The document discusses chlorination of drinking water in Washington state. It provides background on chlorination as a method of water purification and disinfection. It also presents data showing that 82% of the residential population in Washington receives chlorinated water and discusses standards and guidelines for chlorinating drinking water from organizations like the AWWA. The document outlines the chlorination process and factors that can interfere with disinfection.
This document discusses the importance of water and the benefits of ionized water. It notes that water makes up about 75% of the human body and is essential for many bodily functions and processes. However, chronic dehydration is common. Ionized water is highlighted as a beneficial type of water. Ionized water undergoes a process that separates ions and changes the water's pH, oxidation reduction potential, and molecular structure. These changes can provide health benefits when the water is consumed. The document outlines several health conditions that have been treated using ionized water.
This document provides information about an alkaline water ionizer machine called the Cleansui AL700E. It produces alkaline ionized water through electrolysis and has a high-performance UZC2000E filter. The filter uses hollow fiber membrane technology to remove impurities while keeping minerals intact. Operating instructions are provided for the different modes: strong alkaline, alkaline 1-3, purified water, and acid water. Replacing the filter cartridge every 8000 liters is recommended. The document compares the cost savings of producing alkaline water from the ionizer versus buying bottled alkaline water. It concludes by highlighting the Mitsubishi-branded AL700E as a high-grade, compact, reasonably-priced undersink alkaline water
It deals with biological water quality improvement through disinfection, disinfectants and disinfection kinetics, chlorine and other commonly used disinfectants, breakpoint chlorination and chlorination system
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to purify it for human consumption. Chlorine is effective at killing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It has been widely used as a disinfectant since the early 1900s. When chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic compounds and other substances, using up chlorine in the process. This usage of chlorine is known as chlorine demand. Understanding chlorine demand is important for properly designing chlorination processes to ensure water is sufficiently disinfected.
Disinfection chlorination chlorination derived by productssoumyatk
The document discusses sewage disinfection and the wastewater treatment process. It explains that the goal of wastewater treatment is to provide water free from pathogens, but primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment cannot remove 100% of waste and pathogens. Disinfection is needed to destroy remaining pathogens. The two main disinfection methods are physical (e.g. heating) and chemical (e.g. chlorination, ozonation). Chlorine is widely used for disinfection due to its availability, low cost, and ability to provide residuals that protect distribution systems. However, chlorine reactions can form harmful byproducts like trihalomethanes. Factors like water quality, temperature, pH, and contact time
1) Water treatment involves ensuring a safe and clean drinking water supply. It requires identifying a water source and protecting it from contamination through appropriate treatment and distribution.
2) Conventional drinking water treatment typically includes aeration, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. It aims to remove microbes, particles, dissolved solids and other pollutants.
3) The key processes involve adding coagulants to neutralize particle charges, forming flocs for removal via sedimentation and filtration. Chlorine is commonly used for disinfection but produces disinfection byproducts, so alternatives like chloramines and ozone are also used.
Air is primarily composed of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with small amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. It has properties such as occupying space, having weight, being odorless/colorless/tasteless, exerting pressure, and being necessary for burning. Understanding air's composition and properties can help identify and explain its role in the world around us.
Altitude affects athletes as when people travel to higher altitudes, they experience less oxygen pressure which causes their bodies to undergo adaptations to increase oxygen levels. This process allows the body to function under low oxygen conditions. The air is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, and air pressure decreases with increasing altitude, reducing oxygen levels high above sea level. Athletes training at altitude can experience mountain sickness if not properly acclimated.
This document discusses the importance of water and the benefits of ionized water. It notes that water makes up about 75% of the human body and is essential for many bodily functions and processes. However, chronic dehydration is common. Ionized water is highlighted as a beneficial type of water. Ionized water undergoes a process that separates ions and changes the water's pH, oxidation reduction potential, and molecular structure. These changes can provide health benefits when the water is consumed. The document outlines several health conditions that have been treated using ionized water.
This document provides information about an alkaline water ionizer machine called the Cleansui AL700E. It produces alkaline ionized water through electrolysis and has a high-performance UZC2000E filter. The filter uses hollow fiber membrane technology to remove impurities while keeping minerals intact. Operating instructions are provided for the different modes: strong alkaline, alkaline 1-3, purified water, and acid water. Replacing the filter cartridge every 8000 liters is recommended. The document compares the cost savings of producing alkaline water from the ionizer versus buying bottled alkaline water. It concludes by highlighting the Mitsubishi-branded AL700E as a high-grade, compact, reasonably-priced undersink alkaline water
It deals with biological water quality improvement through disinfection, disinfectants and disinfection kinetics, chlorine and other commonly used disinfectants, breakpoint chlorination and chlorination system
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to purify it for human consumption. Chlorine is effective at killing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It has been widely used as a disinfectant since the early 1900s. When chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic compounds and other substances, using up chlorine in the process. This usage of chlorine is known as chlorine demand. Understanding chlorine demand is important for properly designing chlorination processes to ensure water is sufficiently disinfected.
Disinfection chlorination chlorination derived by productssoumyatk
The document discusses sewage disinfection and the wastewater treatment process. It explains that the goal of wastewater treatment is to provide water free from pathogens, but primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment cannot remove 100% of waste and pathogens. Disinfection is needed to destroy remaining pathogens. The two main disinfection methods are physical (e.g. heating) and chemical (e.g. chlorination, ozonation). Chlorine is widely used for disinfection due to its availability, low cost, and ability to provide residuals that protect distribution systems. However, chlorine reactions can form harmful byproducts like trihalomethanes. Factors like water quality, temperature, pH, and contact time
1) Water treatment involves ensuring a safe and clean drinking water supply. It requires identifying a water source and protecting it from contamination through appropriate treatment and distribution.
2) Conventional drinking water treatment typically includes aeration, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. It aims to remove microbes, particles, dissolved solids and other pollutants.
3) The key processes involve adding coagulants to neutralize particle charges, forming flocs for removal via sedimentation and filtration. Chlorine is commonly used for disinfection but produces disinfection byproducts, so alternatives like chloramines and ozone are also used.
Air is primarily composed of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with small amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. It has properties such as occupying space, having weight, being odorless/colorless/tasteless, exerting pressure, and being necessary for burning. Understanding air's composition and properties can help identify and explain its role in the world around us.
Altitude affects athletes as when people travel to higher altitudes, they experience less oxygen pressure which causes their bodies to undergo adaptations to increase oxygen levels. This process allows the body to function under low oxygen conditions. The air is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, and air pressure decreases with increasing altitude, reducing oxygen levels high above sea level. Athletes training at altitude can experience mountain sickness if not properly acclimated.
This document discusses biological sand filtration for water treatment. It describes the basic components of a sand filter, including the schmutzdecke layer, sand layer, optional activated carbon, gravel layer, and output. The schmutzdecke is an important biological layer that traps and breaks down pathogens through bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. The sand provides substrate for the biofilm, while the gravel and output layers allow treated water to flow out. Regular maintenance like replacing sand is needed to keep the filter functioning properly. Water testing helps determine the effectiveness of treatment and safety for consumption.
Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele but named in 1810 by Humphry Davy. It is a greenish-yellow element with an atomic radius of 100 pm that is used for water sanitation and purification as well as in many other industrial applications like petroleum products, medicines, and plastics.
This document discusses different types of sand filters used to filter water, including slow sand filters and rapid sand filters. It explains that sand filters work by allowing waste water full of sludge to pour into the sand, where the sludge is stuck in the sand and filtered out. The filtered water then moves through the sand using gravity or pressure and goes to the next treatment stage. Sand filters have applications for biosand filters, aquarium filters, and pool filters.
This document defines and describes various types of indicators used to determine the acidity, alkalinity or redox state of a solution. It discusses natural indicators like turmeric and litmus, as well as artificial pH indicators like methyl orange and phenolphthalein. It also covers complexometric, adsorption and universal indicators, and provides examples of how different indicators are used to test solutions and determine the endpoint in titration reactions.
This document discusses various methods for producing potable water, including break-point chlorination, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and activated charcoal treatment. It also covers production of soft water through ion exchange and production of freshwater from seawater using processes like multistage flash evaporation and reverse osmosis. The key steps in water treatment are described at a high level, along with some alternative purification methods and technologies.
Slow sand filtration is an old water treatment technology that is not fully understood. Particles are removed from water as it passes slowly through a bed of sand, but the mechanisms were unknown. Research has found that both biological and physical-chemical processes contribute to particle removal. Biologically, small particles (<2um) are removed as microorganisms in the filter feed on bacteria. Larger particles are removed through physical-chemical attachment to other particles that have built up in the filter bed and cake layer. Ongoing research continues to investigate the mystery compounds and processes involved in slow sand filtration.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
Disinfection is the process of removing or killing pathogens in water. It is done to terminate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms so they pose no risk of infection. Common pathogens targeted include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Common disinfectants used in water treatment include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, copper, silver and potassium permanganate. Disinfectants work by altering or destroying essential structures in microbes to inactivate them. Disinfection is usually one of the final steps in water purification to reduce pathogens and make drinking water safe.
0.0 TO 0.5 KG/CM2 IN THE CONTAINER BEFORE DISCONNECTION.
2. FIX VALVE OUTLET NUTS AND HOODS FIRMLY BEFORE REMOVING CONTAINER.
3. MAKE PROPER CHALLAN OF EMPTY CONTAINERS BEING RETURNED.
The document provides guidelines for the safe handling of chlorine containers. It discusses procedures for unloading, storing, connecting, transferring chlorine gas, and disconnecting chlorine containers. Key safety precautions include not removing valve hoods during unloading, storing containers away from heat sources, using lead washers for leak-proof connections, and leaving 0.0 to 0
Filtration unit in water treatment plantAamir Patni
- The rapid sand filter must treat 10 million liters of raw water per day, allowing 0.5% of filtered water for backwashing.
- Assuming a filtration rate of 5000 liters/hour/square meter and half an hour per day for backwashing, the required filter area is calculated to be 85.5 square meters.
- To allow for one filter to be taken offline for backwashing, the design calls for two filter beds, each with an area of 85.5 square meters.
Chlorine was discovered in 1774 and named in 1810. It is a yellow-green gas that is heavier than air and has a pungent odor. Chlorine is widely used for water purification and in household cleaning products. Exposure to chlorine can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system, and cause coughing, chest pain, and fluid in the lungs. If exposed, quickly leave the area, remove clothing, and wash the entire body with soap and water. Seek medical help immediately.
This document discusses acid-base indicators and their use in determining pH. It explains that pH indicators are weak acids that change color based on whether a solution is acidic or basic. The document outlines indicator ranges for common indicators like methyl orange and phenolphthalein. It also discusses how to choose the appropriate indicator based on whether the acid and base being titrated are strong or weak. Indicators are used to determine the equivalence point in acid-base titrations.
Introduction to organic chemistry Foundation In scienceMSU MALAYSIA
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The four main types of hydrocarbons are saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, and aromatic. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds and their general formula is CnH2n+2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds and include alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene or benzene-like rings. Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that are largely responsible for the chemical behavior of organic compounds. Common functional groups include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. Organic compounds can exhibit isomerism when they
Purification anf disinfection of watertJasmine John
Water purification involves removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and gases from contaminated water to produce water suitable for drinking or other purposes. Key steps in water purification treatment include physical processes like filtration and sedimentation, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and biological processes like slow sand filters. Standards for drinking water quality are set by governments and international organizations and treatment methods vary depending on the source and quality of the water.
The document discusses volumetric analysis techniques for determining the concentration of acids and bases through titration. It provides examples of calculating molarity from moles and volume. An experiment is described where students determine the concentration of an unknown sodium hydroxide solution by titrating it with hydrochloric acid of a known concentration.
Nitrogen makes up 78% of air and is not used by most living things except some bacteria and plant roots. Oxygen makes up 21% of air and is essential for respiration in plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is used by plants in photosynthesis and is essential for making food and sugars while oxygen is produced.
This document discusses various precipitation titration methods involving silver ions (Ag+). It describes three main methods:
1) Mohr's method uses silver ions as the titrant and chromate ions as the indicator for titrating halide ions like chloride. Silver halide precipitates first, followed by silver chromate at the endpoint.
2) Volhard's method titrates silver ions with thiocyanate ions in acidic medium using ferric ions as the reddish-brown thiocyanate complex indicator.
3) Fajan's method, or indicator adsorption method, involves adsorption of anionic dye indicators onto the precipitated silver halide particles. The intense color change at the
1. The Public Health Engineering Department in Bihar is installing small water treatment plants to treat groundwater contaminated with fluoride and arsenic. The plants will supply 4000 liters of treated water per day to local communities through stand posts.
2. Key components of the treatment plants include borewells, a treatment building, solar panels, an oxidation chamber, iron removal and fluoride removal filters, an overhead tank, and a distribution system of pipes and stand posts.
3. The water treatment process involves pumping groundwater through an oxidation chamber, iron removal filter, alum dosing, and finally a fluoride removal filter before being stored in an overhead tank and distributed to stand posts.
My full kangen presentation updated 10 26-11IonRich
The document summarizes a presentation about Kangen water and its health benefits. It discusses how Kangen water is produced using electrolysis to create ionized water that is high in antioxidants and alkalinity. It claims Kangen water can help combat disease by reducing oxidation, dehydration, and acidosis in the body. The document promotes the benefits of the Kangen water system and the business opportunity to earn money by sharing the water with others.
This document discusses the serious issues of water pollution and the health risks posed by contaminants in tap and bottled water. It reports that studies have found over 260 harmful substances in US tap water, including many linked to cancer, reproductive disorders, and developmental problems. Bottled water may also contain harmful BPA and parabens. Proper hydration with clean, filtered water is important for health, and the document recommends using laboratory-grade water filtered with reverse osmosis and other advanced methods, stored in glass containers when possible. Contaminated water can contribute to health conditions like headaches and magnesium deficiency.
This document discusses biological sand filtration for water treatment. It describes the basic components of a sand filter, including the schmutzdecke layer, sand layer, optional activated carbon, gravel layer, and output. The schmutzdecke is an important biological layer that traps and breaks down pathogens through bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. The sand provides substrate for the biofilm, while the gravel and output layers allow treated water to flow out. Regular maintenance like replacing sand is needed to keep the filter functioning properly. Water testing helps determine the effectiveness of treatment and safety for consumption.
Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele but named in 1810 by Humphry Davy. It is a greenish-yellow element with an atomic radius of 100 pm that is used for water sanitation and purification as well as in many other industrial applications like petroleum products, medicines, and plastics.
This document discusses different types of sand filters used to filter water, including slow sand filters and rapid sand filters. It explains that sand filters work by allowing waste water full of sludge to pour into the sand, where the sludge is stuck in the sand and filtered out. The filtered water then moves through the sand using gravity or pressure and goes to the next treatment stage. Sand filters have applications for biosand filters, aquarium filters, and pool filters.
This document defines and describes various types of indicators used to determine the acidity, alkalinity or redox state of a solution. It discusses natural indicators like turmeric and litmus, as well as artificial pH indicators like methyl orange and phenolphthalein. It also covers complexometric, adsorption and universal indicators, and provides examples of how different indicators are used to test solutions and determine the endpoint in titration reactions.
This document discusses various methods for producing potable water, including break-point chlorination, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and activated charcoal treatment. It also covers production of soft water through ion exchange and production of freshwater from seawater using processes like multistage flash evaporation and reverse osmosis. The key steps in water treatment are described at a high level, along with some alternative purification methods and technologies.
Slow sand filtration is an old water treatment technology that is not fully understood. Particles are removed from water as it passes slowly through a bed of sand, but the mechanisms were unknown. Research has found that both biological and physical-chemical processes contribute to particle removal. Biologically, small particles (<2um) are removed as microorganisms in the filter feed on bacteria. Larger particles are removed through physical-chemical attachment to other particles that have built up in the filter bed and cake layer. Ongoing research continues to investigate the mystery compounds and processes involved in slow sand filtration.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
Disinfection is the process of removing or killing pathogens in water. It is done to terminate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms so they pose no risk of infection. Common pathogens targeted include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Common disinfectants used in water treatment include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, copper, silver and potassium permanganate. Disinfectants work by altering or destroying essential structures in microbes to inactivate them. Disinfection is usually one of the final steps in water purification to reduce pathogens and make drinking water safe.
0.0 TO 0.5 KG/CM2 IN THE CONTAINER BEFORE DISCONNECTION.
2. FIX VALVE OUTLET NUTS AND HOODS FIRMLY BEFORE REMOVING CONTAINER.
3. MAKE PROPER CHALLAN OF EMPTY CONTAINERS BEING RETURNED.
The document provides guidelines for the safe handling of chlorine containers. It discusses procedures for unloading, storing, connecting, transferring chlorine gas, and disconnecting chlorine containers. Key safety precautions include not removing valve hoods during unloading, storing containers away from heat sources, using lead washers for leak-proof connections, and leaving 0.0 to 0
Filtration unit in water treatment plantAamir Patni
- The rapid sand filter must treat 10 million liters of raw water per day, allowing 0.5% of filtered water for backwashing.
- Assuming a filtration rate of 5000 liters/hour/square meter and half an hour per day for backwashing, the required filter area is calculated to be 85.5 square meters.
- To allow for one filter to be taken offline for backwashing, the design calls for two filter beds, each with an area of 85.5 square meters.
Chlorine was discovered in 1774 and named in 1810. It is a yellow-green gas that is heavier than air and has a pungent odor. Chlorine is widely used for water purification and in household cleaning products. Exposure to chlorine can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system, and cause coughing, chest pain, and fluid in the lungs. If exposed, quickly leave the area, remove clothing, and wash the entire body with soap and water. Seek medical help immediately.
This document discusses acid-base indicators and their use in determining pH. It explains that pH indicators are weak acids that change color based on whether a solution is acidic or basic. The document outlines indicator ranges for common indicators like methyl orange and phenolphthalein. It also discusses how to choose the appropriate indicator based on whether the acid and base being titrated are strong or weak. Indicators are used to determine the equivalence point in acid-base titrations.
Introduction to organic chemistry Foundation In scienceMSU MALAYSIA
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The four main types of hydrocarbons are saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic, and aromatic. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds and their general formula is CnH2n+2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds and include alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene or benzene-like rings. Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that are largely responsible for the chemical behavior of organic compounds. Common functional groups include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. Organic compounds can exhibit isomerism when they
Purification anf disinfection of watertJasmine John
Water purification involves removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and gases from contaminated water to produce water suitable for drinking or other purposes. Key steps in water purification treatment include physical processes like filtration and sedimentation, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and biological processes like slow sand filters. Standards for drinking water quality are set by governments and international organizations and treatment methods vary depending on the source and quality of the water.
The document discusses volumetric analysis techniques for determining the concentration of acids and bases through titration. It provides examples of calculating molarity from moles and volume. An experiment is described where students determine the concentration of an unknown sodium hydroxide solution by titrating it with hydrochloric acid of a known concentration.
Nitrogen makes up 78% of air and is not used by most living things except some bacteria and plant roots. Oxygen makes up 21% of air and is essential for respiration in plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is used by plants in photosynthesis and is essential for making food and sugars while oxygen is produced.
This document discusses various precipitation titration methods involving silver ions (Ag+). It describes three main methods:
1) Mohr's method uses silver ions as the titrant and chromate ions as the indicator for titrating halide ions like chloride. Silver halide precipitates first, followed by silver chromate at the endpoint.
2) Volhard's method titrates silver ions with thiocyanate ions in acidic medium using ferric ions as the reddish-brown thiocyanate complex indicator.
3) Fajan's method, or indicator adsorption method, involves adsorption of anionic dye indicators onto the precipitated silver halide particles. The intense color change at the
1. The Public Health Engineering Department in Bihar is installing small water treatment plants to treat groundwater contaminated with fluoride and arsenic. The plants will supply 4000 liters of treated water per day to local communities through stand posts.
2. Key components of the treatment plants include borewells, a treatment building, solar panels, an oxidation chamber, iron removal and fluoride removal filters, an overhead tank, and a distribution system of pipes and stand posts.
3. The water treatment process involves pumping groundwater through an oxidation chamber, iron removal filter, alum dosing, and finally a fluoride removal filter before being stored in an overhead tank and distributed to stand posts.
My full kangen presentation updated 10 26-11IonRich
The document summarizes a presentation about Kangen water and its health benefits. It discusses how Kangen water is produced using electrolysis to create ionized water that is high in antioxidants and alkalinity. It claims Kangen water can help combat disease by reducing oxidation, dehydration, and acidosis in the body. The document promotes the benefits of the Kangen water system and the business opportunity to earn money by sharing the water with others.
This document discusses the serious issues of water pollution and the health risks posed by contaminants in tap and bottled water. It reports that studies have found over 260 harmful substances in US tap water, including many linked to cancer, reproductive disorders, and developmental problems. Bottled water may also contain harmful BPA and parabens. Proper hydration with clean, filtered water is important for health, and the document recommends using laboratory-grade water filtered with reverse osmosis and other advanced methods, stored in glass containers when possible. Contaminated water can contribute to health conditions like headaches and magnesium deficiency.
This document discusses water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs in Pakistan. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water according to the WHO, and poor sanitation is a leading cause of child mortality in Pakistan. The document outlines the importance of WASH and describes various activities to improve access to safe water, adequate sanitation facilities, and hygiene promotion programs. These activities include installing and rehabilitating hand pumps, latrines, and water reservoirs, as well as implementing water quality testing, filtration, and disinfection methods.
75% OF DRINKING WATER IN AMERICA FOUND TO BE CONTAMINATED WITH A GROUP 1 HEAV...Steven Rhyner
{According to|Inning accordance with} an Environmental Working Group's {review|evaluation|testimonial} of {government|federal government} water {analysis|evaluation}, 75% of America's {drinking|alcohol consumption} water is ridden with cancer-causing hexavalent chromium, or chromium-6. {And|As well as|And also} 200 million Americans are {currently|presently} being {exposed|subjected|revealed} to it.
Bottled Water More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; String.docxhartrobert670
Bottled Water: More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; Stringent Federal, State and Industry Standards Help Ensure Safety, Quality and Good Taste
[New York] 09 Apr 2007:
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition Labeling Education Act (NLEA) and the full range of FDA protective measures designed to enforce product safety and protect consumers. States also regulate bottled water inspections, sampling, analyzing and approving bottled water sources. Testing laboratory certification is another area where states may regulate bottled water. As part of the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, IBWA members voluntarily utilize the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for a science-based approach to bottled water production and safety. FDA recognizes HACCP as a key component of food safety and consumer protection.
"While all beverages have their role in a marketplace with an abundance of drink choices," says Stephen R. Kay, IBWA Vice President of Communications, "consumers are choosing bottled water as a refreshing, hydrating beverage and as an alternative to others that may contain calories, caffeine, sugar, artificial colors, alcohol or other ingredients, which they wish to moderate or avoid. For instance, during 2006, individual ...
The document introduces IonWays water ionizers, which electrically charge water through electrolysis. This alters the water's pH and electrical properties, creating "functional water" with various health benefits. IonWays water is said to be more hydrating and antioxidant-rich than purified water, helping balance pH levels and rid the body of acidic waste. The company is described as leading the industry in research and manufacturing of ionization technology.
The document summarizes arguments for why people prefer bottled water over tap water, despite bottled water posing greater environmental and health risks. Some believe bottled water tastes better and that chlorine in tap water is unsafe, though studies disprove this. Bottled water marketing emphasizes images of purity and naturalness. However, tap water regulated by the EPA has shown to be just as safe or safer than bottled water, which is not regulated for storage or expiration. Producing and disposing of bottled water uses vast resources and contributes significantly to environmental damage. Since tap water is proven safe and more sustainable, it should be preferred over bottled water.
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
The document discusses the health benefits of drinking alkaline ionized water compared to other types of drinking water such as tap water, bottled water, and reverse osmosis water. It provides summaries of clinical studies that showed alkaline ionized water was more effective in improving symptoms like chronic diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal discomfort. The document also shares testimonials from individuals who experienced health improvements after drinking alkaline ionized water such as reduced acid reflux, stronger nails, improved cholesterol/blood pressure, and healing of diabetic skin conditions. Medical experts are quoted affirming the health benefits of drinking alkaline water in neutralizing acidity and toxins in the body.
Health is wealth. It is a multi-dimensional issue where agent, host and environment, all play their part to maintain its homeostasis. Water pollution is a growing issue threatening human health.
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children AssociatedWith the Fl.docxgidmanmary
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated
With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial
Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response
Mona Hanna-Attisha, MD, MPH, Jenny LaChance, MS, Richard Casey Sadler, PhD, and Allison Champney Schnepp, MD
Objectives. We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence
before and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging
water system without adequate corrosion control.
Methods. We reviewed blood lead levels for children younger than 5 years before
(2013) and after (2015) water source change in Greater Flint, Michigan. We assessed the
percentage of elevated blood lead levels in both time periods, and identified geo-
graphical locations through spatial analysis.
Results. Incidence of elevated blood lead levels increased from 2.4% to 4.9% (P < .05)
after water source change, and neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels ex-
perienced a 6.6% increase. No significant change was seen outside the city. Geospatial
analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest elevated blood
lead level increases and informed response prioritization during the now-declared public
health emergency.
Conclusions. The percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels increased
after water source change, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbor-
hoods. Water is a growing source of childhood lead exposure because of aging infra-
structure. (Am J Public Health. 2016;106:283–290. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003)
See also Rosner, p. 200.
In April 2014, the postindustrial city ofFlint, Michigan, under state-appointed
emergency management, changed its water
supply from Detroit-supplied Lake Huron
water to the Flint River as a temporary
measure, awaiting a new pipeline to Lake
Huron in 2016. Intended to save money, the
change in source water severed a half-
century relationship with the Detroit Water
and Sewage Department. Shortly after the
switch to Flint River water, residents voiced
concerns regarding water color, taste, and
odor, and various health complaints in-
cluding skin rashes.1 Bacteria, including
Escherichia coli, were detected in the distri-
bution system, resulting in Safe Drinking
Water Act violations.2 Additional disinfec-
tion to control bacteria spurred formation of
disinfection byproducts including total tri-
halomethanes, resulting in Safe Drinking
Water Act violations for trihalomethane
levels.2
Water from the Detroit Water and
Sewage Department had very low corrosivity
for lead as indicated by low chloride, low
chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio, and presence
of an orthophosphate corrosion inhibitor.3,4
By contrast, Flint River water had high
chloride, high chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio,
and no corrosion inhibitor.5 Switching
from Detroit’s Lake Huron to Flint River
water created a perfect storm for lead leach-
ing into drinking water.6 The aging Flint
water distribution system contains a hig ...
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children AssociatedWith the Fl.docxtoltonkendal
The percentage of children in Flint, Michigan with elevated blood lead levels increased after the city changed its water source in 2014. Before the change, 2.4% of Flint children under 5 had elevated blood lead levels, but after the change this increased to 4.9%, a statistically significant increase. The neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels experienced the largest increases, with elevated blood lead levels rising from 4.0% to 10.6%. Spatial analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest increases in elevated blood lead levels, informing the public health response.
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
NCD is a big challenge to India and Acidic Body is root cause of NCD. India population rank 120th as a healthiest nation . Drink Alklaine water to neutralize acidity
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards.docxAMMY30
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards should be established for bottled water? What arguments most influenced your decision? How would you explain your position to someone who disagrees with you?
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or
[email protected]
Full Text
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition La ...
Hydrofracturing and Its Impact on GroundwaterBrian Oram
2011 Private Well Symposium - The importance for Fixing Private Wells in Pennsylvania - The Marcellus Shale Factor-Concurrent Session 3: Hydrofracturing and Its Impact on Groundwater
The City of Winnipeg is considering whether to build a water treatment plant to treat water from Shoal Lake before it reaches customers. There are risks to public health from parasites and disinfection byproducts with the current system. Experts recommend a water treatment plant to protect public health by reducing these risks. The plant would cost $204 million to build and $12 million annually to operate, and water rates would need to increase by less than 5% to pay for it. A decision will be made in October 1999 after public input is received.
JCC Water Quality Parameters and Chlorination Procedure HandoutBinaisa Godfrey
This document provides information on water quality parameters, chlorination techniques, and conducting a training on these topics. It discusses the importance of safe drinking water and outlines the objectives of water treatment. Key water quality parameters like turbidity, pH, and chlorine residual levels are explained. Proper chlorination methods including chlorine dosage, contact time, and monitoring free residual chlorine are described to effectively disinfect water sources. The training aims to educate participants on testing and maintaining water quality.
Similar to Chlorination by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14 (20)
Case study of_jar_water_in_kathmandu_valley-ranjana_budhathoki (1) BY Muhamm...fahadansari131
This document provides an analysis of the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of bottled water available in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. It describes a case study conducted by Ranjana Budhathoki for her MSc degree. Samples from nine brands of bottled water were tested twice over three months for parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, ammonia, iron, nitrates, and bacteriological contamination. The results found that physicochemical parameters were within WHO limits but bacteriological analysis found high levels of coliform bacteria, indicating contamination and unsatisfactory quality for drinking.
“Social Issues, Concerns & Remedies” BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document discusses various environmental issues like air, water, and land pollution and their impact on human health. It notes that air pollution damages lungs and can cause cancer, asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. Water pollution spreads infectious diseases and causes diarrhea, hepatitis, and kidney damage. Land pollution contaminates groundwater and emits toxic gases, contributing to additional health problems. The document emphasizes that environmental pollution is a major concern and calls on students to educate others and help reduce pollution through cooperation and active participation.
Additional oil recovery by gas recycling BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses additional oil recovery through gas recycling in gas condensate reservoirs. It begins by introducing gas recycling as a method for re-injecting produced gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and allow condensate to vaporize. It then provides overviews of other miscible gas injection methods including miscible hydrocarbon displacement, carbon dioxide injection, and inert gas injection. The document also classifies gas reservoirs and discusses pressure maintenance in condensate reservoirs through external and dispersed gas injection operations. Key parameters for calculating gas pressure maintenance performance like displacement, conformance and areal sweep efficiencies are also summarized.
Safety handbook Saudi Aramco BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document provides guidance on confined space entry permitting procedures. It defines a confined space and outlines the permit process, which includes preparing the space by isolating it, conducting atmospheric testing, providing ventilation and rescue equipment, and restoring the space after entry. Personnel must obtain a Confined Space Entry Permit to enter any confined space to protect them from hazards therein. The permit ensures the space is properly prepared for safe entry and exit.
Natural Resources & Management BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document discusses natural resource management and conservation issues related to desert ecosystems, forests, grasslands, and national parks. It covers topics such as agroforestry, conserving water in desert areas, drought, deforestation, desertification, the importance of forests, the adverse effects of deforestation, forest degradation, forest management, terrestrial ecosystems, and land qualities. The document provides an overview of key environmental issues and sustainable management practices across different ecosystems.
Health and Safety Guide BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document provides an endorsement and overview of an easy guide to health and safety. It is endorsed by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) as providing a high-quality introduction to health and safety management for small organizations with less than 250 employees. While it can be used as a study aid, the endorsement does not imply it is essential for any specific qualification. The guide is published by Butterworth-Heinemann and copyrighted to Phil and Liz Hughes.
National park BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
National parks are federally protected lands set aside for conservation and recreation. The United States has over 400 national parks that protect natural and cultural resources like Yellowstone, Yosemite, the Grand Canyon, and the Statue of Liberty. These parks welcome hundreds of millions of visitors each year who enjoy activities like hiking, camping, and sightseeing.
Land qualities BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The land in this region has several important qualities. It contains fertile soil that is well-suited for growing crops. There are also forests that provide lumber and wildlife habitat. Overall, the land is very productive and has supported agriculture and industry for many generations.
Grasslands and savvanahs BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Grasslands and savannahs are types of ecosystems dominated by grass and other herbaceous plants. Grasslands are found in regions with moderate rainfall while savannahs occur in drier climates with scattered trees that do not form a closed canopy. Both grasslands and savannahs provide habitat for many grazing animals and are important for agriculture.
Forest management BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Forest ecosystem BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Forests are important terrestrial ecosystems that provide habitat for many species and help regulate the climate. Deforestation has adverse effects like increased carbon emissions, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of water cycles. Sustainable forest management aims to balance human use of forest resources with environmental protection.
Desertification BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically due to drought, climate change, or human activities. It occurs because dryland ecosystems that are highly vulnerable to climate change and human pressures become degraded land. Overgrazing, deforestation, and other unsustainable agricultural practices can all contribute to desertification by removing vegetation cover from the land.
Desert ecosystem and rangeland BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses desert ecosystems and range land. Desert ecosystems are dry areas with little rainfall that support unique plants and animals adapted to arid conditions. Range land refers to grazing areas for livestock in dry regions, and its management is important for maintaining the balance of desert ecosystems.
Deforestation BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. It occurs for many reasons including agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and urbanization. Deforestation has significant negative environmental impacts such as increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, reduced biodiversity, erosion and disrupted water cycles.
Conservation of natural water in desert area BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Water conservation is crucial in desert areas due to drought conditions. Desert areas experience long periods without rain which leads to water scarcity issues if natural water sources are not properly managed and conserved. Careful conservation practices can help ensure available water is used efficiently and sustainably for local communities and ecosystems.
Agro forestry BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Agro-forestry is a sustainable land use system that combines agriculture and forestry. Trees and shrubs are deliberately grown around or among crops or pastureland to benefit both. This practice can diversify production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits such as improved food security, better access to fuel and fodder, higher income and more diverse habitats for wildlife.
Thesis irfan BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document summarizes a thesis written by Muhammad Irfan on road traffic noise pollution and remedial measures in Multan City, Pakistan. The thesis measures noise levels and traffic flows at 12 busy intersections in Multan. It finds that average noise levels exceed national standards. Major noise sources are rickshaws, pressure horns, and improper silencers. A public opinion survey finds most residents and traffic police are annoyed by high noise. The thesis concludes standards are insufficient and recommends banning pressure horns and enforcing vehicle emission standards, while designating hospitals and schools as silent zones.
Thesis book BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Here are the key points from the literature review:
- Studies have found links between air pollution from oil refineries and negative health outcomes like preterm birth. More research is needed to fully understand these relationships.
- Many past occupational health and safety intervention studies lacked theoretical foundations and had methodological weaknesses like small sample sizes and lack of control groups. Randomized controlled trials are still relatively rare.
- A hierarchy of evaluation methods is recommended, starting with qualitative studies, then quasi-experimental designs with historical or other controls, and randomized trials when appropriate.
- Commercial organizations can implement reliability-enhancing practices drawn from high-reliability organizations to achieve safety goals, though more research is still needed on applying these practices
Agriculture pollution notes BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses various topics related to eutrophication and fertilizers. It begins by defining eutrophication and describing the six stages of the eutrophication process. It then defines fertilizer and discusses the differences between organic and inorganic fertilizers in terms of their composition and methods of application. The document also discusses limitations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, defines crop residue, and lists benefits of nutrient management plans and positive impacts of fertilizer use. It concludes by describing integrated pest management strategies and soil conservation practices.
Nrl final report BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document is an internship report submitted by a group of students from various universities in Pakistan who completed internships at National Refinery Limited in Karachi in 2010. It includes an introduction to National Refinery Limited and lists its major products. It also provides descriptions of some of the key equipment used at oil refineries, including distillation columns, reboilers, condensers, and different types of trays used in distillation columns.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Chlorination by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
1. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Chlorination
Muhammad Fahad Ansari
12IEEM14
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington
2. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Definaton:Chlorination is the
process of adding the element chlorine
to water as a method of
water purification to make it fit for human
consumption as drinking water.
SUHAIL RAJPUT
12IEEM27
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington
3. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Our Shared Mission
To protect the health
of the people
by ensuring safe
and reliable
drinking water.
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 3
4. Sources Chlorinated (WA 2008)
Sources Chlorinated
Sources Sources Not Chlorinated
Sources Not Chlorinated
Chlorinated 50%
50%
4
5. Group A Residential Population
Supplied Chlorinated Water
(WA 2008)
Supplied
Unchlorinated
Water
18%
Supplied Chlorinated
Water
Supplied Unchlorinated
Water
Supplied
Chlorinated
Water
82%
5
6. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Chlorination Mechanics
How well does chlorine work?
Bacteria: Penetrates cell wall and kills the
organism
Viruses: Relatively effective inactivation
Giardia: Relatively ineffective inactivation
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 6
7. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
What Interferes With the
Disinfection Process?
High pH
Low water temperature
Turbidity
Insufficient mixing
Presence of chlorine-demanding compounds,
such as iron or manganese
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 7
8. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Chlorine treatment standards: “C x T”
T = time water is in contact with the chlorine
C = concentration of free chlorine (mg/l),
measured after “T”
Need C x T = 6 for groundwater
0.3 mg/l for 20 min. same as 0.6 mg/l for 10 min.
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 8
9. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Chlorine Chemistry
Total = Free chlorine + Combined chlorine
Free chlorine:
hypochlorous acid + hypochlorite ion
Combined chlorine (chloramines):
chlorine combined with ammonia or organic
nitrogen (causes chlorine taste and odor)
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 9
10. Ionization of Chlorine in Water
Hypochlorous vs. Hypochlorite
1.2
80% “strong stuff” at a pH of 7.0
1
Fraction of Free Chlorine
0.8 HOCl (20oC)
“Strong stuff”
0.6 OCl- (20oC)
0.4
20% “strong stuff” at a pH of 8.2
0.2
0
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
pH
10
11. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Chlorine Demand and
Chlorine Residual
Demand - Inherent properties of the
water that consume chlorine
Residual - What’s left after the
chlorine demand has been satisfied,
remaining available to act against
microorganisms
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 11
12. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Sources of Chlorine in
Drinking Water
Chlorine gas
Calcium hypochlorite (dry)
Sodium hypochlorite (liquid)
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 12
13. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Gas chlorination
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 13
14. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Calcium hypochlorite tablet erosion feed system
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 14
15. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Sodium hypochlorite injection system
Solution Tank Injection lines
Feed Pumps
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 15
16. What Happens to Chlorine
After it’s Added to Water?
HOCl
OCl -
16
17. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
Methods and Standards
Industry specifications
American Water Works Association
(AWWA)
WA State Department of Transportation
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 17
18. Washington State Department of Health Division of Environmental Health Office of Drinking Water
THANK YOU
Public Health - Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington 18
Editor's Notes
Identify my colleagues in the audience
Identify my colleagues in the audience
We are all in the business of protecting public health through prevention. Safe drinking water does not happen by itself, but rather by the deliberate actions of men and women responsible for water system planning, design, management, operations, and maintenance. Describe the importance of attending to both the physical infrastructure and the human infrastructure behind safe drinking water.
Group A sources only Number of ACTIVE GROUP A water systems: 4,184 Number of ACTIVE, PRIMARY or SEASONAL Sources: 8,321 Review for all ACTIVE, PRIMARY or SEASONAL (not emergency) sources that provides any or all treatment that would Chlorinate. (CHLORAMINES, CHLORINATION, GASEOUS, CHLORINATION, HYPOCHLORITE, CHLORINE DIOXIDE, HYPOCHLORINATION, EROSION / TABLETS, HYPOCHLORINATION, ON-SITE GENERATOR, HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION) There are 4,176 (50.2%) sources that meet this definition. When you take out duplication of sources with treatments and duplication from number of multiple sources per system you find there are 1832 (43.8%) ACTIVE GROUP A systems that have one or more sources that meet the above criteria. 659/1705 (39%) Group A ACTIVE COMMUNITY SYSTEMS 1 to 200 RESIDENTIAL CONNECTIONS that CHLORINATE/TOTAL Group A ACTIVE COMMUNITY SYSTEMS 1 to 200 RESIDENTIAL CONNECTIONS.
82% of WA state residents supplied by Group A water systems are supplied by chlorinated water. Consistent with national average. The Residential Population of ALL Active Group A Water Systems: 5,545,000 The Residential Population of Active Grp A Systems w/ Chlorination : 4,496,000 (81.8%)
MAJOR THEMES OF CHLORINATION MECHANICS: The chlorine disinfectant process – what works and what doesn’t Chlorine chemistry – what happens when chlorine hits the water Chlorine byproducts and human health Killing an organism versus inactivating an organism. Identify three groups of pathogens: Bacteria, virus, and protozoa. Disinfection kinetics in cells: Disruption of protein synthesis Destruction of enzymes. Leading to disrupted metabolism Disinfection kinetics in viruses: Affinity for combining with nitrogen in the viral DNA, breaking nitrogen bonds and disabling replication (“inactivation”) How effective is UV (order of effectiveness, from most effective to least): Giardia and Crypto 10 mJ/cm 2 dose needed for a given level of inactivation Bacteria 15 mJ/cm 2 Most virus 40 mJ/cm 2 Adenovirus (standard) 186 mJ/cm 2
Disinfection is a PROCESS. It is not instantaneous. Reduced “potency” with increasing pH, decreasing water temperature, increasing turbidity, insufficient mixing, and increasing chlorine demand. Other chlorine demanding compounds: various organic and inorganic compounds Walkerton =- Limestone geology suggests higher pH – diminished “potency”. The concept of disinfection as a process has gone commercial: describe disinfectant wipe container information
Talked about disinfection as a process. CT concept reflects this. CT concept applies mainly to the inactivation of viruses and Giardia , Inactivation of bacteria is achieved when the treatment standard for virus inactivation is met. DOH and EPA regulations state that groundwater under normal conditions of temperature and pH require a CT of 6 to meet the virus and bacteria inactivation requirement (99.99%). 1 For flow in pipelines, T reflects full volume of the pipe. Example: 6-inch pipeline - 1.5 gallons of water per foot - 1000-feet long Pipeline holds about 1500 gallons. If peak flow through the pipeline is 100 gallons per minute, then T = 15 minutes. If chlorine residual at the end of the 1000-foot pipeline is 0.4 ppm, then CT = 15 x 0.4 = 6. Sufficient to meet virus inactivation requirement for groundwater. In order to achieve a similar level of inactivation for Giardia, surface water with a pH of 7 (neutral) and temperature of ~40 F requires a CT value of about 200. Refer to previous slide (order of effectiveness). 1. Studies have shown some virus are more resistant, and may require CT greater than 400 to achieve 99.99% inactivation. (Virus survival studies have also been conducted on a variety of both laboratory and field strains (AWWA, 1979).)
Free chlorine is the most effective form of chlorine. Combined chlorine is a very weak disinfectant , and not considered a primary disinfectant. MCL for free and total chlorine is 4.0 mg/l. Regulations call for “detectable” chlorine residual. DOH recommends 0.2 mg/l FREE chlorine. In swimming pools, nitrogen sources include urine, skin oils and perspiration, and cosmetics and sunscreen.
What happens when chlorine gas or hypochlorite enters the water: Produces hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion oxidizes organics and inorganics in solution changes pH (up with hypochlorite and down with chlorine gas) produces chlorinated byproducts when combined with natural organic matter produces chloramines when ammonia or organic nitrogen is present. Two species of free chlorine: HOCl and OCl. OCl and HOCl are both measured together as “free chlorine”. The equilibrium of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite is a function of pH . Free chlorine is the most effective form of chlorine for disinfection. The most effective form of free chlorine is hypochlorous acid. One study: These results have been confirmed by several researchers that concluded that HOCl is 70 to 80 times more effective than OCl- for inactivating bacteria. (Culp/Wesner/Culp, 1986). In other words, where it takes 2 minutes to destroy 99% of E. Coli with 0.1 ppm hypochlorous acid, it takes 150 minutes to accomplish the same thing with hypochlorite ion. One system’s chlorine residual of 0.4 ppm is different from another’s in its ability to kill bacteria.
Chlorine-based disinfectants are the only disinfectants that provide a residual in the distribution system. This residual is an important part of the multi-barrier approach to preventing waterborne disease. EPA analysis described in GWR: Three factors showing most significant association with no microbial contamination: Operator training Following-up on sanitary survey deficiencies Maintenance of a chlorine residual For smallest systems: Operator training and following up on sanitary survey deficiencies (chlorination is not the silver bullet) Chlorination is not the only measure needed to assure safe drinking water! Coliform bacteria and free chlorine residual testing are two tests used to monitor and assure satisfactory water quality in the distribution system. Daily monitoring and reporting for chlorine residual is required by regulation. Infrequent monitoring and/or inconsistent chlorine residual values increase risk.
The addition of hypochlorite compounds increases pH. The addition of chlorine gas decreases pH. Recall previous slide on pH effect on potency. Some facts: Chlorine gas is 100% available chlorine by weight. 1 lbs of chlorine gas = 1 lbs of available chlorine. Gas does not degrade over time. Calcium hypochlorite is available in 65-70% available chlorine by weight. 1.5 lbs of CaOCl = 1 lbs of available chlorine. Degrades very slowly over time – 3% year if kept dry. Sodium hypochlorite is available in 5 – 15% available chlorine by weight. Manufactured by: Cl 2 + 2 NaOH → NaCl + NaClO+ H 2 O It’s heavier than water One gallon of 5.25% household bleach has approximately 0.4 pounds of available chlorine when new. 6% bleach comes in smaller containers, but holds the same weight of available chlorine. Household bleach degrades by 10% in 60 days at 75 F 12.5% bleach degrades by 50% in 60 days at 75% F It decomposes when heated or evaporated to form sodium chlorate and sodium chloride: 3 NaClO → NaClO 3 + 2 NaCl Less common modes of chlorine treatment includes: Chlorine dioxide On-site hypochlorite generation Chloramines are formed when chlorine is introduced in the presence of ammonia or organic nitrogen compounds.
Identify components. Ventilation Eye wash Gas alarm Rotometer Eductor Auto-transfer Scale Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know and CERCLA. Threshold = 100 lbs stored. Requirements: Conduct emergency planning. Provide fire service and/or local emergency planning agency with information regarding quantity and location of stored gas. Emergency release notification. Release of more than 10 lbs of gas requires notification of local emergency planning agency, state authorities (DOH), and the National Response Center. These as well as local and state codes and regulations must be considered during the design and operation of chlorination facilities at a water treatment plant. Chlorine quenching may be necessary (UFC). Spokane (Well Electric) and Wentachee (Rocky Reach Regional Supply) have gone from gas to bulk sodium hypochlorite for safety reasons
Describe process
What is seen in the picture? Metering pumps Hypochlorite solution tank (recipe based upon changing chlorine strength) Dilution of the NaOCl may produce scaling problems in the pump and/or solution tank (foot valve). Long discharge lines (possible air-binding) Flooded suction