1. Chinmedomics is a new strategy that uses modern "omics" technologies like metabolomics to discover the active constituents in traditional herbal medicines.
2. It analyzes the correlation between biomarker metabolites of disease and herbal constituents in serum to identify the constituents most strongly associated with therapeutic effects.
3. A case study applied this approach to identify the bioactive constituents in Shan Qi Wan, a Chinese herbal formula used to treat Shen Yang Xu (Kidney-yang deficiency) syndrome. Rat models were used to measure changes in urinary metabolites after treatment and correlate these to absorbed herbal constituents.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drug action, including their origins, properties, and interactions with living organisms. The document then discusses several key areas within pharmacology, including clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. It also defines important terms like drugs, medicines, pro-drugs, and the four main processes involved in pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
This document provides an overview of basic pharmacology concepts including:
1) Definitions of key terms like pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2) Classification of drugs by their mechanisms and sites of action as well as drug scheduling systems.
3) Factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion such as formulation, dose regimes and plasma drug levels.
Comparison of Pharmacology and Toxicologyshabeel pn
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body, while toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their health effects.
- Key concepts in both fields include dose, route of exposure/administration, and dose-response relationships, though exposures are often involuntary in toxicology versus voluntary drug administration.
- Both disciplines examine distribution, metabolism, and excretion of substances in the body, and interactions between substances can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic.
The document discusses drug discovery and development. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, drug discovery process, and drug development process. It then describes the main stages of new drug development, including drug discovery, preclinical development, and clinical development. Specific examples of discovered drugs are provided, such as artemisinin from Artemisia annua used to treat malaria, and andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata which has anti-inflammatory properties. The biosynthesis process of andrographolide is also summarized. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the drug discovery and development process from target identification to clinical trials.
Ch1 introduction to medicinal chemistryAkliluSamuel3
Medicinal chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that combines chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. It involves the design and development of new chemical entities for use as pharmaceuticals. The key steps include discovering lead compounds through screening of natural or synthetic substances, optimizing lead compounds to improve potency and selectivity, and developing lead compounds into drug candidates with suitable pharmacokinetic properties. Drugs can come from natural sources like plants and animals, or be synthesized chemically. They are classified based on their chemical structure, pharmacological action, or the diseases they treat. Drug names include chemical names based on structure, generic names assigned by regulators, and proprietary brand names given by manufacturers.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their sources, nature, and properties. The scope of pharmacology has expanded to include new areas like proteomics, pharmacogenomics, bioinformatics, and nanomedicine. Current areas of focus include drug development, discovery, and clinical trials. Pharmacology also contributes to undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research and industries like medical advising and new drug development. Pharmacology is crucial to advancing medicine and remains an important field.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drug action, including their origins, properties, and interactions with living organisms. The document then discusses several key areas within pharmacology, including clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. It also defines important terms like drugs, medicines, pro-drugs, and the four main processes involved in pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
This document provides an overview of basic pharmacology concepts including:
1) Definitions of key terms like pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2) Classification of drugs by their mechanisms and sites of action as well as drug scheduling systems.
3) Factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion such as formulation, dose regimes and plasma drug levels.
Comparison of Pharmacology and Toxicologyshabeel pn
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body, while toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their health effects.
- Key concepts in both fields include dose, route of exposure/administration, and dose-response relationships, though exposures are often involuntary in toxicology versus voluntary drug administration.
- Both disciplines examine distribution, metabolism, and excretion of substances in the body, and interactions between substances can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic.
The document discusses drug discovery and development. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, drug discovery process, and drug development process. It then describes the main stages of new drug development, including drug discovery, preclinical development, and clinical development. Specific examples of discovered drugs are provided, such as artemisinin from Artemisia annua used to treat malaria, and andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata which has anti-inflammatory properties. The biosynthesis process of andrographolide is also summarized. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the drug discovery and development process from target identification to clinical trials.
Ch1 introduction to medicinal chemistryAkliluSamuel3
Medicinal chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that combines chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. It involves the design and development of new chemical entities for use as pharmaceuticals. The key steps include discovering lead compounds through screening of natural or synthetic substances, optimizing lead compounds to improve potency and selectivity, and developing lead compounds into drug candidates with suitable pharmacokinetic properties. Drugs can come from natural sources like plants and animals, or be synthesized chemically. They are classified based on their chemical structure, pharmacological action, or the diseases they treat. Drug names include chemical names based on structure, generic names assigned by regulators, and proprietary brand names given by manufacturers.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their sources, nature, and properties. The scope of pharmacology has expanded to include new areas like proteomics, pharmacogenomics, bioinformatics, and nanomedicine. Current areas of focus include drug development, discovery, and clinical trials. Pharmacology also contributes to undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research and industries like medical advising and new drug development. Pharmacology is crucial to advancing medicine and remains an important field.
In a broad sense, the pharmacology deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. This study includes sources, chemical properties, dose, biological effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs. i.e. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on biological systems and how the body responds to the drug.
It comprises all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes. Pharmacology integrates the knowledge of many disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. This integrative nature allows pharmacology to make unique and significant contributions to human health.
Pharmacology is crucial for:
discovering new medicines to help fight diseases
improving the effectiveness of medicines
reducing unwanted side effects of medicines
understanding why individuals differ in the way they respond to certain drugs, and why some others cause addiction
This document provides an overview of pharmacology and pharmaceutics. It discusses the definitions and subdivisions of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. The history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations through modern developments is summarized. Key figures who advanced the field are mentioned, such as Francois Megendie, who established the foundations of modern pharmacology using animal experiments. The scope of pharmacology is described as providing the rational basis for drug therapeutic use and expanding to incorporate new approaches like computer-assisted design.
Drug discovery and development is a long, expensive, and complex process that takes an average of 10-12 years and $800 million to $1.7 billion. It involves identifying candidate drugs through methods like molecular designing, screening, and serendipity. Only one in 5000 compounds makes it through preclinical and clinical testing to be approved. The process includes target selection and validation, lead discovery and optimization, and drug development to satisfy regulatory requirements before a new drug can be approved and marketed.
1) Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions on the biological system. It involves understanding how drugs are administered, their mechanisms of action, effects, and interactions.
2) Studying pharmacology helps physiotherapists select appropriate drugs and administration methods to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse reactions.
3) Understanding commonly prescribed drugs is important for physiotherapists, as some drugs prescribed for pain or mobility issues can interact negatively and cause side effects that impact treatment.
The document discusses various approaches to drug discovery, including pharmacological, toxicological, and preclinical trials. It describes the components of pharmacological evaluation including selectivity testing, pharmacological profiling in vitro and in vivo, and safety pharmacology testing of major organ systems like central nervous system, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. The goal of preclinical trials is to determine if a new drug works and is safe to test in humans using animal models and evaluating its pharmacological effects, toxicity, and safety pharmacologically.
The document discusses clinical pharmacology and provides information on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It covers topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. It discusses how factors like food, gut motility, and malabsorption can impact drug absorption. It also mentions how drug interactions during absorption can occur through precipitation, chelation, or effects on gut flora. The example given is explaining the full effect of digoxin would not be seen for a week, which relates to the drug's half-life.
This document provides an overview of the scope of pharmacology. It discusses the history and evolution of pharmacology from materia medica and early pharmacy to its modern academic, industrial and research applications. Key areas of pharmacology discussed include drug development process, clinical pharmacology, special domains like pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics and emerging areas like pharmacogenomics. The document outlines the past, present and future scope of pharmacology and how it aims to advance human health through rational and safe use of medicines.
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology and drug classification. It defines what a drug is, how drugs work in the body through pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and why people can react differently to drugs. It describes the key components of drugs and how they are classified both chemically and legally according to their potential for abuse and medical usage. Common drug types like depressants, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis are outlined.
This document discusses the key principles and processes involved in drug discovery and drug-receptor interactions. It outlines the steps of choosing a disease target, identifying a bioassay to test potential drug candidates, finding and isolating lead compounds, determining a drug's structure and effects, and identifying forces that cause drug-receptor binding such as covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. The goal is to discover and develop safe and effective therapeutic drugs through a scientific process.
in this presentation we are going to study introduction to pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
i.e. meaning and definition of pharmacology along with branches of pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
This document discusses various aspects of drug discovery and pharmacogenomics. It defines drugs and the drug discovery process, which involves identifying lead compounds and developing drugs. It also describes computer-aided drug design, pharmacogenomics as the study of an individual's genetic makeup and response to drugs, and antisense technology for treating disease. The goal is to develop personalized medicine by optimizing drug therapy based on a patient's genotype.
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living systems and alter physiological or biochemical functions. Drugs are important for health and research as they can treat diseases while minimizing harm. Pharmacology includes areas like pharmacotherapeutics which deals with clinical drug application, and pharmacogenomics which applies genomic technologies to drug discovery. Drugs come from natural sources like plants and animals, synthetic sources produced in laboratories, or semisynthetic sources made by chemically modifying natural drugs. Drugs are administered in various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, injections, and transdermal patches to achieve either local or systemic effects.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology and related fields like pharmacognosy, pharmacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutics, and toxicology. It defines key terms like drugs and discusses the various sources of drugs. The document also summarizes the process of drug development from pre-clinical research using animals and microorganisms to clinical trials in humans. It outlines the different phases of clinical trials and provides context on drug discovery history.
The document outlines the syllabus for a pharmacology course, including topics such as introduction to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, prescription writing, autonomic nervous system, and sources of drug information. It defines key terms like pharmacology, drug, pharmacy, therapeutics, and discusses the various subdivisions of pharmacology like pharmacognosy, toxicology, and clinical pharmacology. It also lists some common reference books and different sources of drugs including minerals, animals, plants, microorganisms, and recombinant technology.
This document discusses the definition of what constitutes a drug. It argues that trying to divide drugs into "good" and "bad" categories is futile, as there is no drug that is perfectly safe and effective. All drugs have benefits and risks. The document provides examples of commonly used substances like caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis that have biological effects and are therefore drugs, though they are often not thought of as such. It concludes that a broad definition of a drug is any compound that interacts with a biological system to produce a biological response.
This document introduces key concepts in pharmacology. It defines drug, pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, and therapeutics. An ideal drug is effective, safe, and selective, but no drug is truly ideal. The objective of drug therapy is to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm. How individuals respond depends on administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and individual variations.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
This document provides an overview of pharmacology for nursing students. It discusses the history of pharmacology from ancient texts like the Vedas describing herbal preparations in Ayurveda to modern animal experimentation and new drug development. Key definitions are provided for terms like drug, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and others. Drugs sources are categorized as natural or synthetic, with natural sources including plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans, while synthetic drugs are manufactured.
This document is a floor plan for a house design by Pound Puppy Construction. It includes dimensions and schedules for the rooms of the 2-story house as well as notes about doors, windows, and a disclaimer. Key features of the design include a kitchen, master bedroom, family room, dining room, bedrooms, bathrooms, laundry room, and foyer on the first floor and additional bedrooms on the second floor.
This document appears to be a bracket for the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials in the 60kg weight class. In the top half of the bracket, Coleman Scott defeated Drew Headlee in the finals to qualify for the Olympics. In the bottom half, Matt Valenti defeated Logan Stieber in the finals to qualify. Overall, the bracket shows the matchups and results throughout the tournament in the 60kg weight class to determine the two athletes who would represent the U.S. in wrestling at the 2012 Olympics.
In a broad sense, the pharmacology deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. This study includes sources, chemical properties, dose, biological effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs. i.e. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on biological systems and how the body responds to the drug.
It comprises all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes. Pharmacology integrates the knowledge of many disciplines, including medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, nursing, and veterinary medicine. This integrative nature allows pharmacology to make unique and significant contributions to human health.
Pharmacology is crucial for:
discovering new medicines to help fight diseases
improving the effectiveness of medicines
reducing unwanted side effects of medicines
understanding why individuals differ in the way they respond to certain drugs, and why some others cause addiction
This document provides an overview of pharmacology and pharmaceutics. It discusses the definitions and subdivisions of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. The history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations through modern developments is summarized. Key figures who advanced the field are mentioned, such as Francois Megendie, who established the foundations of modern pharmacology using animal experiments. The scope of pharmacology is described as providing the rational basis for drug therapeutic use and expanding to incorporate new approaches like computer-assisted design.
Drug discovery and development is a long, expensive, and complex process that takes an average of 10-12 years and $800 million to $1.7 billion. It involves identifying candidate drugs through methods like molecular designing, screening, and serendipity. Only one in 5000 compounds makes it through preclinical and clinical testing to be approved. The process includes target selection and validation, lead discovery and optimization, and drug development to satisfy regulatory requirements before a new drug can be approved and marketed.
1) Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions on the biological system. It involves understanding how drugs are administered, their mechanisms of action, effects, and interactions.
2) Studying pharmacology helps physiotherapists select appropriate drugs and administration methods to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse reactions.
3) Understanding commonly prescribed drugs is important for physiotherapists, as some drugs prescribed for pain or mobility issues can interact negatively and cause side effects that impact treatment.
The document discusses various approaches to drug discovery, including pharmacological, toxicological, and preclinical trials. It describes the components of pharmacological evaluation including selectivity testing, pharmacological profiling in vitro and in vivo, and safety pharmacology testing of major organ systems like central nervous system, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. The goal of preclinical trials is to determine if a new drug works and is safe to test in humans using animal models and evaluating its pharmacological effects, toxicity, and safety pharmacologically.
The document discusses clinical pharmacology and provides information on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It covers topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. It discusses how factors like food, gut motility, and malabsorption can impact drug absorption. It also mentions how drug interactions during absorption can occur through precipitation, chelation, or effects on gut flora. The example given is explaining the full effect of digoxin would not be seen for a week, which relates to the drug's half-life.
This document provides an overview of the scope of pharmacology. It discusses the history and evolution of pharmacology from materia medica and early pharmacy to its modern academic, industrial and research applications. Key areas of pharmacology discussed include drug development process, clinical pharmacology, special domains like pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics and emerging areas like pharmacogenomics. The document outlines the past, present and future scope of pharmacology and how it aims to advance human health through rational and safe use of medicines.
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology and drug classification. It defines what a drug is, how drugs work in the body through pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and why people can react differently to drugs. It describes the key components of drugs and how they are classified both chemically and legally according to their potential for abuse and medical usage. Common drug types like depressants, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis are outlined.
This document discusses the key principles and processes involved in drug discovery and drug-receptor interactions. It outlines the steps of choosing a disease target, identifying a bioassay to test potential drug candidates, finding and isolating lead compounds, determining a drug's structure and effects, and identifying forces that cause drug-receptor binding such as covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. The goal is to discover and develop safe and effective therapeutic drugs through a scientific process.
in this presentation we are going to study introduction to pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
i.e. meaning and definition of pharmacology along with branches of pharmacology and scope of pharmacology.
This document discusses various aspects of drug discovery and pharmacogenomics. It defines drugs and the drug discovery process, which involves identifying lead compounds and developing drugs. It also describes computer-aided drug design, pharmacogenomics as the study of an individual's genetic makeup and response to drugs, and antisense technology for treating disease. The goal is to develop personalized medicine by optimizing drug therapy based on a patient's genotype.
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living systems and alter physiological or biochemical functions. Drugs are important for health and research as they can treat diseases while minimizing harm. Pharmacology includes areas like pharmacotherapeutics which deals with clinical drug application, and pharmacogenomics which applies genomic technologies to drug discovery. Drugs come from natural sources like plants and animals, synthetic sources produced in laboratories, or semisynthetic sources made by chemically modifying natural drugs. Drugs are administered in various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, injections, and transdermal patches to achieve either local or systemic effects.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology and related fields like pharmacognosy, pharmacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutics, and toxicology. It defines key terms like drugs and discusses the various sources of drugs. The document also summarizes the process of drug development from pre-clinical research using animals and microorganisms to clinical trials in humans. It outlines the different phases of clinical trials and provides context on drug discovery history.
The document outlines the syllabus for a pharmacology course, including topics such as introduction to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, prescription writing, autonomic nervous system, and sources of drug information. It defines key terms like pharmacology, drug, pharmacy, therapeutics, and discusses the various subdivisions of pharmacology like pharmacognosy, toxicology, and clinical pharmacology. It also lists some common reference books and different sources of drugs including minerals, animals, plants, microorganisms, and recombinant technology.
This document discusses the definition of what constitutes a drug. It argues that trying to divide drugs into "good" and "bad" categories is futile, as there is no drug that is perfectly safe and effective. All drugs have benefits and risks. The document provides examples of commonly used substances like caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis that have biological effects and are therefore drugs, though they are often not thought of as such. It concludes that a broad definition of a drug is any compound that interacts with a biological system to produce a biological response.
This document introduces key concepts in pharmacology. It defines drug, pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, and therapeutics. An ideal drug is effective, safe, and selective, but no drug is truly ideal. The objective of drug therapy is to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm. How individuals respond depends on administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and individual variations.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
This document provides an overview of pharmacology for nursing students. It discusses the history of pharmacology from ancient texts like the Vedas describing herbal preparations in Ayurveda to modern animal experimentation and new drug development. Key definitions are provided for terms like drug, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and others. Drugs sources are categorized as natural or synthetic, with natural sources including plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans, while synthetic drugs are manufactured.
This document is a floor plan for a house design by Pound Puppy Construction. It includes dimensions and schedules for the rooms of the 2-story house as well as notes about doors, windows, and a disclaimer. Key features of the design include a kitchen, master bedroom, family room, dining room, bedrooms, bathrooms, laundry room, and foyer on the first floor and additional bedrooms on the second floor.
This document appears to be a bracket for the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials in the 60kg weight class. In the top half of the bracket, Coleman Scott defeated Drew Headlee in the finals to qualify for the Olympics. In the bottom half, Matt Valenti defeated Logan Stieber in the finals to qualify. Overall, the bracket shows the matchups and results throughout the tournament in the 60kg weight class to determine the two athletes who would represent the U.S. in wrestling at the 2012 Olympics.
This document lists and briefly describes 20 surreal places for people to visit before they die. Some of the places mentioned include Yosemite Valley for its breathtaking scenery and wildlife, the Great Barrier Reef for its vast marine life, and Zhangye Danxia Landform in China for its colorful rock formations. Other locations highlighted are the Tunnel of Love in Ukraine known for its romantic legend, Salar de Uyuni's massive salt flats that form a reflective mirror in Bolivia, and Machu Picchu for its mysterious ruins and amazing views in Peru. The document encourages traveling and exploring these incredible places while one can.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Este documento discute la importancia de los valores para definir la identidad de una persona y permitir que los grupos interactúen de manera armoniosa. Los valores se aprenden primero en el hogar por los padres, y luego se refuerzan en la escuela a través de las matemáticas, ciencias y otros estudios. Algunos valores clave mencionados incluyen la honestidad, el respeto, la justicia, la amistad y la solidaridad.
Este documento presenta un concurso de preguntas y respuestas en formato de diapositivas. Contiene varios acertijos matemáticos, de lógica y conocimiento general con opciones de respuesta múltiple. Al final, felicita al jugador por haber ganado el concurso.
The document summarizes changes to the SFFMA firefighter certification program over time. It started with Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced levels in 2011. Objectives were later aligned with NFPA 1001 and split into Modules 1-4. Testing requirements were clarified in 2012-2014. In 2015, Driver/Operator objectives were removed, levels were consolidated, and testing became mandatory for Firefighter I and II certification.
This one sentence document does not provide enough context or information to create an accurate 3 sentence summary. The document contains only one word - "Lorem" - which is not meaningful on its own.
Halloween is a modern holiday that originated from ancient Celtic harvest festivals. It is celebrated internationally on October 31st, especially in North America, Ireland, the UK, and parts of Latin America and Spain. Today, Halloween is one of the most important holidays in the US and Canada, though some Latin American countries have their own traditions. Foods associated with Halloween include candy apples and other autumnal treats since it coincides with the apple harvest season.
Este documento analiza las finanzas públicas de los departamentos de la costa Caribe de Colombia entre 1990 y 2001. Resalta que los ingresos departamentales dependieron cada vez más de las transferencias nacionales, mientras que los gastos se concentraron principalmente en educación y servicios públicos. Algunos departamentos como Bolívar y Sucre presentaron déficits fiscales importantes que llevaron a un aumento de la deuda pública. La Guajira tuvo una situación fiscal más sólida con superávit y baja deuda per cápita.
Este documento describe los procesos de conformado de láminas metálicas, incluyendo corte, doblado y embutido. Explica los materiales comunes utilizados como aceros y aluminio, y los principales tipos de operaciones como cizallado, punzonado, doblado en V y de bordes. También cubre temas como las fuerzas y centros de corte, y consideraciones de diseño para el doblado como la orientación de la fibra y recuperación elástica.
Este documento presenta información sobre varios modelos y sistemas de gestión de innovación y desarrollo tecnológico. Define el sistema de gestión de I+D+i y resume la clasificación de Rothwell de los modelos de innovación. También describe varios modelos específicos como el modelo de Kline y las normas UNE 166000 sobre gestión de I+D+i.
Procesos de manufactura(doblado, cizallado, fresado y embutido)Nombre Apellidos
El documento describe varios procesos de manufactura como doblado, embutido, fresado y cizallado. Explica que el doblado transforma láminas metálicas en piezas de diferentes formas utilizando prensas. El embutido forma piezas huecas usando punzones y dados. El fresado mecaniza superficies con herramientas multicortantes llamadas fresas. Finalmente, el cizallado corta materiales usando máquinas con cuchillas móviles.
Bioanalysis is the quantitative measurement of drugs, metabolites, and biological molecules in biological systems. It plays an important role in drug discovery and development by supporting pharmacokinetic studies. The drug development process involves preclinical and clinical stages where bioanalysis is used to determine safety, identify metabolites, and understand pharmacokinetics. Techniques like liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are commonly used for bioanalysis of small molecules and large molecules during drug development.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in medicinal chemistry that will be covered in the class. It discusses the history and evolution of medicinal chemistry, defining drugs and their properties, drug discovery and design processes, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phases of drug action. The goal of medicinal chemistry is to design and synthesize new drug molecules through understanding their interactions with biological targets and structure-activity relationships.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology and discusses the sources of drugs including plants, animals, microbes, marine life, minerals, and synthesis. It also covers pharmacokinetic concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The types of drug actions are examined including therapeutic effects, side effects, adverse reactions, toxicity, and interactions. Classification of drugs and routes of administration are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the Medicinal Chemistry MCHM 311 course at the International University of Africa's Faculty of Pharmacy. It discusses topics that will be covered in the course like principles of drug design, drug metabolism, and factors influencing drug metabolism. It also defines medicinal chemistry and discusses the history and key concepts of the discipline, including how drugs work by binding to receptors and the processes of drug discovery, design, and development.
Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics are concerned with how the body affects a drug. Biopharmaceutics studies how drug formulation influences therapeutic effects. Pharmacokinetics studies the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs over time and their relationship to effects. Together they allow rational drug design to optimize delivery and maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. Pharmacodynamics complements pharmacokinetics by studying the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Metabolomics is the systematic study of small molecule metabolites in a biological system. It involves identifying and quantifying metabolites on a large scale to investigate the biochemical processes and phenotype of cells, tissues or organisms. Some key points are:
- Metabolomics studies the metabolome, which is the complete set of small molecule metabolites present under certain conditions.
- It provides insights into cellular processes by capturing the biochemical activity and state through metabolic profiling or fingerprinting.
- Metabolomics has applications in fields like biomarker discovery, personalized medicine, agriculture and food/environmental testing.
This document provides an overview of pharmacovigilance and phytoresearch. It discusses the process of pharmacovigilance including adverse drug reaction reporting and its history and purpose. Key terms in pharmacovigilance like causation and stakeholders are defined. The document also covers the identification, extraction, and detection methods used in phytoresearch like chromatography, spectroscopy, and endophyte evaluation. Skills gained in pharmacovigilance like risk management and report writing and those in phytoresearch like instrumentation use and formulation development are summarized. The conclusion emphasizes the goals of ensuring drug safety and discovering bioactive plant compounds.
The document describes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and discusses vasopressin analogues. It also defines hematinics with examples and describes the process and factors affecting iron absorption in detail. Specifically, it discusses that ADH acts as an antidiuretic by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, lists its uses and common adverse effects. It also provides details on the mechanism of action and medical uses of the vasopressin analogue desmopressin. Finally, it defines hematinics as substances essential for proper blood formation, provides examples including iron, and discusses the two major changes in iron oxidation states during
This document contains a syllabus and objectives for a pharmacology course. The syllabus covers topics like general pharmacology, drugs acting on different body systems like the ANS, CVS, CNS, and drugs for blood, diabetes, respiratory system etc. It lists 5 textbooks used for the course. The objectives section defines key terms like pharmacology, drug, and branches of pharmacology. It explains why pharmacology is important for treating disease and lists the main therapeutic methods. It also provides examples of natural sources of drugs and the nature and categories of drugs. The document assigns a homework on the sources and nature of drugs.
This document provides an overview of graduate studies in pharmacology. It describes pharmacology as the study of drug action on biological systems, including pharmacodynamics which examines the molecular effects of drugs and pharmacokinetics which deals with how the body processes drugs. The document outlines various areas of specialization within pharmacology like neuropharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, and biochemical pharmacology. It promotes pharmacology as a challenging and rewarding scientific career for highly motivated students interested in drug development and understanding disease processes.
Metabolomics is the systematic study of small molecule metabolites in biological systems. It aims to identify and quantify all metabolites in a biological sample using analytical techniques like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complete set of metabolites present in a cell or organism under a given set of conditions is known as the metabolome. Metabolomics can provide insights into cellular processes and an organism's response to genetic or environmental changes. It has applications in fields like pharmaceutical research, toxicology, nutrition, and agriculture.
In tech developments-in_phytochemistryMehboob Alam
The document discusses techniques for analyzing phytochemicals in plants. It begins by explaining that phytochemicals have therapeutic effects and are studied to understand their structures and bioactivities. Common techniques for phytochemical analysis include extraction, purification, isolation, and characterization of active compounds. Spectroscopy methods like UV, IR, MS, and NMR are used to characterize isolated compounds. The document emphasizes that techniques must be chosen based on the properties of the desired compound and compatibility with extraction and separation methods.
Drug metabolism plays an important role in determining pharmacokinetic parameters like bioavailability, clearance, and half-life. Drug metabolic studies help screen compounds based on their metabolic rate and allow proceeding to in vivo studies in animals. Determining metabolite structures and the enzymes responsible for metabolism using LC/MS-MS and recombinant enzymes provides clearer understanding of a compound's metabolism and allows further drug-drug interaction studies. Drug metabolism is also essential in toxicity studies to understand effects of long-term persistence of compounds and metabolites.
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Chinmedomics in drug discovery
1. Chinmedomics strategy for discovery of effective
constituents from traditional herbal medicine
Satyender Kumar
Department of Natural Products
2. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently defined
traditional medicine (including herbal drugs) as comprising
therapeutic practices that have been in existence, often for hundreds of
years, before the development and spread of modern medicine and are
still in use today.
Traditional Herbal Medicine (THM)
Current Science, Vol. 78, No. 1, 10 January 2000
Herbs
•Crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems,
wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be
entire, fragmented or powdered.
Herbal
materials
•Fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, resins and
dry powders of herbs.
Herbal
preparations
•Powdered herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures and
fatty oils of herbal materials.
Finished
herbal
products
•Finished herbal products and mixture herbal products may
contain excipients in addition to the active ingredients, finished
products or mixture products to which chemically defined active
substances have been added.
Herbal
medicine
3. The earliest recorded evidence of their use in Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek,
Roman and Syrian texts dates back to about 5000 years.
Herbal medicines (HM) have been widely used for their antibacterial, antifungal,
anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities, and other pharmacological
activities.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has its own unique medical system with the
significant characteristics of pursuing an overall therapeutic effect with a multi-
target treatment.
It consists of multiple plants (called ‘formulae or prescription’) that could
regulate balance and homeostasis of the body in a holistic fashion.
Why herbal medicine?
Current Science, Vol. 78, No. 1, 10 January 2000
4. HM are not pure products with a single active ingredient. Therefore, conventional
methods for screening and identifying the active ingredients in natural products
are time-consuming and labour intensive.
Traditional natural product discovery, using conventional methods, affords no
information about mode of action until late in the discovery process. This leads to
high rates of rediscovery and low probabilities of finding compounds with unique
biological properties.
Need some update in herbal medicine?
Currently, HM development has been hampered due to the lack of high
throughput, rapid methods for screening and identifying bioactive constituents.
Therefore, it is essential to develop a method able to overcome these
limitations.
OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology Volume 16, Numbers 7 and 8, 2012
5. Syndrome Formulae
Effectiveness of
Herbal medicine
Components of TCM
•TCM is so complicated that it’s almost impossible to explore the molecular mechanism and
effective substances thoroughly.
•Moreover, compounds in TCM exert therapeutic effects in combination rather than as
individuals.
6. TCM treatment with therapeutic strategies in holistic fashion is focuses on the
patient rather than disease, promoting enhancing the quality of life.
From the point of modern system medicine, TCM syndrome is a functional state
that caused by the body’s metabolic imbalances.
Syndrome is a basic description of the disease in TCM, due to lack of objective
criteria for syndrome diagnostics, and thus it is difficult to properly evaluate the
efficacy of formulae.
TCM Syndrome
Current Science, Vol. 78, No. 1, 10 January 2000
8. Cinmediformulae
Formulae
include four
elements:
the monarch (which
plays the most
important role in the
formulae),
the minister (which
increases the
effectiveness of the
monarch herb),
the assistant (which
helps the monarch and
minister herbs reach
their target positions)
the servant (which
can reduce the adverse
effects and/or increase
the potency of the
whole formulae)
9. Cinmediformulae
• Practitioners often prescribe a combination of herbs called formulae based on
an over-all symptoms and signs of syndrome, and work together harmoniously
to achieve ideally therapeutic effects.
• Single herb already contains thousands of compounds, formulae consisting of
multi-herb has become the chemical composition giant system.
• That means to say, the efficacy of TCM depends on the combined action of
multiple herbs because it usually contains a lot of ingredients and exert
synergistic therapeutic efficacies.
• However, this can cause many difficulties in the search for the effective
substances of TCM.
10. Difficulties of TCM
Lack of a comprehensive
understanding of the relationship
between syndrome and formulae,
For TCM to be modernized, it is
critical to use modern tools to
determine the mechanism of action
of TCM.
Process and leads to low
probabilities of finding compounds
with unique biological properties.
11. New tools and methods help revive ancient
traditional Chinese medicine
A new platform, termed chinmedomics which is capable of directly discover
the bioactive constituents from herbal medicine.
It is base upon an analyzing the correlation between the endogenous
biomarker of diseases or TCM syndrome and exogenous constituents to
find the highly associated constituents with efficacy of formulae as the
effective substances.
Further clarifying the activities of effective substances, and may discover
lead compounds and make the innovative drug discovery based on clinical
experiences. It will significantly advance the drug discovery from
traditional medicine.
12. Key points in Chinmedomics
Serum
Pharmacoche
mistry of TCM
(SPT)
• providing methodology for the discovery of
active constituents in vivo from TCM, solving
the efficacy and effectiveness of TCM
Metabolomics
technology
• is used to clarify the molecular mechanisms of
syndrome.
Screening of
active
constituents
• using the plotting of correlation between
(endogenous) marker metabolites and
(exogenous) serum constituents, and is ongoing
verification by further biological experiments.
Correlation
analysis
•between the exogenous compounds in vivo after oral
formulae and endogenous marker metabolites in vivo
are used to clarify the effective substances and their
synergistic properties.
13. After being metabolized by the liver and gastrointestinal tract, the components
that finally reach the blood are usually not the original ingredients, and there are
also some metabolism ingredients.
The blood contained, ingredients may be the substances playing a direct role in the
body.
Research on the components in the serum could be an effective approach to
identify the effective substances of TCM.
To resolve these problems, in early 1990s, we firstly established the SPT that can
reflect drug action, absorption, distribution and interaction in the body.
Serum pharmacochemistry of TCM
14. Metabolomics and related metabonomics approach is a specific ‘top-down’
systems biology manifestation of metabolic profiling of small-molecule metabolites
have an important role in biological systems
Metabolomics can capture information with regard to mechanisms of disease and
drug action.
Samples of interest (e.g., plasma, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, or tissue biopsies)
are collected. Blood samples are the most commonly collected biological fluid,
providing a representation of the global metabolome.
Metabolomics: an overview
such as lipids, amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, and organic acids, vitamins,
thiols, carbohydrates, etc, and represent attractive candidates to understand
disease phenotypes.
15. Figure: The overall procedure of chinmedomics analysis. Chinmedomics technology consists of three
sequential steps: (1) an experimental technique, based on MS or NMR spectroscopy, designed to profile
endogenous low-weight metabolites, (2) multivariate data analysis using bioinformatics techniques, and (3)
metabolites identification and quantification resulting in biomarkers (UPLC-ESI-MS, ultra-performance
liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry; TIC, total ion chromatogram).
Metabolomics: an overview
16. Potential biomarkers which are very useful for diagnosing and monitoring disease
progress, were extracted from loading-plots constructed following the PLS-DA
(Partial Least Square- Data Analysis), and biomarkers were chosen based on their
contribution to the variation and correlation within the data set.
18. Figure: Typical
metabolomics experiment
flow diagram. Samples are
analysed by full scan profile
to collect all metabolites.
Pattern recognition
approach aims to highlight
underlying trends. Receiver
operating characteristic
curves are generally
considered the method of
choice for evaluating the
performance of potential
biomarkers. The markers are
eventually placed in
metabolic pathway to
provide insight on the
biochemical phenomena.
20. Case study
SQW was selected for the bioactive constituents analysis in the treatment of SYX by using
chinmedomics strategy.
Shan Qi Wan (SQW) is a typical TCM formula consisting of Radix rahmanniae preparata, Fructus
macrocarpii, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Rhizoma zlismatis, Poaria, Cortex moutan radicis, Radix aconiti
lateralis preparata and Rahmulus cinnamomi was selected.
These 23 metabolites were found involved in multiple biochemical processes such as: energy
metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism
23 endogenous urinary metabolites of rat perturbed after treatment of hydrocortisone were measured
by using metabolomics
Shen Yang Xu (SYX, Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome) was produced by high doses of Hydrocortisone
21. Experimental work
1. Preparation of SQW samples
2. Animal handling
3. Sample collection and preparation
4. Metabolomics study
a. UPLC analysis
b. MS analysis
c. Metabolic analysis
5. Constituent analysis
6. Correlation analysis of marker metabolites and absorbed constituents
7. Potential target prediction of highly correlated ingredients
22. SQW powder was dissolved in distilled water to form a stock solution (0.3389 g/ml).
The freeze-dried powder was dissolved in water to make 1.08 g/ml solutions.
then ground, mixed and reflux extracted in a rotary evaporator with six times of 100%
methanol for 2 hr. Then the filtrate was freeze dried.
Shan Qi Wan (SQW) is a typical TCM formula consisting of Radix rahmanniae preparata,
Fructus macrocarpii, Rhizoma dioscoreae, Rhizoma zlismatis, Poaria, Cortex moutan radicis,
Radix aconiti lateralis preparata and Rahmulus cinnamomi in proportion of (8: 4: 4: 3: 3: 3: 1:
1)
1. Preparation of SQW samples
23. Male Wistar rats (200-249 g)
• Conditions: 21 ± 5 ⁰C with 60 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light-dark cycle
withstandard diet and water.
• Dose: 1 ml/100 g body mass of SQW solution (0.3389 g/ml).
Groups: (15 rats in each group)
• Control group (olive oil injected i.p. for 21 consecutive days)
• Model group (corticosterone injected i.p. at 10 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days
• SQW group (corticosterone injected i.p. at 10 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days +
after that an accurate volume of SQW for consecutive 15 days)
2. Animal handling
24. The mixture solution was filtered through a 0.22 mm PTFE membrane and
transferred to vials for UPLC/MS analysis.
Supernatants were dried under nitrogen and redissolved with 80% methanol to
volumes of 200 µl.
After vortexing for 10 s, supernatants (800 µl) were collected after centrifugation
13,000 rpm for 10 minutes.
The supernatant was collected and stored at -80 ⁰C before analysis.
Serum and plasma were separated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4
⁰C after standing for 30 minutes.
Blood was collected from abdominal aorta
3. Sample collection and preparation
25. Metabolite analysis
MS data acquired were performed to Markerlynx within
Masslynx software (version 4.1) for detection and alignment.
The multivariate data matrix was input to Ezinfo Ver. 2.0
software for Principal component analysis (PCA), Partial least
square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal
projection to latent structures (OPLS) analysis.
MS analysis
Mass spectrometer was connected to UPLC system via an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface.
UPLC analysis
HSS T3 column was used
Acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and water with 0.1% formic
acid at flow rate 0.4 ml/min and injection volume was 3 µl.
4. Metabolomics study
26. Correlation analysis of marker metabolites and
absorbed constituents
• A plot of correlation between marker metabolites and chemical composition was
used to screen the constituents or metabolites absorbed in to blood after oral
administration.
27. Potential target prediction of highly correlated
ingredients
• The target numbers were entered into the KEGG database
(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) to annotate and analysis the pathway.
29. Figure: Base peak ion chromatograms of plasma samples in UPLC/QTOF MS analysed by
MarkerLynx software
(A) control group
(B) model group
(C) SQW group
%
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Time
Base peak intensity (BPI) chromatgrams of biosamples
30. (A), Score plots of PCA based on serum metabolite profiling
Multivariate data analyses of the UPLC/MS serum
spectra data of control and model group
Control group
Model group
31. (B), The S-plot of PLS-DA for the control and model groups.
Multivariate data analyses of the UPLC/MS serum
spectra data of control and model group
34. The 3-d PCA plot for SQW treatment on SYX (control
group; ■, model group; , SQW group)
Control group
Model group
SQW treated group
35. ESI base peak ion chromatogram of the SQW analysed by UPLC/QTOF MS in negative
ion mode (A) and positive ion mode (B).
Base peak intensity (BPI) chromatgrams of biosamples
36. Extracted ions chromatogram of rat serum after oral administration of SQW with
Metabolynx™ in negative ion mode (A) and positive ion mode (B). The peak numbers are
listed in Table S4 and S5.
Extracted ions chromatogram
37. Correlation between marker metabolites and serum constituents in SQW. The correlation
coefficients are listed in Table S6.
Highly positively
correlated
highly negatively
correlated
low correlation
39. Overview of chinmedomics
A schematic diagram of the Chinmedomics-based investigation into the molecular
mechanisms and effective substances of syndrome and formulae by integrating
Serum Pharmacochemistry of TCM and metabolomics analysis.
40. Conclusion
• 23 biomarkers were identified for KYX syndrome and out of these 5 were up-regulated and
18 were down regulated.
• 84 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from the constituents of SQW and
out of 84 compounds 51 were found in positive ion mode and 33 were found in negative ion
mode.
• The extracted ions cromatogram of plasma samples with the MetabolynxTM were separated
using UPLC method.
• 20 compounds out of absorbed constituents of SQW were highly correlated with the effect of
SQW.
43. Initially, yin and yang refer to the light and
darkness of the sunlight, anything that is
exposed to the sun belongs to yang, and that
is unexposed to the sun belongs to yin.
44. Some examples for Yin-yang properties of things
• Yang----Heaven, big, sun, day, fire, upward, active, male,
Spring and Summer, warm, bright, function, et. al.
• Yin----Earth, small, moon, night, water, downward, still,
female, Autumn and Winter, cold, dim, material et. al.
45. In medical field
Any materials and functions which
have the feature of promoting,
warming or exciting
Any materials and functions which
have the feature of coagulating,
moistening and inhibiting
Yang
Yin
46. Relativity of yin and yang
e.g. Human body viscera
Yang back fu organs
Yin Chest and abdomen zang organs
47. Application of theory of yin and yang in TCM
(1) To explain morphology and structure of the human body
e.g. chest and abdomen, lower part, yin meridians, blood…….
back, upper part, yang meridians, qi……
(2) To explain physiological functions of the human body
e.g. Yin qi
Yang qi
48. Application of theory of yin and yang in TCM
preponderance of yin or yang
decline of yin or yang
simultaneous of yin and yang
inter-transformation and repelling of yin and yang
(3) To explain pathological changes of the human body
49. Application of theory of yin and yang in TCM
(4) To guide clinical diagnosis
It is to differentiate yin or yang properties of a certain syndrome
(5) To treat diseases
e.g. To determine the therapeutic
principles
To generalize properties and actions of Chinese drugs
Reducing excess
Supplementing insufficiency
50.
51.
52.
53. UPLC-HDMS chromatograms of SQW in negative ion mode. The peak numbers are listed
in Table S2. (A), in vitro; (B), dosed serum; (C), control serum.
54. UPLC-HDMS chromatograms of SQW in positive ion mode. The peak numbers are listed
in Table S2. (A), in vitro; (B), dosed serum; (C), control serum.