper placed on the
funnel to guarantee a good seal. After the experiment was completed, a pure sample of Dulcin was
obtained because the exact melting point was determined to be 171.5–172.1°C while the literature
value was 173–174°C which is a narrow range. The Rf values also support the reasoning that Dulcin
is pure because the Rf value for

Data And Methodology For Research
DATAAND METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, data collected for analysis will be discussed. The paper will continue with discussion
of the variables included in the sample. Relevance of the variables for the research will be assessed
basing on theoretical and empirical evidence. Sample data description
Building on the research of previous studies in the area of credit risk, this paper investigates the US
corporate bond markets from January 2006 to December 2013. Data on bonds and issuers is
extracted from Bloomberg database. According to objectives of the study, the firms, which issued
corporate bonds, are chosen in financial and industrial sectors.
To identify the corporate bonds that are relevant for research, the following criteria are applied in
this study: Bonds are issued by publicly listed corporations in financial and industrial sectors. Bonds
are US–denominated and issuers of bonds are officially registered in the US. It is implemented to
narrow the scope of this study only to the US bonds. Bonds are actively traded. Bonds that matured
before December 2013 are not included in the sample. Bonds that do not have option–like features
or any other special properties. This means that sinkable, convertible, puttable and callable bonds,
and corporate bonds with floating rates, inflation–indexed bonds are excluded. To enter the sample,
data on bond must provide at least 25 months of consecutive observations. Bonds with a maturity
more than one year. Bonds are

My Experience In College Students, Being A College Student
Being a college student who is taking 18 credits this semester as well as working 15 hours a week, I
experience multiple stressors every week that I try my best to deal with. Two stressors I have dealt
with the past two weeks are struggling to manage my time and arguing with my boyfriend. The past
two weeks I had a lot of assignments due as well as a major test and a quiz. I realized it was a
stressor when I got assigned our extra credit paper that was due the day before my major exam. I
was already thinking of how I was going to spend the rest of the week and the weekend to study for
my exam and quiz, prepare for my presentation, keep up with the chapters my classes are reviewing,
and work. When we got assigned the extra credit paper, I panicked a little and realized trying to
figure out how to fit all of it into my schedule was a stressor. I noticed that my heart rate slightly
increased from panicking a little and I got antsy, as in I could not sit still. I have confronted
managing my time before, when I first got my job this semester. Like I said, I am taking 18 credits,
so adding working 15 hours a week took away a lot of study time that I had to figure out how to
make up. It actually cuts into my social life a decent amount, but I live with all of my closest friends
and study with them, so I see them a decent amount. What I typically do when I freak out about how
much stuff I have to do and how little time I have, I start to plan out my days by hour in my planner.
I

Essay Chem Lab
Chem 201 Lab
October 21, 2011
Lab #6: Preparation of 2–chloro–2–methylbutane – an Sn 1 Reaction
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment was to prepare an alkyl halide, 2–chloro–2–methylbutane by
reacting 2–methyl –2–butanol (t–amyl alcohol) with hydrochloric acid. Alkyl halides are of wide
interest because they are widespread and have diverse beneficial and detrimental impacts .The
overall reaction is given below:
Procedure
1 ml of 2–methyl–2–butanol was measured using 1 ml syringe and transferred into a 5 ml conical
vial. 2.5 ml of highly concentrated Hydrochloric acid was then slowly added while the vial was
constantly swirled. After mixing alcohol with HCl the vial was capped with a screw cap and gently
shaken for about 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this particular reaction calculations were straight forward due to 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with an
excess of acid. Using physical density constant, the volume of 2–methyl–2–butanol was first
converted into grams of alcohol. The grams were then converted into moles of alcohol using its
molecular weight. Using the reaction stoicheometry, the moles were then converted into moles of
chloride (product). Finally knowing the molecular weight of the product allowed to convert grams
into moles.
Calculating mass of 2–methyl–2–butanol:
Density = mass/volume mass = density x volume = 0.815 (g/ml) x 1 (ml) =0.815 g
Moles = grams/ MW = 0.815 (g) / 88.15 (g/mol) = 0.00925 moles
Using 1:1 stoichiometric ratio for product theoretical yield estimation:
0.00925 moles x MW of chloride (35.45) = 0.328 grams of product
Percent Yield = Actual yield / theoretical x 100% = 0.228 (g) / 0.328 (g) x 100% = 69.51 %
Discussion
It is not uncommon to have a percent yield less than 100% as was observed in our experiment.
Imperfect percent yield can be interpreted that the condition were not optimal and could be
improved. Despite careful measurements some component will still be lost during transferring
between containers. One way to get a better percent yield is by minimizing transfers. A low percent
yield could be a result of evaporation

The Seismic Behavior Of Multistory Frame Structures
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The seismic behavior of multistory frame structures has been studied extensively in the last few
decades due to their efficiency as earthquake resisting systems. The multistory framed systems can
be categorized as reinforced concrete (RC) frames, masonry–inﬁlled frames, and wall–frame
system. The literature survey in this chapter highlights some of the previous experimental and
analytical Work done on the seismic performance of existing and rehabilitated structures. The survey
covers retrofitting and analytical models of different structural systems, namely: RC frame
structures, RC structural Walls, FRP confined beams and columns, rehabilitated frames using FRP
bracings, rehabilitated frames using steel bracing and masonry–inﬁlled frames.
2.2 NONLINEAR MODELS
Several analytical models for the non–linear analysis of reinforced concrete structural components
have been proposed. These range from very refined and complex finite element models (N go and
Scordelis I967) to simplified macro–models (Chen and Powell 1982, Lai et al, 1984, Powell and
Campbell 1994, Pctrangeli et al. l999). Refined analytical models are typically used in predicting the
response of small structures or structural subassemblies. The use of refined finite element models in
non–linear static, cyclic and dynamic response of reinforced concrete frames is complex, time
consuming and may not be practical. On the other hand, simplified macro–models have been

Trans-Trans Dibenzalacetone Lab Report
After the crude product was collected by crystallization process, it was weighted to be 8.4756 g. it
was recrystallized and collected. The weight of pure product was obtained to be 5.772 g In
comparison to the theoretical yield of the experiment; it was calculated to be 65.99 % recover and
82% total yield. The melting point (MP) of the product was taken in order to identify the product. 2
trials were performed, and the results of both trials are the same, 102–105oC. The expected product
of this experiment was dibenzalacetone, which has 3 different isomers: cis–cis, trans–trans, and cis–
trans, with different MPs and boiling point (BP). The true MP of Trans–trans dibenzalacetone
isomer is 110–110oC (ref. 3). The true MP of cis–cis dibenzalacetone isomer is 60oC (ref. 3). Cis–
cis dibenzalacetone doesn't have MP because its appearance is oil (ref.3). In, comparison to all the
isomers, the product's MP was closet to trans–trans dibenzalacetone, although the product MP was
lower than the true MP of trans–trans dibenzalacetone. There were some possible reasons why the
MP of the product was lower. The intermediate, benzalacetone with the MP of 42oC (Ref. 2), could
be existed in the product resulting in lower the MP of the product. Another reason could be that the
cis–trans isomer of dibenzalacetone existed in the product. In order to confirm which reason is the
case, infrared spectrum (IR) (see attached ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the analysis of IR spectrum, the product was confirmed to have both cis–trans isomer and
trans–trans isomer of dibenzalacetone in the product. Trans–trans isomer was the major product,
because of the Experimental MP was closer to the trans–trans isomer MP, 110–111 oC, than cis–
trans isomer MP, 60oC. The % yield of the reaction was calculated to be 82% yield, with 65.99 %
recovery from crude product.
Post lab

1. a) From the 3 point bending test, the value of...
1. a) From the 3 point bending test, the value of As–Rolled Aluminium's Elastic Modulus was
48.3GPa whereas the accepted literature value for polycrystalline aluminium is 69GPa.
b) Possible reasons for the difference between our value and the literature value could be the fact
that the machine we used would have absorbed some of the load, the dials and other measuring tools
were difficult to get a very accurate reading from and how the experiment was set up on our behalf.
c) Single crystal specimens of a material will have a lower elastic modulus than a polycrystalline
material of the same material. This is due to the fast that there are no grain boundaries to resist the
motion of dislocations. This is also aided by the fact that as the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those lines lengths were then measured as well as the length of the scale line and the length it
actually represented. This was all used in the formula: d) The problems with using this method to
measure grain size was that grains may join multiple times, such as triple points, and that grains
have irregular size and shape. The aspect ratio of grains was also not taken into account and the
etching or polishing may not have been done perfectly.
e) To overcome these problems, more measurements could be taken of varying size circles and lines
from different point throughout the material. The aspect ratio and distribution of different size grains
could also be recorded to help improve accuracy of a material with a preferred grain orientation.
5.a) The Hall–Petch equation is . As 'd' in the Hall–Petch equation is grain size, the larger the grain
size in a given material, the weaker that material will be
b) Metal A has a Hall–Petch slope, 'k', of .35 whereas Metal B has a Hall–Petch slope of .04
c) Metal A will benefit from grain refinement much more than Metal B as it has a higher k value
which will lead to a far greater yield stress when the grains are changed in size compared to the
change in yield stress for Metal B when it's grains are changed the same amount.
6. a) As annealing aluminium makes it bend with less force applied, the proof stress of a sample of
as–rolled aluminium would be higher than

Chloride Concentration
The collection of excitation and emission spectra provided intensity values that were divided into
the intensity of our first solution containing no chloride ions. Our peak wavelengths were consistent
and close to the expected wavelengths of 350 nm and 450 nm for excitation and emission,
respectively. Our average excitation and emission peak wavelengths were 347.0 (+/–) 1.6 nm and
448.8 (+/–) 2.4 nm, respectively. The peak intensities also decreased in a linear fashion, thus we
trusted our spectra data and proceeded with creating the Stern–Volmer plot based on the emission
intensities. The trend line from our data is y=250.792x+0.933 with an R2 value of 0.993. Three
things are provided by this trend line. The line is a strong fit (R2 = 0.993), the quenching constant of
251 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We combined our sample with the second sample, instead of recreating the second sample amounts
with the seawater. Since we calculated the concentration of chloride in the second solution, we
subtracted the large concentration by the known concentration of our second solution. The result of
this subtraction was 0.68 (+/–) 0.10 M of chloride ion. Finding a standard chloride concentration in
seawater was a challenge due to different seas containing different concentrations of chloride ions.
We chose a chloride concentration source of 19,400 mg/L (or 35 ppt), which converts to 0.55 M of
chloride ions (1). This concentration was provided by a reliable lab procedure company. The relative
percent error when compared to the known concentration is 24%. The error could have been caused
by a few things. The pipetting, sample contamination, contaminated cuvettes, dilution calculations,
sample creation mishap, and/or not shaking the bottle likely attributed to the relative percent error of
our

Example Of Personal Narrative Essay
Croatia. Summer 2015. I am sitting in the back of a stranger's car on the way to a cemetery. A small
girl in a yellow tutu reaches into her white sparkly purse on the seat between us and pulls out a
seemingly endless group of bobble head pets. We do not speak each other's language so we
communicate through hand signals while she tries to teach me the alphabet in Croatian. She laughs
at my funny pronunciation, and I smile at her enthusiasm for spelling every passing sign. Despite
originally being in Croatia to participate in a conference in Zagreb, this weekend I was traveling
through Eastern Croatia with a scholar, who through the examination of grave markers from the
Yugoslav Wars of Dissolution asks a question people have been ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Murrow's broadcasts from London came my interest in journalism; from Abraham Lincoln's oratory,
a desire to understand speechwriting; from John Colville's The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street
Diaries a love of European Politics, and from my grandfather's piles of yellow legal pads that
contained the words of his manuscripts, a passion for scholarship. While at the University of
Tennessee I have sought to take these incomplete stories and worked to fill the gaps in a journey
which has lead me to stand on the stairs of St. Martin in the Fields, to engage with scholars in
Eastern Europe, to study British Politics in the UK, to stand beneath the water tower in Vukovar, and
to work with the handwritten copies of speeches of Tennessee Congressmen. As an individual who
entered college plagued by shyness that had dominated much of my high school career, it was also
these experiences that helped me to develop a voice. It has been through my research as a Baker
Scholar seeking to understand the impediments to media reform in the Balkans, that I have come to
value my own

Physics : Mechanical Properties Of Materials
Erin Ross ENG 305 11/16/2016 Mechanical Properties of Materials INTRODUCTION Before
anything is built, first the proper materials must be chosen. Some people only consider the strength
of a material when choosing. Other properties can be taken into account, though. The ductility or
brittleness of a material could play a role depending on the project. The hardness of a material is
important for durability. There are multiple properties that can describe a material, and engineers
must consider all of them before deciding on a material. If a material is not properly chosen, the
object being made may not work correctly. When in the process of making an object, properties
must, also, be remembered. An archery bow, for example, would not work correctly if it were pre–
bent. A bow starts out straight and is bent. This is done to create strain energy and this is what
throws the arrow. Most properties stem from engineering stress and engineering strain. These are
important when describing materials. Engineering Stress Stress is defined as force per unit area.
Stress can be described as normal or shear stress. When the stress is normal, the material is
stretching or compressing. Shear stress will shear the material. Normal stress gets its name because
this stress is normal, or perpendicular, to the plane, while shear stress is parallel to the plane. Normal
stress and shear stress can be calculated using the following equations: σ=F/A_0 τ=F/A_0 where σ
is the normal stress, F is

Use Matlab to Understand Bonds Valuation
Use Matlab to get an intuitive understanding of bonds valuation.
1. Basic knowledge:
1.1 The price equation and its six contributing factors
As we know, there are six factors that determine the expected price of bonds: the par value(F), the
maturity(n) the yield to maturity(y), the coupon interest(CF), the interest payment frequency(m),
and the interest rates for each period(ri).
We assume that the coupon interest is fixed, then the price of bonds(P)is the discounted cash flows
of each period:
P=i=1nm(CF(1+ym)i)+F(1+ym)mn=i=1nm(CF(1+rim)i)+F(1+rnm)mn
Indeed, to intuitively understand this equation is not easy. Firstly, we can see that the yield to
maturity(y) is a kind of "average" of the interest rates(ri) for each ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to make the chart more easy to see, we change maturity to 20(That is n=20, r =
[0.051:0.001:0.07]), the code is
r=[0.051:0.001:0.07]; n=1:20;plot(n,r) hold all ytm1=ytmm(r,10,100); plot(n,ytm1)
r=[0.051:0.001:0.07]; n=1:20;plot(n,r) hold all ytm1=ytmm(r,10,100); plot(n,ytm1)
The chart is
Chart 1
Interest rates(r)
YTM
Interest rates(r)
YTM
We can see from the chart that:
① The trend of Interest rates and YTM are the same.
②

Percent Yield Lab Report
Percent yield is determined by calculating the theoretical and actual masses. The theoretical yield is
the expected or maximum amount of product you should see in a reaction8. Ideally, the percent yield
should be one hundred. The results of the percent yield calculations are indicated in Table 5. For the
two detergents, the percent yields were lower than one hundred. This could have occurred because
of many different errors during the experiment. One of those errors could have been that some of the
product might have been left behind in a beaker when it was transferred over into the vacuum
filtration considering the fact that the product was a paste and therefore stuck to the beaker. Another
error could have occurred during the vacuum filtration. Some of the extremely small particles could
have managed to pass through the filter paper therefore causing the overall products final mass to
decrease. The percent yield for the soap made from olive oil was extremely large and abnormal. This
could have occurred due to the presence of impurities9. The product could have still contained some
of the solvent because it might not have become a homogenous mixture. Also, the solution could
have become contaminated by other components therefore increasing the mass. Some of these ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hard water is a mixture of water with other minerals. Those other minerals typically include
calcium, iron, and magnesium. The scum is formed because the calcium ions bind to the negatively
charged ends of the soap. This interaction creates a precipitate which will no longer be soluble in
water. A way to deal with soap scum is to soften the hard water. This can be done by removing the
calcium and magnesium. This process is typically known as ion exchange. During ion exchange, a
polymer bed is used in order to attract the calcium and magnesium. This attraction has to be stronger
than their attraction to the

Viability Of Recycling Aluminum Lab Report
The Viability of Recycling Aluminum
Seth Smith*, David Fahey, Experiment 4, CHEM 111–520
Introduction
In this experiment, metathesis, redox, single displacement, and decomposition reactions were
observed and recorded to follow the path of recycled aluminum. The percent yield of the aluminum
was also calculated to compare the actual yield with the theoretical yield. The entire concept of
aluminum recycling was also observed and successfully reproduced.
Materials and Methods
The experiment began with the measurement of 0.9300 g of aluminum pieces. The aluminum pieces
were then placed inside a 250 mL beaker along with 50 mL of 1.4 M KOH solution and a stirring
bar. A tube attached to the sink is attached to a funnel which is placed on top ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is characteristic of a redox reaction. The fumes that were a product of the reaction were sucked
away by the vacuum apparatus. Ten minutes into heating and stirring, the color of the mixture
changed from a cloudy grey, to a very dark grey color, and finally to a black, murky color. When the
mixture was filtered through the aspirator, the filtered content was much lighter in color and clearer
in appearance due to the dark residue being filtered out. Next, the 20 mL of 6.0M sulfuric acid was
added to the filtered solution and a chemical reaction occurred.
2 KAl(OH)₄ (aq)+H₂SO₄ (aq)→ 2 Al(OH)₃ (s)+K₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O (l)
The metathesis reaction that occurred was partially neutralized by sulfuric acid. The solution was
filtered after the reaction and heated to prevent solids from forming. After heating and filtering the
product, another metathesis reaction occurred:
2 AL(OH)₃ (s) + 3 H₂SO₄ (aq) → Al₂(SO₄)₃ (aq) + 6 H₂O (l)
In this third reaction, the aluminum hydroxide was neutralized by the sulfuric acid. The solution was
submerged in an ice bath which caused the alum crystals to precipitate. The following chemical
equation represents the changes that occurred when the solution was submerged in the ice

Friedel – Crafts Acylation: Synthesis of...
Introduction
Friedel–Crafts acylation of anisole with acetic anhydride was used in this experiement to synthesize
4–methoxyacetophenone with the use of a reflux apparatus. Friedel–Crafts reactions can be done by
alkylation, which involves mixing an alkyl or acyl halide with a Lewis acid, or acylation, which is
done with acid chlorides or anhydrides(Lefevre). Acylation was used because it does not have as
many disadvantages aklyations reactions have such as polyalkylation, second electrophilic attacks,
and the rearrangement of alkyl carbocation electrophile (McMurry). Acylation reactions require
molar amounts of a Lewis catalyst, in our case Aluminum Chloride (AlCl 3) was used (Arata,
Nakamura, & Shouji).
Materials and Methods
Reflux ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was done for 15 minutes until there were no visible vapors coming from the reaction mixture.
The reaction mixture was then poured into a 50–mL beaker containing 5g of ice. The reaction flask
was rinsed three times with 2 mL of dichloromethane. The rinsing was also added to the ice mixture.
The mixture was transferred to a seperatory funnel. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, 1 mL) was added to
the funnel and the funnel was shaken vigorously making sure to open one end periodically to allow
air to escape. The layers were allowed to separate and the two layers were poured into two separate
beakers. The organic layer was poured back into the funnel and this step was repeated once more
with NaOH, then again with NaCl. Once the organic layer was separated, 520g of anhydrous
Magnesium Sulfate was added to dry the layer.
Distilling and Crystallizing the Product The organic layer was heated for approximately 30 minutes
on a hot plate to try and remove the dichloromethane. Petroleum ether (1 mL) was added to a test
tube and placed in an ice bath. The product from the flask was transferred to a watch glass. The 1
mL of petroleum ether was used to wash the crystals on the watch glass and was removed using a
pipet.
Results
With the methods used, .053g of 4–Methoxyacetophenone was obtained.
Discussion
The theoretical yield of 4–Methoxyacetophenone is .764g. Our actual experimental yield was .053g.
The percent yield was 6.9%.

The Reaction Of A Fischer Esterification Reaction
In this experiment, a Fischer Esterification reaction was performed with two unknown compounds.
The unknown compounds, Acid 2 and Alcohol D, were identified by using the knowledge of the
reaction that took place, and the identity of the product that was synthesized. The identification of
the product resulted from analysis of IR and NMR spectra. For this experiment, Alcohol D and Acid
2 reacted in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in a colorless solution with brown
layer on top. After washes with sodium bicarbonate and brine, the pale–yellow liquid product was
dried and then distilled. Distillation resulted in two colorless fractions, the second of which had a
boiling point of 69–70 ˚C. This boiling point is unrealistic for any compound obtained in this
experiment, so it was not used in identifying the product. After distillation, both fractions were
spectroscopically analyzed. The IR and NMR spectra obtained for both fraction were identical,
meaning both fractions contained exactly the same substance. Both fractions also smelled the same,
like piña colada, therefore confirming this conclusion. This outcome also meant that the amount of
product synthesized was 5.7393 g. For the identification of the product, IR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR
spectra were examined, and the product was found to be butyl propionate. In the IR spectrum, RM–
11–Bi, five key peaks are observed. These peaks are sp3 hybridized carbons at 2961 cm–1 and 2877
cm–1, an ester at 1737 cm–1, a

Essay On My Life Experience
Each day we all experience things that are extraordinary and sometimes unforgettable. Yet it's how
we let those experiences impact us individually that makes us each unique. An experience in my life
that changed how I acted, thought, and felt was the first time I volunteered at my church during their
summer "scamp" sessions. The "scamp" sessions aimed to make the lessons correlate to things the
kids would do during summer camps. Serving at one of these session allowed the year round
volunteers to continue serving if they wanted, but also have the ability to take a vacation and enjoy
the church's service. Although life offers a multitude of life changing experiences, serving at
Mecklenburg Community Church for the first time was greatest experience because I gained
connections in my community, learned strong leadership skills and gained a desire to serve others
first. It all began when I attended my first "scamp" session and I had several opportunities for jobs
outside of the church over the summer and translating into the school year. The first time I served at
Meck I was able to meet and be introduced to three families at the church who later reached out to
me for weekly opportunities to work with their kids. In seeing the kids both in and outside of church
over the summer "scamps" I gained more insight of their lives and personalities. One specific family
that I met the first time I volunteered was the Harris family. I made a close bond with their youngest
daughter

A Summary Of Bayer Aspirin
As a result of the calculations made above the concentration of the pure ASA in the 10.0mL of
NaOH in mg/mL, based on the Beer's Law plot found in figure 1.0 was 0.0978mg/mL. Presumably,
the mass (in mg) of pure ASA based on the two consecutive dilutions was approximately 97.8 mg
this value is unsuccessfully proven to match the associated theoretical value due to the overall
percent yield, which will be discussed further. Also, according to the same calculations made in
calculation #1, the calculated mass for Bayer Aspirin was inaccurate as the calculated value was less
than what was said by the company. In other words, the Bayer Aspirin did not contain 325mg of
ASA, instead it actually contained 283mg. The percent purity of ASA was calculated to be 65.0 %
and based on the reaction table, the limiting reagent was salicylic acid and manipulations were made
with the actual and theoretical yield which gave an overall percent yield of 53.4%. Furthermore,
since this value is less that 100%, it is considered to be a small percentage yield, this is an indication
that the actual yield was less than the theoretical yield. The reason for such a small value can include
the incompletion and/or loss of sample during each part of the experiment.
Beer's law was involved in the calculations in order to solve for the concentration of the pure ASA
when using the absorbance reading of the prepared ASA in table 3. This method was helpful in
terms of solving for the unknown concentration in

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