The independent analysis found that the majority (32 out of 36) of Chinese herbal products purchased from shops in 7 countries contained pesticide residues, including some (17 samples) containing highly or extremely hazardous pesticides classified by the WHO. Nearly all (26 out of 29) samples showed pesticide residue levels that exceeded the maximum limits considered safe by European authorities. The findings indicate potential health risks from long-term exposure to the pesticide cocktails found on many Chinese herbal products sold overseas.
1) Phytotherapy can pose safety risks due to intrinsically toxic phytoconstituents, excessive ingestion, or interactions with other medicines.
2) Toxic phytoconstituents include aristolochic acids, β-asarone, estragole, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and lectins. Excessive ingestion of ginseng, liquorice, or parsley can also cause adverse effects.
3) Interactions between herbal medicines like St. John's Wort and conventional drugs like oral contraceptives or HIV protease inhibitors can reduce the therapeutic effects of those drugs. Proper regulation and safety studies of herbal medicines are needed.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document discusses environmental pharmacology and the impacts of pharmaceuticals on the environment. It begins by defining environmental pharmacology as dealing with chemicals and drugs that enter the environment after being eliminated from humans and animals. It then discusses how low levels of various drugs like beta-blockers, clofibric acid, and steroids have been detected in water supplies. The document outlines the origins of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment from excretion and incomplete removal by sewage treatment. It details several impacts drugs can have on aquatic organisms and potential subtle effects. The document calls for improved waste and water treatment and controlling overuse to minimize environmental effects of pharmaceuticals.
This document defines herbs and herbal medicines. It notes that the global market for herbal medicines has grown from $62 billion in 2005 to an estimated $5 trillion in 2020 due to their accessibility, affordability, and assured safety. Herbal medicines are made from plants and can be used as whole plants or extracts. Proper identification and authentication of herbal materials is important to ensure the quality of finished herbal products.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
1. The herbal drug industry in India has significant present scope and future prospects due to the increasing demand for herbal medicines that are safer, less toxic, and more affordable than synthetic drugs.
2. India has a large number of plant-based industries and research institutions involved in developing medicinal and aromatic plants, with over 2400 plant species used as raw drugs and 8000 plant varieties used in herbal medicines.
3. The herbal drug market in India is estimated at Rs. 7000 crore currently and is one of the fastest growing sectors due to the popularity of Ayurveda and other traditional Indian medicine systems.
This document provides an overview of herbal drug technology and the Indian system of medicine. It discusses herbs as raw materials, including their definition and uses. It also covers biodynamic agriculture principles and Good Agricultural Practices for cultivating medicinal plants. The document discusses various processing steps for herbal raw materials. It provides details on the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of traditional Indian medicine, including their basic principles and approaches to treatment. Pest control methods for medicinal plants are also summarized, including the use of biopesticides derived from plants.
1) Phytotherapy can pose safety risks due to intrinsically toxic phytoconstituents, excessive ingestion, or interactions with other medicines.
2) Toxic phytoconstituents include aristolochic acids, β-asarone, estragole, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and lectins. Excessive ingestion of ginseng, liquorice, or parsley can also cause adverse effects.
3) Interactions between herbal medicines like St. John's Wort and conventional drugs like oral contraceptives or HIV protease inhibitors can reduce the therapeutic effects of those drugs. Proper regulation and safety studies of herbal medicines are needed.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document discusses environmental pharmacology and the impacts of pharmaceuticals on the environment. It begins by defining environmental pharmacology as dealing with chemicals and drugs that enter the environment after being eliminated from humans and animals. It then discusses how low levels of various drugs like beta-blockers, clofibric acid, and steroids have been detected in water supplies. The document outlines the origins of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment from excretion and incomplete removal by sewage treatment. It details several impacts drugs can have on aquatic organisms and potential subtle effects. The document calls for improved waste and water treatment and controlling overuse to minimize environmental effects of pharmaceuticals.
This document defines herbs and herbal medicines. It notes that the global market for herbal medicines has grown from $62 billion in 2005 to an estimated $5 trillion in 2020 due to their accessibility, affordability, and assured safety. Herbal medicines are made from plants and can be used as whole plants or extracts. Proper identification and authentication of herbal materials is important to ensure the quality of finished herbal products.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
1. The herbal drug industry in India has significant present scope and future prospects due to the increasing demand for herbal medicines that are safer, less toxic, and more affordable than synthetic drugs.
2. India has a large number of plant-based industries and research institutions involved in developing medicinal and aromatic plants, with over 2400 plant species used as raw drugs and 8000 plant varieties used in herbal medicines.
3. The herbal drug market in India is estimated at Rs. 7000 crore currently and is one of the fastest growing sectors due to the popularity of Ayurveda and other traditional Indian medicine systems.
This document provides an overview of herbal drug technology and the Indian system of medicine. It discusses herbs as raw materials, including their definition and uses. It also covers biodynamic agriculture principles and Good Agricultural Practices for cultivating medicinal plants. The document discusses various processing steps for herbal raw materials. It provides details on the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of traditional Indian medicine, including their basic principles and approaches to treatment. Pest control methods for medicinal plants are also summarized, including the use of biopesticides derived from plants.
This document discusses herbal technology and international healthcare trends related to herbal drugs. It notes that the global market for herbal drugs and nutraceuticals is about $60 billion annually, with Chinese and Korean companies currently holding a major share. Herbal drugs are well-suited for conditions like infectious diseases, degenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. Standardization of herbal drugs is important and includes authentication of raw plant materials, formulation processes, toxicity evaluation, and stability testing. The document also outlines research objectives for improving Ayurvedic drug formulations and their inclusion in modern healthcare.
This document outlines the scope and objectives of a 6th semester course on Herbal Drug Technology. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of herbal drugs from cultivation of raw materials to finished products. It will cover quality standards, regulations, formulations and processing of herbal drugs. The course is divided into 5 units that will cover topics such as herbs as raw materials, nutraceuticals, herbal-drug interactions, evaluation and regulatory standards, the herbal industry and good manufacturing practices. Students will learn through both theory and practical laboratory sessions involving analyses of herbal drugs.
Effects of herbal drugs on clinical laboratories testing Swati Wadhawan
This document discusses the regulation of herbal medicines. It states that herbal medicines should be regulated to ensure their quality, safety and efficacy through mechanisms like licensing, good manufacturing practices, and pharmacovigilance. Manufacturers must adhere to standards and provide detailed product information for registration. Countries should establish regulatory systems and procedures appropriate to their situations to manage the use of herbal medicines.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Herbal Medicine : Effect of clinical laboratory test Sarvan Mani
This document summarizes how herbal medicines can interfere with clinical laboratory tests in three main ways: direct assay interference, physiological effects of toxicity/enzyme induction, and contamination with undisclosed drugs. It provides the specific example of how the Chinese herbal medicine Chan Su can cause falsely elevated digoxin levels due to cross-reactivity in immunoassays that use polyclonal antibodies against digoxin. The document also notes that herbal medicines are widely used but loosely regulated in the United States and discusses the importance of communication between clinicians and laboratories when interpreting abnormal laboratory results in patients using herbal medicines.
Assessment of pesticide residue levels in vegetables produced in central and ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Getachew Dinede, Lina Gazu, Wubetu Legesse, Ralph Roothaert, Srini Ramasamy and Theodore Knight-Jones for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
This document discusses herbs as raw materials for herbal medicines. It defines key terms like herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, and herbal drug preparation. It also outlines sources of herbs including biological, geographical, marine, and plant tissue culture. The document discusses selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials and processing of herbal raw materials which involves primary processing steps like washing, drying and specific processing techniques.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study of the phytochemical screening of Solanum nigrum L and S. myriacanthus Dunal from districts of Upper Assam, India. Leaf extracts of both plants from dry and shady areas of three districts were analyzed qualitatively for phytochemicals. The results showed that protein is more abundant in S. nigrum leaves from shady areas than S. myriacanthus, while other phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids were present in both plants. The study found the presence of these phytochemicals scientifically validates the traditional medicinal uses of the two Solanum species.
In tech natural-products_from_plants_as_potential_source_agents_for_controlli...Friska Aprianti
This document provides an overview of natural products from plants that have potential antifungal activity against Fusarium. It discusses Fusarium as an important plant pathogen, current chemical control methods and their drawbacks. It then reviews several plant-derived natural products that have shown antifungal effects against Fusarium in laboratory assays, suggesting they may provide more sustainable alternatives for controlling this fungus.
Application of quality control principles to herbal drugsNarongchai Pongpan
This document discusses the importance of quality control for herbal drugs. It outlines World Health Organization guidelines for standardizing herbal formulations, including quality control of crude materials, stability assessment, safety assessment, and efficacy evaluation. The challenges of standardizing herbal products are also addressed, such as identifying plant materials correctly and issues related to the complexity of polyherbal formulations. Standards from countries like Germany are also discussed. In summary, the document emphasizes the need for quality control and standardization of herbal medicines to ensure safety, effectiveness, and consistency.
The document discusses patenting and regulatory requirements for natural products. It defines key terms like patents, intellectual property rights, farmers' rights, breeder's rights, bioprospecting, and biopiracy. It provides examples of patentable and non-patentable natural products. The document also presents two case studies: one on turmeric where a US patent was cancelled due to evidence of prior traditional knowledge in India, and one on neem where a European patent was rejected for similar reasons.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It notes that the herbal industry is growing rapidly worldwide and that India has great potential in this industry due to its diverse climate and abundance of medicinal plants. However, production is currently underutilized. The pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food and cosmetic industries are major consumers of herbal products. The industry faces challenges such as a lack of standardization and differing regulations internationally that limit exports. Several major Indian companies in the herbal drug industry are listed.
Current Challenges in Upgrading and Modernization of Herbal DrugsParthSharma227
Current challenges in upgrading and modernizing herbal formulations include issues related to quality control and standardization, processing and harvesting techniques, lack of regulations and clinical research, and intellectual property rights. In order to expand India's small share of the global herbal market, the herbal industry must address these challenges by improving agricultural practices, innovating quality control methods, integrating traditional and modern knowledge, and establishing international quality standards for herbal drugs and formulations.
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
Antimicrobial activity of some ethno medicinal plants used by baiga tribes fr...Alexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of 5 ethnomedicinal plants used by Baiga tribes in Amarkantak, India to treat various diseases.
2. Extracts of the plants were tested for antimicrobial activity against 6 bacterial strains using disc diffusion and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
3. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts found the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids which are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
This document discusses herbs and herbal drugs, including:
1) Herbs have been used for medicine since ancient times, and WHO reports 80% of people worldwide use herbal products. Quality control of herbal drugs and raw materials is important.
2) Various organizations have developed monographs and guidelines for evaluating herbal drugs. Producing new herbal remedies is a complex, defined process involving raw materials, formulation, production, quality control, and intellectual property protection.
3) Authentication of herbal drugs can involve taxonomic, macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, chromatographic, and molecular methods to verify identity. Quality of raw materials is crucial for ensuring quality of final herbal products.
This document is a field attachment report submitted by Kwezi Mwaka Julius to the Department of Chemistry at Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Chemistry. The report summarizes Julius' activities during a field attachment at the Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI) from June 10th to August 15th 2014. The report includes an overview of NCRI and describes Julius' work in the botany, chemistry, and pharmacology departments, including plant collection, extraction techniques, spectroscopic analysis of herbal extracts, and laboratory animal handling.
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology involve the scientific study of how different ethnic groups use plants for medicinal purposes. The document discusses the impact of ethnobotany on herbal drug evaluation and traditional medicine. It describes how ethnobotany helps identify new plant-based drugs and molecular models through processes like bioassay-guided purification and structure elucidation. Ethnopharmacology plays a key role in evaluating traditionally used herbal medicines and validating their therapeutic effects through controlled clinical studies.
This document discusses current trends in natural health products and research on natural products from garlic and perilla. It provides background on the history of using natural products for medicine beginning with Hippocrates prescribing garlic. Developments are discussed such as the discovery of antibiotics from microorganisms in the 1970s and shift to laboratory drug discovery in the 1980s. The presentation will cover organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and synthetic analogs related to natural product research and development. Studies on garlic are summarized showing that consuming garlic may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
This document discusses herbal technology and international healthcare trends related to herbal drugs. It notes that the global market for herbal drugs and nutraceuticals is about $60 billion annually, with Chinese and Korean companies currently holding a major share. Herbal drugs are well-suited for conditions like infectious diseases, degenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. Standardization of herbal drugs is important and includes authentication of raw plant materials, formulation processes, toxicity evaluation, and stability testing. The document also outlines research objectives for improving Ayurvedic drug formulations and their inclusion in modern healthcare.
This document outlines the scope and objectives of a 6th semester course on Herbal Drug Technology. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of herbal drugs from cultivation of raw materials to finished products. It will cover quality standards, regulations, formulations and processing of herbal drugs. The course is divided into 5 units that will cover topics such as herbs as raw materials, nutraceuticals, herbal-drug interactions, evaluation and regulatory standards, the herbal industry and good manufacturing practices. Students will learn through both theory and practical laboratory sessions involving analyses of herbal drugs.
Effects of herbal drugs on clinical laboratories testing Swati Wadhawan
This document discusses the regulation of herbal medicines. It states that herbal medicines should be regulated to ensure their quality, safety and efficacy through mechanisms like licensing, good manufacturing practices, and pharmacovigilance. Manufacturers must adhere to standards and provide detailed product information for registration. Countries should establish regulatory systems and procedures appropriate to their situations to manage the use of herbal medicines.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Herbal Medicine : Effect of clinical laboratory test Sarvan Mani
This document summarizes how herbal medicines can interfere with clinical laboratory tests in three main ways: direct assay interference, physiological effects of toxicity/enzyme induction, and contamination with undisclosed drugs. It provides the specific example of how the Chinese herbal medicine Chan Su can cause falsely elevated digoxin levels due to cross-reactivity in immunoassays that use polyclonal antibodies against digoxin. The document also notes that herbal medicines are widely used but loosely regulated in the United States and discusses the importance of communication between clinicians and laboratories when interpreting abnormal laboratory results in patients using herbal medicines.
Assessment of pesticide residue levels in vegetables produced in central and ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Getachew Dinede, Lina Gazu, Wubetu Legesse, Ralph Roothaert, Srini Ramasamy and Theodore Knight-Jones for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
This document discusses herbs as raw materials for herbal medicines. It defines key terms like herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, and herbal drug preparation. It also outlines sources of herbs including biological, geographical, marine, and plant tissue culture. The document discusses selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials and processing of herbal raw materials which involves primary processing steps like washing, drying and specific processing techniques.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study of the phytochemical screening of Solanum nigrum L and S. myriacanthus Dunal from districts of Upper Assam, India. Leaf extracts of both plants from dry and shady areas of three districts were analyzed qualitatively for phytochemicals. The results showed that protein is more abundant in S. nigrum leaves from shady areas than S. myriacanthus, while other phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids were present in both plants. The study found the presence of these phytochemicals scientifically validates the traditional medicinal uses of the two Solanum species.
In tech natural-products_from_plants_as_potential_source_agents_for_controlli...Friska Aprianti
This document provides an overview of natural products from plants that have potential antifungal activity against Fusarium. It discusses Fusarium as an important plant pathogen, current chemical control methods and their drawbacks. It then reviews several plant-derived natural products that have shown antifungal effects against Fusarium in laboratory assays, suggesting they may provide more sustainable alternatives for controlling this fungus.
Application of quality control principles to herbal drugsNarongchai Pongpan
This document discusses the importance of quality control for herbal drugs. It outlines World Health Organization guidelines for standardizing herbal formulations, including quality control of crude materials, stability assessment, safety assessment, and efficacy evaluation. The challenges of standardizing herbal products are also addressed, such as identifying plant materials correctly and issues related to the complexity of polyherbal formulations. Standards from countries like Germany are also discussed. In summary, the document emphasizes the need for quality control and standardization of herbal medicines to ensure safety, effectiveness, and consistency.
The document discusses patenting and regulatory requirements for natural products. It defines key terms like patents, intellectual property rights, farmers' rights, breeder's rights, bioprospecting, and biopiracy. It provides examples of patentable and non-patentable natural products. The document also presents two case studies: one on turmeric where a US patent was cancelled due to evidence of prior traditional knowledge in India, and one on neem where a European patent was rejected for similar reasons.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It notes that the herbal industry is growing rapidly worldwide and that India has great potential in this industry due to its diverse climate and abundance of medicinal plants. However, production is currently underutilized. The pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food and cosmetic industries are major consumers of herbal products. The industry faces challenges such as a lack of standardization and differing regulations internationally that limit exports. Several major Indian companies in the herbal drug industry are listed.
Current Challenges in Upgrading and Modernization of Herbal DrugsParthSharma227
Current challenges in upgrading and modernizing herbal formulations include issues related to quality control and standardization, processing and harvesting techniques, lack of regulations and clinical research, and intellectual property rights. In order to expand India's small share of the global herbal market, the herbal industry must address these challenges by improving agricultural practices, innovating quality control methods, integrating traditional and modern knowledge, and establishing international quality standards for herbal drugs and formulations.
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
Antimicrobial activity of some ethno medicinal plants used by baiga tribes fr...Alexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of 5 ethnomedicinal plants used by Baiga tribes in Amarkantak, India to treat various diseases.
2. Extracts of the plants were tested for antimicrobial activity against 6 bacterial strains using disc diffusion and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
3. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts found the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids which are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
This document discusses herbs and herbal drugs, including:
1) Herbs have been used for medicine since ancient times, and WHO reports 80% of people worldwide use herbal products. Quality control of herbal drugs and raw materials is important.
2) Various organizations have developed monographs and guidelines for evaluating herbal drugs. Producing new herbal remedies is a complex, defined process involving raw materials, formulation, production, quality control, and intellectual property protection.
3) Authentication of herbal drugs can involve taxonomic, macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, chromatographic, and molecular methods to verify identity. Quality of raw materials is crucial for ensuring quality of final herbal products.
This document is a field attachment report submitted by Kwezi Mwaka Julius to the Department of Chemistry at Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Chemistry. The report summarizes Julius' activities during a field attachment at the Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI) from June 10th to August 15th 2014. The report includes an overview of NCRI and describes Julius' work in the botany, chemistry, and pharmacology departments, including plant collection, extraction techniques, spectroscopic analysis of herbal extracts, and laboratory animal handling.
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology involve the scientific study of how different ethnic groups use plants for medicinal purposes. The document discusses the impact of ethnobotany on herbal drug evaluation and traditional medicine. It describes how ethnobotany helps identify new plant-based drugs and molecular models through processes like bioassay-guided purification and structure elucidation. Ethnopharmacology plays a key role in evaluating traditionally used herbal medicines and validating their therapeutic effects through controlled clinical studies.
This document discusses current trends in natural health products and research on natural products from garlic and perilla. It provides background on the history of using natural products for medicine beginning with Hippocrates prescribing garlic. Developments are discussed such as the discovery of antibiotics from microorganisms in the 1970s and shift to laboratory drug discovery in the 1980s. The presentation will cover organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and synthetic analogs related to natural product research and development. Studies on garlic are summarized showing that consuming garlic may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Why is research on herbal medicinal products important and how can we improve...Younis I Munshi
This document discusses research on herbal medicinal products and proposes ways to improve its quality. It notes that while research on herbal products is increasingly published, reviews often find a lack of high-quality studies. Reasons for this include a lack of funding and collaboration. It argues that new approaches are needed, like network pharmacology, to study complex herbal mixtures with multiple components and targets. Omic tools could help populate models and provide experimental data. The document advocates standardized herbal products and following good clinical practice guidelines. It provides the Good Practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research consortium as an example of improving research quality.
Anti-Tubercular Activity Of Indian Medicinal Plants -A ReviewEmily Smith
This review article summarizes the anti-tubercular activity of several Indian medicinal plants based on previous literature. It describes the botanical information, chemical constituents, and pharmacological evidence for the anti-tubercular effects of Piper nigrum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Lawsonia inermis based on in vitro and in vivo studies. The review finds that these plants have compounds like piperine, glycyrrhizin, and lawsone that demonstrate inhibitory effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting potential as alternative treatment options for tuberculosis.
Standardization of Poly Herbal Siddha Medicine Eladhi Chooranaminventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of herbal medicines. It discusses that herbal medicines are plant-based preparations used in traditional and modern medical practices. The World Health Organization defines herbal medicines and categorizes them. The document then covers the scientific and non-scientific reasons for using herbal medicines to treat diseases. It also discusses herbal medicine safety, efficacy, present market scenario, and potential future developments. In particular, it notes the growing interest in herbal medicines due to concerns about side effects of synthetic drugs, herbal medicines' potential as sources of new pharmaceuticals, and their widespread traditional use.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED SPECIESpharmaindexing
This document studied the antimicrobial activity of extracts from four spices - mustard, cumin, fenugreek, and asafoetida. Extracts were made using ethanol and ethyl acetate and tested against four bacterial species. The combination of asafoetida-fenugreek alcoholic extract showed the largest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination of cumin-mustard ethyl acetate extracts was most effective against E.coli and S. aureus. Overall, the extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties and may be suitable as natural preservatives to extend the shelf-life of foods.
This document presents information on various herbal pharmacopoeias from around the world. It discusses the purpose of herbal pharmacopoeias to establish standards for herbal medicines. Key herbal pharmacopoeias discussed include the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, European Herbal Pharmacopoeia, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, United States Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The document concludes that modern herbal pharmacopoeias establish standards for quality and composition of herbal medicines to help ensure safe and effective use.
Role of natural product in drug discoveryRahul B S
This document provides an overview of the role of natural products in new drug development. It discusses how drug development involves choosing a disease, identifying drug targets, selecting bioassays, and finding lead compounds. Many natural products from plants, microorganisms, marine sources, and animals have been used as lead compounds. Examples are discussed like morphine from poppies, quinine from cinchona, and epibatidine from poison frogs. Isolation, purification, and structural determination are required to develop natural product leads into drugs. While natural products were historically important, their use declined but is now increasing again with new technologies.
Plant pigments that are responsible for their yellow, bright red, and orange color are carotenoids that play a key role in plant health. Therefore, consumption of foods that have carotenoids provide various health benefits to the human body. Different vegetables and fruits in which carotenoids are present yams, carrots, sweet potatoes, watermelon, papaya, cantaloupe, spinach, mangos, kale, tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers, etc. There are over 600 known carotenoids in nature, found in plant cells, bacteria, and algae, and that belongs to a class of phytonutrients “plant chemicals” . Xanthophyll is the molecules known as hydrocarbons and found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, for example, pumpkin, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, apricots and carrots. Association of word carrot with carotene will certainly relate the color of these pigments. Later class is oxygen containing molecules, found in dark leafy greens such as kale, spinach, and broccoli.Plant pigments, a generic term used to designate a large number of colored molecules, can be classified into tetrapyrroles e.g., chlorophyll and carotenoids e.g., ß carotene and xanthophyll . Of the pigments, carotenoids are fat soluble lipophilic natural pigments which are synthesized by plants and some microbes. These pigments not only play a key role in photosynthesis but are also responsible for the bright colors of various plants, fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Sheikh Ayyan Ahad "Plant Pigments as Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52160.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/52160/plant-pigments-as-drugs/sheikh-ayyan-ahad
This document provides an overview of herbal medicine (also known as phytotherapy). It discusses the history and use of herbal medicines, characteristics of herbal drugs, herbal approaches to diseases, and commonly used herbal supplements. The document outlines the objectives of learning about herbal medicine and introduces key concepts such as herbalism, botanical medicine, conventional vs. herbal medicine, and alternative/complementary medicine. Examples of alternative therapies like acupuncture, chiropractic, and cupping are also mentioned.
The use of herbal drugs for the prevention and treatment of various health ailments has been in practice from time immemorial. Generally it is believed that the risk associated with herbal drugs is very less, but reports on serious reactions are indicating to the need for development of effective marker systems for isolation and identification of the individual components.Standards for herbal drugs are being developed worldwide but as yet there is no common consensus as to how these should be adopted. Standardization, stability and quality control for herbal drugs are feasible, but difficult to accomplish. Further, the regulation of these drugs is not uniform across countries. There are variations in the methods used across medicine systems and countries in achieving stability and quality control. The present study attempts to identify the evolution of technical standards in manufacturing and the regulatory guideline development for commercialization of herbal drugs.
Keywords: survey was conducted to obtain primary data on challenges faced during production, commercialization, and marketing approval for traditional or herbal drugs in India and abroad. Responses were collected from companies by email, telephone, and in-person interviews and were analyzed to draw appropriate conclusions.The use of plants, parts of plants and isolated phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of various health ailments has been in practice from time immemorial. It is estimated that about 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide are derived from plants and 121 such active compounds are in use. Of the total 252 drugs in WHO's essential medicine list, 11% is exclusively of plant origin The use of plants, parts of plants and isolated phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of various health ailments has been in practice from time immemorial. It is estimated that about 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide are derived from plants and 121 such active compounds are in use. Of the total 252 drugs in WHO's essential medicine list, 11% is exclusively of plant origin .
Phytochemical Investigation of Drugs PDF.pdfDivya Kanojiya
This document discusses phytochemical investigation of drugs. It begins with an introduction to phytochemistry, which is the study of chemicals produced by plants. It describes how plants produce complex chemicals through photosynthesis and how this led to the field of phytochemistry. It then discusses the classification, sources, and functions of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial effects. The document outlines the process of phytochemical screening of herbal drugs which involves extraction, analysis, and identification of bioactive plant compounds.
General Introduction to Herbal Industry.pdfSamerPaser
Know about the present scope and future prospects of herbal drug industry
2. Know about the various plant based industries and institutions
3. Know about the various industries involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants in
India
4. Know about the Schedule-T and its objectives
5. Know about the components of GMP and various infrastructural requirements of
working space
Dosage Form Design
5
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2
nd Semester
Dr. Khalid Al-Kinani
Main Reference: Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and DDS. 11th
edition.
General Introduction to Herbal Industry:Herbs are those remedial agents which are created by nature for curing human
illness. Herbal extracts have been used since ancient times in traditional medicine. This system
of medicine (Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha) is 5000 year old recommends a combination of
lifestyle management and treatment with specific herbs and minerals to cure various diseases.
Approximately 1250 Indian medicinal plants are being used to formulate beneficial measures
according to Ayurveda. WHO define Traditional herbal medicines as naturally occurring, plant
derived substances with minimal or no industrial processing that have been used to treat illness
within local or regional healing practices. Traditional herbal medicine and their preparations
have been widely used for the thousands of years in developing and developed countries due to
its natural origin and lesser side effects. These medicines initially used in the form of crude drugs
such as tinctures, teas, poultices, powders, and other herbal formulations.
Complementary and alternative medicine pptSuny Bisshojit
This document discusses medicinal plants and their use as traditional medicines. It notes that medicinal plants have properties similar to conventional drugs and have been used for thousands of years. Some key points made include that 80% of the world's population uses plants as their primary medicine source, and many modern drugs were developed from plant-based compounds, including aspirin, opium, and quinine. The document also provides examples of plants commonly used in traditional medicines from different regions and their therapeutic effects.
- The document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from four plants - Glycyrrhiza glabra, Piper betle, Azadirachta indica, and Moringa olifera - against various microbes using the well diffusion method.
- The extracts of Piper betle showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all microbes tested. Moringa extract only inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and other microbes were resistant. Escherichia coli was resistant to all extracts except Piper.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined to evaluate their antimicrobial effectiveness at different concentrations.
"La CLCV publie son enquête sur la reprise « un pour un » des équipements électriques et électroniques auprès de 22 grands sites Internet marchands. La moitié environ des distributeurs n’applique pas ce principe de reprise gratuite." Source : http://www.clcv.org/nos-enquetes/sites-de-vente-en-ligne-la-reprise-gratuite-des-anciens-appareils-toujours-difficile.html
Rapport du SIPRI sur le transport maritime - Janvier-2012Denis Allard
The document analyzes maritime transport and its role in destabilizing commodity flows such as arms, dual-use goods, and narcotics. It finds that maritime transport dominates global trade but also illicit trade due to gaps in governance and surveillance of the maritime domain. The majority of reported transfers of destabilizing commodities by sea involve ships registered in flags of convenience and owned by companies in developed countries. These ships tend to be older general cargo or container ships with poor safety records. The report recommends strengthening port state controls and information sharing to monitor these high-risk vessels and counter destabilizing maritime trade.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
1. 3/F, Julong Office Building, Block7, Julong Garden, 68 Xinzhong Street,
Dongcheng District, Beijing, China. 100027
Tel: (86)10 65546931
Fax: (86)10 65546932
www.greenpeace.cn
Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning organisation that acts to
change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment and
to promote peace.
Designed by Desile Brand Design (Beijing) Co.Ltd
1. The sources of all the data and information quoted in this report are
from public materials; Greenpeace East Asia does not guarantee the
timeliness, accuracy and integrity.
2. The findings in this report are the results of the independent
research, analysis and study conducted by Greenpeace East Asia on
the basis of the information acquired within the time limit of such
research, analysis and study.
3. The legal provisions quoted in this report are restricted to which can
be obtained by Greenpeace East Asia within the permissions. The
understanding of such legal provisions only presents the view of
Greenpeace East Asia on the relevant laws and regulations.
Disclaimer :
Elixir of Health or
Pesticide Cocktail?
Chinese Herbs:
Results of Sample Testing
from Seven Countries
2. Summary
Between November 2012 and April 2013, Greenpeace offices
①
commissioned by
Greenpeace East Asia ( hereinafter referred to as “GPEA”) bought Chinese herbal products
from shops in seven key export markets: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
the UK, and the USA. These samples were then sent to an independent science lab – to be
tested for pesticide residues.
In total, we collected 36 samples of herbal products imported from China, including
chrysanthemum, wolfberry, honeysuckle, dried lily bulb, san qi, Chinese date, and rosebud.
These products are favoured by health-conscious consumers and Asian communities, and
they are purchased for their medicinal properties.
However, the independent analysis found that a majority of the samples contained a cocktail
of pesticides, some of them very dangerous:
• 32 (out of the 36 samples collected) contained three or more kinds of pesticides. For
example, the samples of honeysuckle collected from Canada and Germany contained 24
and 26 types of pesticides respectively.
• 17 (out of 36 samples) showed residues of pesticides classified by the World Health
Organization (WHO) as highly or extremely hazardous.
• 26 (out of 29 samples
②
) showed pesticide residue levels that exceeded what the
European authorities consider the maximum level for safety (MRLs).
Pesticides on Chinese herbs should not be considered an isolated case; rather, they are yet
another example of the systematic failings of the chemical-intensive agricultural model.
Greenpeace sees an urgent need for all of the world's governments to abandon chemical-
intensive agriculture practices – which threaten not only people’s health, but biodiversity
(for example population numbers of bees and other pollinators) – and make the switch to
ecological farming
③
.
①
The offices were Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK, and the USA.
②
In our analysis of samples that exceeded EU MRL, we excluded seven dried lily bulb samples because there
wasn't a specific product category for this Chinese product.
③
Even the poorest societies have the potential through ecological agriculture and integrated pest management
to meet or significantly exceed yields produced by conventional methods, as well as reduce the demand for
land conversion for agriculture, restore ecosystem services (particularly water), reduce the use of and need for
synthetic fertilizers derived from fossil fuels, and reduce the use of harsh insecticides and herbicides.
Summary
1.Uses and Scope of
Chinese Herbs
2. The Overseas
Market for Chinese
Herbs
3. Sample Testing
Method and
Results
4. Conclusions and
Suggestions:
the Solution
is Ecological
Farming
Reference
Annexes
Table Of Content
2
5
6
9
15
18
19
3. 54 Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail? Uses and Scope of Chinese Herbs Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail? Uses and Scope of Chinese Herbs
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history in China and is a treasured
part of Chinese culture. Chinese herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine
are largely derived from natural ingredients and their processed products.
According to data from the third national survey on Chinese medicine
resources
④
, China has 12,807 kinds of Chinese medicine resources, including
herbal plants (their roots, stems, flowers and fruit), animal parts, and minerals.
Herbal plants have 11,146 different varieties. In traditional Chinese medicine
theory, Chinese herbs are not only an alternative to Western medicine, but
also an important part of the Chinese people’s daily diet. Chrysanthemum,
honeysuckle and other herbs, for example, are directly soaked in water or
made into other beverages. Wolfberries, lily bulbs, ginseng and other herbal
ingredients have a wide range of uses in medicinal soups and other dishes.
Fennel, dried ginger, and prickly ash, also classified as Chinese herbs, are
used in everyday Chinese cooking as seasonings.
④
There have been three national surveys conducted on Chinese medicine resources. The third
survey was conducted between 1983 and 1987. The fourth survey is currently being carried
out. [rev 2011 Nov 6; cited 2013 May 14] Available from: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-11/06/
content_1986952.htm
Uses and Scope of
Chinese Herbs
4. 6 Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
The Overseas Market
for Chinese Herbs
The Overseas Market
for Chinese Herbs
7Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
⑤
NHS Choice. “CHM: What is evidence”. Available from http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/complementary-alternative-medicine/
Pages/what-is-scientific-evidence.aspx
The Overseas Market for
Chinese Herbs
Chinese medicinal herbs are a gift from nature and a cultural heritage stemming back thousands
of years. Sadly, these precious plant species have now become the latest “victims” of chemical-
intensive agriculture.
Traditional Chinese medicine, mostly based on natural therapies, is becoming increasingly known
and accepted in the Western world. Treatment using traditional Chinese medicine is available
in many European hospitals, backed by scientific evidence that proves, to some degree, their
effectiveness
⑤
. Examples include pain relief through acupuncture and morning sickness relief by
ginger extracts. One of the basic tenets of Chinese herbs is that many plants, either as medicine
or food, are good for health. A growing number of Westerners have shown an interest in taking
Chinese herbs resulting in an increased presence in Western markets. Export volumes of Chinese
herbs from China in 2011 amounted to 2.33 billion US dollars, with an annual increase rate of
36.48% compared to that of the previous year .
GPEA recently published a report “Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail? -
Investigation Report on Chinese Herbs and Pesticides”. Chinese herbs, purchased from nine
Chinese herbal medicine companies, were tested, and three herbal medicine producing regions
were investigated. Our independent analysis discovered that, in spite of the trust consumers and
patients have in the health benefits of Chinese herbs, the Chinese herb farming model is heavily
dependent on the use of chemical pesticides. The presence of pesticide residue in herbs also
indicates.
Chinese herbs grown in China are sold in Europe and North America. To get a better picture of the
pesticide residues present in Chinese herbs currently on the market, Greenpeace East Asia also
tested seven kinds of Chinese herbs that were produced in China but sold overseas. We hereby
present key results from our investigation into the pesticides on exported Chinese herbs.
5. 8 Sample Testing Method and Results Sample Testing Method and Results 9Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail? Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
8第一章 中国的农药使用药中药 中药材农药污染调查报告
Between November 2012 and April 2013, Greenpeace offices selected seven kinds
of Chinese herbs for testing, namely: chrysanthemum, wolfberry, honeysuckle,
dried lily bulb, san qi root, Chinese date and rosebud. We purchased a total of 36
products from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and the
USA (see annex 1). 500 grams of each product were bought, sealed individually in
a secure pouch to prevent cross-contamination, and sent to an independent third
party laboratory. Below are the key findings:
1.Majority of Samples Contained a Cocktail of
Pesticides
All samples were found to contain pesticide residues, except for one Chinese
date sample in Germany. 32 out of 36 samples contained three or more kinds of
pesticides. A honeysuckle sample from Germany contained the highest number of
pesticide residues, with 26 different types of pesticides. The lily bulb samples had a
lower end number of different residues, but still had between 1-7 kinds depending on
the country (figure 1). Such large numbers of different pesticides found on individual
samples is known as the cocktail effect, as the combination of different pesticides
may have an effect more dangerous than simply an individual one (synthetic effect).
There has so far been relatively little research on the toxicological effect of ingesting
a mixture of pesticides, but based on the precautionary principle continuous
exposure should be avoided.
Figure 1: Multiple types of pesticide residues found in seven Chinese herbal
products tested in seven countries
⑥
⑥
Not all products were available for purchase in each country, thus an absent bar means the product
was not tested in that country.
Sample Testing
Method and Results
0!
5!
10!
15!
20!
25!
30!
US! Canada! UK! France! German! Italy! Netherland!
Chinese date! Chrysanthemum! Chrysanthemum 2!
Honeysuckle! Lily bulb! Rosebud!
San Qi! Wolfberry! Wolfberry2!
6. 10 Sample Testing Method and Results Sample Testing Method and Results 11Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail? Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
2.Several Samples Revealed Pesticides Classified by
the WHO as Extremely or Highly Hazardous (WHO Ia
Ib)
Nearly half of the samples (17 of the 36 samples) contained residues of pesticides classified
by the WHO as extremely or highly hazardous (class Ia and Ib). These include carbofuran,
phorate, and triazophos, albeit at low concentrations (table 1). Pesticides classified by the
WHO as ‘WHO Ia Ib’ are considered to be a highly acute risk to health. Acute pesticide
poisoning may happen when a person is directly exposed to these pesticides. Acute
pesticide poisoning is unfortunately a relatively frequent occurrence in the agricultural
industry. A study undertaken between 1998-2005 examined 3,271 acute pesticides
poisoning cases in American agricultural farmers, and suggested that acute pesticide
poisoning in the agricultural industry continues to be a significant problem3
. This is of
greater concern in developing countries where farmers tend to use less protection and are
less informed regarding usage instruction when spraying pesticides.
Table 1: Presence of pesticide residue classified as WHO Ia and Ib
3. 26 Out of 29 Samples Had Residue Levels Higher than the EU
Maximum Residue Limits (MRL)
While EU MRLs should not be taken as a guarantee of safe levels of toxic chemicals, 26 out of the 29
samples had pesticide residues that exceeded EU MRLs. Lily bulb samples are not considered in the
analysis of residue levels exceeding EU MRLs since there was no product category specific to this Chinese
herb product
⑦
. Fungicide thiophanate-methyl was found in honeysuckle samples bought in all six countries
at levels exceeding EU MRLs. According to classifications by the WHO, thiophanate-methyl is a chemical of
low acute toxicity. However, both the EU and the Australian government define it as having potential harm
to the respiratory system and aquatic organisms4
(see figure 2 for pesticide residues on the six honeysuckle
samples purchased in six countries).
MRL: Not a guarantee for food safety
The establishment of MRLs takes farming practices into consideration, and is used for management
purposes. Assumptions made by toxicity studies in the lab are that a certain level of pesticide exposure
is acceptable or at least unavoidable. However, what has been often neglected in these studies is that
long-term exposure to any dosage of chemical pesticides might pose a considerable threat to people’s
health.
⑦
The MRL standards for each product are based on the groups of product classification under EU No. 212/2013. These standards are
defined by EC No. 296/2005 which was updated on 17/04/2013. Each sample’s product category within the EU MRL standards are:
1)Wolfberry: category with code number 231010 - tomatoes (Cherry tomatoes, tree tomato, Physalis, gojiberry, wolfberry (Lycium
barbarum and L. Chinese))
2)Chinese Date: category with code number 0140040 - plums (under category stone fruit, examples of varieties include Red date/
Chinese date/Chinese jujube)
3)Honeysuckle, Chrysanthemum, Rosebud: category with code 631990 – others (under the category of herbal infusions (dried) - (a)
flowers)
4)San Qi powder, San Qi root: category with code 633990 – others (under the category of herbal infusions (dried) - (c) roots)
Number of
products,
where found
Range of
residue levels
found (mg/kg)
Countries where the
samples were bought
Extremely
Hazardous
WHO class
Ia
Ethoprophos 1 0.09 Canada
Phorate 3 0.006-0.01 Canada, Italy, France
Highly
Hazardous
WHO class
Ib
Carbofuran 10 0.007-0.08
US, France, Italy, UK, Netherland,
Germany, Canada
Omethoate 5 0.01 France, Germany, Canada
Methamidophos 1 0.14 Canada
Methomyl 2 0.005-0.008 Germany, Canada
Triazophos 4 0.02-0.17 US, Germany, Netherland
7. 12 Sample Testing Method and Results Sample Testing Method and Results 13Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail? Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
The EU classifies5
carbendazim as a chemical that
could potentially harm the unborn child, affect male
fertility, and cause inheritable genetic damage. And
yet this chemical was the most commonly found
pesticide from 25 of the samples, with 11 of the
samples exceeding the EU’s MRL.
Many of the samples contained several pesticides
exceeding the EU MRLs. For example, a sample
of Coconut Tree branded honeysuckle in Germany
tested positive for 26 different pesticides, nine of them
exceeding EU MRLs. Of the chrysanthemum bought
in Britain, 15 pesticides were detected and eight of
them exceeded EU MRLs (annex 2).
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Acetam
iprid
Carbendazim
/Benom
yl
(sum
)
Carbofuran
(Sum
)
Chlorpyrifos
Difenoconazole
Om
ethoate
Em
am
ecHn(Sum
)
Fipronil
Flusilazole
Hexaconazole
Im
idacloprid
M
yclobutanil
Phoxim
Pyridaben
Tebufenozide
Thiophanate-‐m
ethyl
Triadim
efon
and
triadim
enol
Bifenthrin
Cyhalothrin
lam
bda
Cyperm
ethrin
Dicofol
(Sum
)
Fenpropathrin
Fenvalerate
Esfenvalerate
(Sum
of
RSSR
Isom
ers)
Residue
level
(mg/kg)
Pes1cide
residues
in
Chinese
Honeysuckle
bought
in
France
Sample
Residue
Level
(mg/kg)
EU
Maximum
Residue
Limit
(mg/kg)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Acetam
iprid
Carbendazim
/Benom
yl
(sum
)
Carbofuran
(Sum
)
Chlorpyrifos
Difenoconazole
Em
am
ecEn(Sum
)
Fipronil
Hexaflum
uron
Im
idacloprid
Pyridaben
Tebuconazole
Thiophanate-‐m
ethyl
Triadim
efon
and
triadim
enol
Cyhalothrin
lam
bda
Cyperm
ethrin
Dicofol
(Sum
)
Fenvalerate
Esfenvalerate
(Sum
of
RSSR
Isom
ers)
Residue
level
(mg/kg)
Pes1cide
residues
in
Chinese
Honeysuckle
bought
in
the
UK
Sample
Residue
Level
(mg/kg)
EU
Maximum
Residue
Limit
(mg/kg)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Acetam
iprid
Carbendazim
/Benom
yl
(sum
)
Carbofuran
(Sum
)
Chlorpyrifos
Difenoconazole
Dim
ethom
orph
Em
am
ecFn(Sum
)
Fipronil
Flusilazole
Hexaconazole
Hexaflum
uron
Im
idacloprid
M
ethom
yl/Thiodicarb(sum
)
Phoxim
Propiconazole
Pyridaben
Tebuconazole
Tebufenozide
Thiophanate-‐m
ethyl
Triadim
efon
and
triadim
enol
Atrazine
Bifenthrin
Cyhalothrin
lam
bda
Cyperm
ethrin
Endosulfan
(Sum
)
Fenvalerate
Esfenvalerate
(Sum
of
RSSR
Isom
ers)
Residue
level
(mg/kg)
Pes1cide
residues
in
Chinese
Honeysuckle
bought
in
Germany
Sample
Residue
Level
(mg/kg)
EU
Maximum
Residue
Limit
(mg/kg)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Abam
ec/n(Sum
)
Acetam
iprid
Averm
ec/n
B1a
Carbendazim
/Benom
yl
(sum
)
Chlorpyrifos
Difenoconazole
Dim
ethoate/Om
ethoate(sum
)
Em
am
ec/n(Sum
)
Fipronil
Hexaconazole
Hexaflum
uron
Im
idacloprid
M
yclobutanil
Om
ethoate
Phorate
(Sum
)
Phoxim
Pyridaben
Tebuconazole
Tebufenozide
Thiophanate-‐m
ethyl
Triadim
efon
and
triadim
enol
Cyhalothrin
lam
bda
Cyperm
ethrin
Fenvalerate
Esfenvalerate
(Sum
of
RSSR
Isom
ers)
Perm
ethrin
Residue
level
(mg/kg)
Pes1cide
residues
in
Chinese
Honeysuckle
bought
in
Canada
Sample
Residue
Level
(mg/kg)
EU
Maximum
Residue
Limit
(mg/kg)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Acetam
iprid
Carbendazim
/Benom
yl
(sum
)
Diethofencarb
Em
am
ecDn(Sum
)
Flusilazole
Hexaconazole
Im
idacloprid
Lufenuron
M
yclobutanil
Propam
ocarb
Tebuconazole
Tebufenozide
Thiophanate-‐m
ethyl
Bifenthrin
Cyhalothrin
lam
bda
Cyperm
ethrin
Dicofol
(Sum
)
Fenvalerate
Esfenvalerate
(Sum
of
RSSR
Isom
ers)
Procym
idone
Residue
level
(mg/kg)
Pes1cide
residues
in
Chinese
Honeysuckle
bought
in
the
USA
Sample
Residue
Level
(mg/kg)
EU
Maximum
Residue
Limit
(mg/kg)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Abam
ec-n
(Sum
)
Acetam
iprid
Averm
ec-n
B1a
Azoxystrobin
Carbendazim
/Benom
yl(sum
)
Chlorpyrifos
Difenoconazole
Em
am
ec-n(Sum
)
Fipronil
Hexaconazole
Hexaflum
uron
Im
idacloprid
M
yclobutanil
Tebufenozide
Thiophanate-‐m
ethyl
Triadim
efon
and
triadim
enol
Cyhalothrin
lam
bda
Cyperm
ethrin
Fenvalerate
Esfenvalerate
(Sum
of
RSSR
Isom
ers)
Residue
level
(mg/kg)
Pes1cide
residues
in
Chinese
Honeysuckle
bought
in
the
Netherlands
Sample
Residue
Level
(mg/kg)
EU
Maximum
Residue
Limit
(mg/kg)
8. Conclusions and Suggestions:
the Solution is Ecological Farming
15Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?14 Sample Testing Method and ResultsChinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
Conclusions and
Suggestions: the Solution
is Ecological Farming
1.Just Another Example of the Systemic Failure of
Chemical-intensive Agriculture
Pesticide contamination of Chinese herbs should not be viewed as an exceptional case, but
rather yet another example of failure by the chemical-intensive agricultural model in China and
around the world. The reliance on chemical pesticides is so heavy that even natural herbs, which
have a reputation for being healthy, are now contaminated by pesticides. In addition, we found
the presence of extremely hazardous pesticides that may come from deliberate application on
the plants, or contamination from the environment due to historical use.
Although a large amount of pesticide is used, only a small percentage reaches the target crops.
The majority ends up in the environment – the soil, water and atmosphere, which then has a
negative impact on non-target organisms, and destroys the ecological balance of the surrounding
environment. For example, a recent Greenpeace International report Bees in Decline reviewed
the key factors affecting the decline in populations of bees and other pollinators. The report
concludes that the use of certain chemical pesticides is one of the factors responsible for bee
decline globally. The study also highlights the ecological and economic importance of healthy
bee populations and stresses the urgent need to eliminate the use of top-ranking bee harming
pesticides .
Chemical pesticides also kill many insects that can be beneficial for natural pest control in the
farm. This is one reason why chemical pesticides make it harder to avoid pest damage in the
crop, leading to an increase in incidence of damage by pests and disease. Thus, in the long term,
chemical-intensive agriculture becomes more vulnerable to pest damage and requires greater
and greater use of pesticides. This means higher costs for farmers and higher risks to all of us
due to the presence of toxics chemicals in agriculture. In short, the impact on the environment by
this current form of agriculture has become tremendously damaging.
9. 1716
Conclusions and Suggestions:
the Solution is Ecological Farming
Chinese Herbs: Elixir of Health or Pesticide Cocktail?
2.Getting off the Chemical Treadmill: Ecological
Farming is the Solution
Ecological farming protects soil, water resources, the climate and biodiversity. It does
not use chemical fertilizers or pesticides, rather a variety of modern, ecological farming
technologies and techniques to keep the environment clean and maintain the ecological
balance. Ecological farming advocates species and crop diversification. It stresses
the inter-dependence of natural resources, such as protecting biodiversity, recycling
nutrients, promoting soil regeneration, and the good use of all natural resources of
the whole ecosystem. It is a much more flexible and effective agricultural strategy,
particularly under erratic climatic changes.
In their purest form, Chinese herbs should represent nature, without chemical pollution.
In order to create an uncontaminated environment for the farming of Chinese herbs, we
need to abandon the current chemical agricultural model and switch to an ecological
model. Policy makers should generate and reward policy options that encourage
sustainable and environmental practices. Examples include incentives to promote
integrated pest management, payment to farmers and local communities for ecosystem
services, facilitating and providing incentives for alternative markets such as green
products , and moving towards an ecological farming model.
10. 18
张惠源, 赵润怀, 袁昌齐, 孙传奇, 张志英. 我国的中药资源种类.《中国中药杂志》, 1995年07期。
中国医药保健品进出口商会,2011 年中国医药保健品进出口统计 . [report on the internet]. [rev 2010
Feb 7; cited 2013 May 20]. Available from: http://www.cccmhpie.org.cn/Pub/3317/47889.shtml
Geoffrey M. Calvert MD, MPH1*, Jennifer Karnik MPH1, Louise Mehler PHD, MD2, John Beckman
BS3, Barbara Morrissey MS4, Jennifer Sievert BA5, Rosanna Barrett MPH6, Michelle Lackovic MPH7,
Laura Mabee BA8, Abby Schwartz MPH9, Yvette Mitchell MS10, Stephanie Moraga-McHaley MS11.
Acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the United States 1998–2005. American
Journal of Industrial Medicine, Volume 51, Issue 12, pages 883–898, December 2008.
Thiophanate-methyl, classified by the EU as possibly causing harm to the respiratory system, under
Dir. 67/548/EEC, and very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, under Reg. 1272/2008.
Classified by the EU as possibly causing harm to unborn children, impairing fertility and causing
inheritable genetic damage, Dir. 67/548/EEC.
Greenpeace, Bees in Decline, a review of factors that put pollinators and agriculture in Europe at
risk. [report on the internet]. [rev 2013 Apr 9; cited 2013 May]. Available from: http://www.greenpeace.
org/international/en/publications/Campaign-reports/Agriculture/Bees-in-Decline/.
Crowder, D. W., Northfield, T. D., Strand, M. R. Snyder, W. E. 2010. Organic agriculture promotes
evenness and natural pest control. Nature, 466: 109-112.
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D.,
O/'Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., Balzer, C., Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R., Hill, J., Monfreda, C.,
Polasky, S., Rockstrom, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., Tilman, D. Zaks, D. P. M. 2011. Solutions for a
cultivated planet. Nature, 478: 337–342.
Rockstrom, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M.,
Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S.,
Rodhe, H., Sorlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Corell, R.
W., Fabry, V. J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P. Foley, J. A. 2009.
A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461: 472-475.
IAASTD. International assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development,
Synthesis report[R]. USA: IAASTD, ISBN 978-1-59726-550-8, 2009.
Reference
No. Brand Sample Purchase Date Country
1 KW Honeysuckle 2013/3/25 Canada
2 KW Chinese date 2013/3/25 Canada
3 Double Deer Chrysanthemum 2013/3/25 Canada
4 Tune Ren Hong San Qi Powder 2013/3/26 Canada
5 Sailing Boat brand Dried Lilybulb 2013/3/26 Canada
6 Golden Leopard Rosebud 2013/3/26 Canada
7 KW Wolfberry 2013/3/25 Canada
8 Longevity Honeysuckle 2013/3/19 France
9 EAglobe Chrysanthemum 2013/3/19 France
10 EAglobe Dried Lilybulb 2013/3/19 France
11 Longevity Chinese date 2013/3/20 France
12 Three Coconut Tree Honeysuckle 2013/3/20 Germany
13 Three Coconut Tree Dried Lilybulb 2013/3/20 Germany
14 Three Coconut Tree Chrysanthemum 2013/3/20 Germany
15 Three Coconut Tree Wolfberry 2013/3/20 Germany
16 Three Coconut Tree Chinese date 2013/3/20 Germany
17 Teng Guan Chinese date 2013/3/19 Italy
18 Longevity Dried Lilybulb 2013/3/19 Italy
19 Longevity Wolfberry 2013/3/19 Italy
20 GoldenDiamond Chrysanthemum 2013/3/19 Netherlands
21 GoldenDiamond Honeysuckle 2013/3/19 Netherlands
22 GoldenDiamond Chinese date 2013/3/19 Netherlands
23 GoldenDiamond Wolfberry 2013/3/19 Netherlands
24 Tongrentang Honeysuckle 2013/3/14 UK
25 Tongrentang Chrysanthemum 2013/3/14 UK
26 Tongrentang Wolfberry 2013/3/14 UK
27 Tongrentang San Qi Root 2013/3/14 UK
28 Tongrentang Dried Lilybulb 2013/3/14 UK
29 Tongrentang Rosebud 2013/3/14 UK
30 Sen Ji Chrysanthemum 2012/11/18 US
31 Ben Cao Wolfberry 2012/11/18 US
32 Ben Cao Honeysuckle 2013/3/14 US
33 Lam Sheng Kee Chinese date 2013/3/14 US
34 Ben Cao Chrysanthemum 2013/3/14 US
35 Humei Foods Wolfberry 2013/3/14 US
36 Ben Cao Dried Lilybulb 2013/3/14 US
Annex 1: International Sample List
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
19
11. 20
WHO classification explanation:
Ia = Extremely hazardous; Ib = Highly hazardous; II = Moderately hazardous;
III = slightly hazardous; U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use;
O = Obsolete as pesticide, not classified; *=not listed.
MRL EU “-”: No specific product category for this Chinese product, therefore, MRL not listed
21
Annex 2: International Sample Testing
Results Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned
in China
WHO
classification
Tune Ren
Hong
San Qi Powder 15
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.02 0.1 U
Dimethomorph 0.05 0.05 U
Ethoprophos 0.09 0.02 Y Ia
Iprodione 0.03 0.1 III
Oxadixyl 0.02 0.02 II
Propargite 0.01 0.02 III
Propham 0.07 0.1 *
Pyraclostrobin 0.01 0.05 *
Pyrimethanil 0.01 0.1 III
Thiophanate-methyl 0.35 0.1 U
Triadimefon and
0.13 0.2 II
triadimenol
HCH (Sum, without Lindan) 0.04 0.02 Y II
Procymidone 0.22 0.1 U
Quintozene 0.04 0.1 u
KW Chinese date 9
Omethoate 0.01 0.02 Ib
Forchlorfenuron 0.02 0.05 U
Imidacloprid 0.04 0.3 II
Tebuconazole 0.37 1 II
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.03 0.1 II
Bifenthrin 0.04 0.2 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.02 0.2 II
Cypermethrin 0.06 2 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.21 0.02 II
Double Deer Chrysanthemum 9
Acephate 0.11 0.05 II
Acetamiprid 0.06 0.1 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.29 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.13 0.5 II
Hexaflumuron 0.04 0.01 U
Imidacloprid 0.09 0.05 II
Lufenuron 0.03 0.05 *
Methamidophos 0.14 0.05 Y Ib
Cypermethrin 0.09 0.1 II
Sailing Boat Dried Lilybulb 3
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.15 - U
Prochloraz 0.02 - II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.08 - U
Golden Leop-
ard
Rosebud 6 Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.08 0.1 U
Canada
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned
in China
WHO
classification
KW Honeysuckle 24
Abamectin(Sum) 0.01 0.02 *
Acetamiprid 0.15 0.1 *
Avermectin B1a 0.01 0.02 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.11 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.15 0.5 II
Difenoconazole 0.06 20 II
Omethoate 0.01 0.1 Ib
Emamectin(Sum) 0.11 0.02 *
Fipronil 0.06 0.005 Y II
Hexaconazole 0.05 0.05 III
Hexaflumuron 0.03 0.01 U
Imidacloprid 0.05 0.05 II
Myclobutanil 0.05 0.05 II
Phorate (Sum) 0.01 0.05 Y Ia
Phoxim 0.02 0.1 II
Pyridaben 0.02 0.05 II
Tebuconazole 0.01 50 II
Tebufenozide 0.18 0.1 U
Thiophanate-methyl 0.18 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.03 0.2 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.45 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.45 0.1 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.11 0.05 II
Permethrin 0.05 0.1 II
Tune Ren
Hong
San Qi Powder 15 Boscalid 0.04 0.5 U
12. 22
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned
in China
WHO
classification
Longevity Honeysuckle 23
Acetamiprid 0.07 0.1 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.27 0.1 U
Carbofuran (Sum) 0.007 0.05 Y Ib
Chlorpyrifos 0.02 0.5 II
Difenoconazole 0.05 20 II
Omethoate 0.01 0.1 Ib
Emamectin(Sum) 0.03 0.02 *
Fipronil 0.02 0.005 Y II
France
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned
in China
WHO
classification
Longevity Honeysuckle 23
Flusilazole 0.02 0.05 II
Hexaconazole 0.02 0.05 III
Imidacloprid 0.09 0.05 II
Myclobutanil 0.02 0.05 II
Phoxim 0.02 0.1 II
Pyridaben 0.02 0.05 II
Tebufenozide 0.02 0.1 U
Thiophanate methyl 0.66 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.1 0.2 II
Bifenthrin 0.01 0.1 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.16 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.27 0.1 II
Dicofol (Sum) 0.06 0.1 II
Fenpropathrin 0.06 0.02 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.06 0.05 II
EAglobe Chrysanthemum 2
Omethoate 0.01 0.1 Ib
Phorate (Sum) 0.01 0.05 Y Ia
EAglobe Dried Lilybulb 4
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.22 - U
Chlorpyrifos 0.01 - II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.09 - U
Procymidone 0.04 - U
Longevity Chinese date 13
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.08 0.5 U
Chlorobenzuron 0.04 0.01 *
Difenoconazole 0.12 0.5 II
Imazalil 0.03 0.05 II
Imidacloprid 0.01 0.3 II
Prochloraz 0.06 0.05 II
Propiconazole 0.03 0.05 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.01 0.3 U
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.05 0.2 II
Cypermethrin 0.11 2 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.1 0.02 II
Methacrifos 0.02 0.05 II
Tetradifon 0.06 0.01 U
23
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned
in China
WHO
classification
Golden Leop-
ard
Rosebud 6
Carbofuran 0.01 0.05 Y Ib
Imidacloprid 0.03 0.05 II
Methomyl/Thiodicarb(sum) 0.005 0.1 Ib
Myclobutanil 0.02 0.05 II
Triadimefon and triadimenol 1.4 0.2 II
KW Wolfberry 12
Acetamiprid 0.47 0.15 *
Amitraz(sum) 0.1 0.05 II
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.18 0.3 U
Carbofuran(Sum) 0.08 0.01 Y Ib
Clofentezine 0.1 0.3 III
Imidacloprid 0.25 0.5 II
Myclobutanil 0.05 0.3 II
Propargite 0.09 2 III
Pyridaben 0.14 0.3 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.04 1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.17 1 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.02 0.1 II
13. 24 25
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Three Coconut
Tree
Honeysuckle 26
Acetamiprid 0.48 0.1 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 1.1 0.1 U
Carbofuran (Sum) 0.01 0.05 Y Ib
Chlorpyrifos 0.08 0.5 II
Difenoconazole 0.41 20 II
Dimethomorph 0.03 0.05 U
Emamectin(Sum) 0.09 0.02 *
Fipronil 0.16 0.005 Y II
Flusilazole 0.04 0.05 II
Hexaconazole 0.14 0.05 III
Hexaflumuron 0.03 0.01 U
Imidacloprid 0.1 0.05 II
Methomyl/Thiodicarb(sum) 0.008 0.1 Ib
Phoxim 0.05 0.1 II
Propiconazole 0.05 0.1 II
Pyridaben 0.03 0.05 II
Tebuconazole 0.03 50 II
Tebufenozide 0.07 0.1 U
Thiophanate-methyl 6.7 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.2 0.2 II
Atrazine 0.02 0.1 III
Bifenthrin 0.06 0.1 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.36 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.41 0.1 II
Endosulfan (Sum) 0.03 0.1 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.27 0.05 II
Three Coconut
Tree
Dried Lilybulb 1 Acetamiprid 0.04 - *
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Three Coconut
Tree
Chrysanthemum 18
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.87 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.05 0.5 II
Difenoconazole 0.04 20 II
Omethoate 0.01 0.1 Ib
Dimethomorph 0.24 0.05 U
Imidacloprid 0.19 0.05 II
Metalaxyl 0.05 0.1 II
Oxadixyl 0.04 0.02 II
Propamocarb 1.1 0.2 U
Propiconazole 0.01 0.1 II
Pyridaben 0.01 0.05 II
Pyrimethanil 0.02 0.1 III
Tebuconazole 0.01 50 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.1 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.02 0.2 II
Cypermethrin 0.13 0.1 II
Procymidone 0.02 0.1 U
Profenofos 0.31 0.1 II
Three Coconut
Tree
Wolfberry 14
Abamectin (Sum) 0.01 0.02 *
Acetamiprid 0.41 0.15 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.05 0.3 U
Carbofuran 0.01 0.01 Y Ib
Chlorpyrifos 0.01 0.5 II
Clofentezine 0.02 0.3 III
Difenoconazole 0.02 2 II
Imidacloprid 0.06 0.5 II
Propargite 0.08 2 III
Pyridaben 0.02 0.3 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.69 1 U
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.02 0.1 II
Germany
14. 26 27
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Three Coconut
Tree
Wolfberry 14
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.21 0.02 II
Triazophos 0.02 0.01 Ib
Three Coconut
Tree
Chinese date Not Detected
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Teng Guan Chinese date 3
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.02 0.5 U
Propargite 0.12 4 III
Tebuconazole 0.08 1 II
Longevity Dried Lilybulb 7
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.03 - U
Chlorpyrifos 0.02 - II
Phorate (Sum) 0.006 - Y Ia
Thiophanate-methyl 0.04 - U
Dicofol (Sum) 0.01 - II
Dienochlor 0.17 - O
Procymidone 0.07 - U
Longevity Wolfberry 13
Acetamiprid 0.33 0.15 *
Amitraz (sum) 0.04 0.05 II
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Longevity Wolfberry 13
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.02 0.3 U
Carbofuran (Sum) 0.01 0.01 Y Ib
Clofentezine 0.02 0.3 III
Imidacloprid 0.1 0.5 II
Propargite 0.16 2 III
Pyridaben 0.01 0.3 II
Tebufenozide 0.02 1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.02 1 II
Anthraquinone 0.02 0.01 U
Cypermethrin 0.05 0.5 II
Fenpropathrin 0.04 0.01 II
Italy
Netherlands
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Golden Dia-
mond
Chrysanthemum 13
Acetamiprid 0.13 0.1 *
Buprofezin 0.05 0.05 III
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.05 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.32 0.5 II
Fipronil 0.02 0.005 Y II
15. 28 29
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Golden Dia-
mond
Chrysanthemum 13
Hexaflumuron 0.08 0.01 U
Imidacloprid 0.07 0.05 II
Phoxim 0.01 0.1 II
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.03 0.2 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.06 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.08 0.1 II
Endosulfan (Sum) 0.2 0.1 II
Profenofos 0.02 0.1 II
Golden Dia-
mond
Honeysuckle 19
Abamectin (Sum) 0.02 0.02 *
Acetamiprid 0.21 0.1 *
Avermectin B1a 0.01 0.02 *
Azoxystrobin 0.01 50 U
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.19 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.02 0.5 II
Difenoconazole 0.06 20 II
Emamectin(Sum) 0.06 0.02 *
Fipronil 0.1 0.005 Y II
Hexaconazole 0.04 0.05 III
Hexaflumuron 0.02 0.01 U
Imidacloprid 0.04 0.05 II
Myclobutanil 0.07 0.05 II
Tebufenozide 0.11 0.1 U
Thiophanate-methyl 2.2 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.03 0.2 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.18 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.2 0.1 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.04 0.05 II
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL
EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Golden Dia-
mond
Chinese date 11
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.15 0.5 U
Chlorobenzuron 0.28 0.01 *
Difenoconazole 0.31 0.5 II
Imidacloprid 0.03 0.3 II
Prochloraz 0.11 0.05 II
Propiconazole 0.17 0.05 II
Pyrimethanil 0.02 3 III
Tebuconazole 0.16 1 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.09 0.3 U
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.02 0.2 II
Cypermethrin 0.23 2 II
GoldenDia-
mond
Wolfberry 14
Acetamiprid 0.43 0.15 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl(sum) 0.14 0.3 U
Carbofuran(Sum) 0.01 0.01 Y Ib
Clofentezine 0.01 0.3 III
Difenoconazole 0.02 2 II
Imidacloprid 0.02 0.5 II
Propargite 0.02 2 III
Pyridaben 0.04 0.3 II
Tebuconazole 0.01 1 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.06 1 U
Cypermethrin 0.07 0.5 II
Fenpropathrin 0.06 0.01 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.12 0.02 II
Triazophos 0.07 0.01 Ib
16. 30 31
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Tongrentang Honeysuckle 17
Acetamiprid 0.34 0.1 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.25 0.1 U
Carbofuran (Sum) 0.02 0.05 Y Ib
Chlorpyrifos 0.04 0.5 II
Difenoconazole 0.01 20 II
Emamectin(Sum) 0.01 0.02 *
Fipronil 0.03 0.005 Y II
Hexaflumuron 0.02 0.01 U
Imidacloprid 0.09 0.05 II
Pyridaben 0.02 0.05 II
Tebuconazole 0.01 50 II
Thiophanate-methyl 1.3 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.04 0.2 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.11 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.21 0.1 II
Dicofol (Sum) 0.01 0.1 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.14 0.05 II
Tongrentang Chrysanthemum 15
Acetamiprid 0.05 0.1 *
Buprofezin 0.22 0.05 III
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.12 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.14 0.5 II
Fenobucarb 0.03 0.01 II
Fipronil 0.01 0.005 Y II
Imidacloprid 0.06 0.05 II
Isoprocarb 0.02 0.01 II
Phoxim 0.01 0.1 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.05 0.1 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.01 0.2 II
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Tongrentang Chrysanthemum 15
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.05 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.13 0.1 II
Endosulfan (Sum) 0.23 0.1 II
HCH (Sum, without Lindan) 0.02 0.02 Y II
Tongrentang Wolfberry 13
Acetamiprid 0.19 0.15 *
Amitraz (sum) 0.01 0.05 II
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.03 0.3 U
Carbofuran (Sum) 0.03 0.01 Y Ib
Chlorpyrifos 0.03 0.5 II
Clofentezine 0.01 0.3 III
Difenoconazole 0.02 2 II
Imidacloprid 0.07 0.5 II
Propargite 0.08 2 III
Pyridaben 0.02 0.3 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.01 1 U
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.04 0.1 II
Cypermethrin 0.12 0.5 II
Tongrentang San Qi Root 7
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.02 0.1 U
Dimethomorph 0.04 0.05 U
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.08 0.2 II
HCH (Sum, without Lindan) 0.008 0.02 Y II
Pentachloroaniline 0.06 0.01 *
Procymidone 0.27 0.1 U
Quintozene 0.14 0.1 U
Tongrentang Dried Lilybulb 4
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.26 - U
Dicofol (Sum) 0.12 - II
Dienochlor 0.08 - O
Procymidone 0.03 - U
Tongrentang Rosebud 2
Abamectin (Sum) 0.005 0.02 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.14 0.1 U
UK
17. 32 33
USA
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Sen Ji Chrysanthemum 5
Acetamiprid 0.02 0.1 *
Buprofezin 0.02 0.05 III
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.26 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.22 0.5 II
Imidacloprid 0.14 0.05 II
Ben Cao Wolfberry 13
Acetamiprid 0.31 0.15 *
Amitraz (sum) 0.01 0.05 II
Carbofuran 0.01 0.01 Y Ib
Chlorpyrifos 0.01 0.5 II
Clofentezine 0.01 0.3 III
Imidacloprid 0.04 0.5 II
Propargite 0.05 2 III
Pyridaben 0.04 0.3 II
Triadimefon and triadimenol 0.01 1 II
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.07 0.1 II
Cypermethrin 0.09 0.5 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.06 0.02 II
Triazophos 0.05 0.01 Ib
Ben Cao Honeysuckle 19
Acetamiprid 0.1 0.1 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.72 0.1 U
Diethofencarb 0.01 0.05 U
Emamectin(Sum) 0.06 0.02 *
Flusilazole 0.09 0.05 II
Hexaconazole 0.11 0.05 III
Imidacloprid 0.15 0.05 II
Lufenuron 0.01 0.05 *
Myclobutanil 0.02 0.05 II
Propamocarb 0.02 0.2 U
Tebuconazole 0.03 50 II
Tebufenozide 0.04 0.1 U
Thiophanate-methyl 1.5 0.1 U
Bifenthrin 0.01 0.1 II
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Ben Cao Honeysuckle 19
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.36 1 II
Cypermethrin 0.85 0.1 II
Dicofol (Sum) 0.16 0.1 II
Fenvalerate Esfenvalerate
(Sum of RSSR Isomers)
0.11 0.05 II
Procymidone 0.08 0.1 U
Lam Sheng
Kee
Chinese date 10
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.03 0.5 U
Chlorobenzuron 0.07 0.01 *
Difenoconazole 0.42 0.5 II
Flusilazole 0.04 0.1 II
Myclobutanil 0.03 0.5 II
Prochloraz 0.26 0.05 II
Propiconazole 0.18 0.05 II
Tebuconazole 0.45 1 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.01 0.3 U
Cypermethrin 0.16 2 II
Ben Cao Chrysanthemum 8
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.04 0.1 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.04 0.5 II
Fipronil 0.01 0.005 Y II
Phoxim 0.01 0.1 II
Propamocarb 0.09 0.2 U
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.04 1 II
Endosulfan (Sum) 0.16 0.1 II
Triazophos 0.17 0.02 Ib
Humei Wolfberry 16
Acetamiprid 0.55 0.15 *
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.12 0.3 U
Chlorpyrifos 0.09 0.5 II
Clofentezine 0.06 0.3 III
Difenoconazole 0.04 2 II
Flusilazole 0.01 0.02 II
Imidacloprid 0.09 0.5 II
Prochloraz 0.01 0.05 II
Propargite 0.19 2 III
Propiconazole 0.02 0.05 II
Pyridaben 0.03 0.3 II
18. 3534
Brand Product
No. of
pesticide
residue
Pesticide residue
Amount
(mg/kg)
MRL EU
Banned in
China
WHO
classification
Humei Wolfberry 16
Tebuconazole 0.11 1 II
Thiophanate-methyl 0.04 1 U
Chlorothalonil 0.02 2 U
Cyhalothrin lambda 0.04 0.1 II
Cypermethrin 0.07 0.5 II
Ben Cao Dried Lilybulb 4
Carbendazim/Benomyl (sum) 0.08 - U
Thiophanate-methyl 0.15 - U
Procymidone 0.04 - U
Quintozene 0.04 - U