Anther and pollen culture is the production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microscope and the occurrence of single set of chromosome in microscope.
Anther and pollen culture is the production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microscope and the occurrence of single set of chromosome in microscope.
Here, all information about Plant Tissue Culture
HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
THE TECHNIQUE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Plantlet Regeneration and Transfer to Soil
A Classification of Tissue Culture Techniques
EMBRYO CULTURE
MERISTEM CULTURE
ANTHER OR POLLEN CULTURE
TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
K. Vanangamudi
History of plant tissue culture
Terms and terminology of plant tissue culture
Techniques of plant tissue culture
Stages of micro propagation
Diagrammatic representation of stages of micropropagation
Advantages of micro propagation
Demerits of micropropagation
Commercially propagated plants through micro propagation in India
Explants and medium used
Pollen or microspore culture is an in vitro technique by which the pollen grains are squeezed out aseptically from the intact anther and then cultured on nutrient medium.
the microspores, without producing male gametes, develop into haploid embryoids or callus tissue that give rise to haploid plantlets by embryogenesis or organogenesis.
this helps to acquire the whole knowledge about anther and pollen culture.
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
The ability of an explant to regenerate into a whole plant under in vitro asceptic conditions by providing a proper artificial nutrient medium is called as Plant Tissue Culture.
Here, all information about Plant Tissue Culture
HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
THE TECHNIQUE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Plantlet Regeneration and Transfer to Soil
A Classification of Tissue Culture Techniques
EMBRYO CULTURE
MERISTEM CULTURE
ANTHER OR POLLEN CULTURE
TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
K. Vanangamudi
History of plant tissue culture
Terms and terminology of plant tissue culture
Techniques of plant tissue culture
Stages of micro propagation
Diagrammatic representation of stages of micropropagation
Advantages of micro propagation
Demerits of micropropagation
Commercially propagated plants through micro propagation in India
Explants and medium used
Pollen or microspore culture is an in vitro technique by which the pollen grains are squeezed out aseptically from the intact anther and then cultured on nutrient medium.
the microspores, without producing male gametes, develop into haploid embryoids or callus tissue that give rise to haploid plantlets by embryogenesis or organogenesis.
this helps to acquire the whole knowledge about anther and pollen culture.
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
The ability of an explant to regenerate into a whole plant under in vitro asceptic conditions by providing a proper artificial nutrient medium is called as Plant Tissue Culture.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. ANTHER CULTURE
It is a method of Androgenesis, i.e. production of
haploid plantlets by the in-vitro condition, in which the
anther is separated from the bud aseptically and cultured
on the nutrient media to give rise to the haploid plantlets.
Its primary objective is to produce haploid androgenic
plants by using the regeneration capacity or
the totipotency of the anther.
3. Methods
Anther culture is a plant tissue culture method, which can be done by either of
the two methods, namely direct or indirect method.
1. The direct method of an anther culture involves Embryogenesis. In this method,
the anther behaves as a zygote and forms embryoid that eventually develops
haploid plantlets.
2. The indirect method of an anther culture involves Organogenesis. In this
method, the anther undergoes cell division repeatedly to form the callus tissue,
which later gives rise to the haploid plantlets.
4. 1. First, select the unopened buds of size about 17-22mm in length. Reject the buds that are
beginning to open or already open. While selecting buds, the size of the sepal must be equal to
the size of a petal, which is considered ideal for the anther culture.
2. Transfer the buds into sterilized airtight plastic bags.
3. Then, transfer the selected buds to the laminar airflow chamber.
4. After that surface sterilization of buds is carried out in the chamber to maintain the aseptic
conditions. Firstly, the buds are surface sterilized by 70% ethanol for 10 seconds and then 20% of
sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes.
5. Then, wash the buds three times by the distilled water.
6. After washing, transfer the buds to the sterilized Petri plate.
7. Then, separate the stamen from the bud through a scalpel.
8. Remove the filaments from an anther.
9. After that, transfer an anther onto the solid or liquid nutrient medium and incubate it for 3-4
weeks at 24-28 ֯C in the dark.
10. Then either by embryogenesis and organogenesis, haploid plantlets would appear from the anther
culture within 3-4 weeks. During this stage, incubate the culture at 24-28 ֯C for 12-18 hours in light
and 6-12 hours in the dark.
11. At last, about 50mm tall plantlets will appear that are then transferred into the pot containing bio
compost followed by washing. Then a sterilized glass beaker is used to cover the pot and remove
the glass beaker after some week and transfer the plant to the large pot.
5. Factors Influencing Anther Culture
Some factors that influence the anther culture technique can be categorized into
intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Intrinsic Factors
Anther wall: It provides nourishment during the developmental stages of the
anther.
Stage of Anther: For anther culture pre-mitotic, mitotic and post-mitotic stages of
an anther is preferred. Pre-mitotic is the stage, in which the first meiotic division
occurs in the anther and the pollens are at an immature stage. In the mitotic stage
of an anther, there is the division of the pollen. The post-mitotic stage is the bi-
cellular stage, where the development in pollen grains form embryoids.
6. Bud size: Its preferable size is up to the length of 17-22 mm.
Age of plant: The anther culture prefers the buds from the younger plants.
Extrinsic Factors
Culture medium: In the culture medium sucrose, iron, vitamins, coconut milk,
hormones and growth regulators (auxins or cytokinins) play an essential role in
the induction of haploid plant.
Temperature: It varies with the different plant species. Example: In Datura
stramonium, the optimum temperature is 20 ֯C for the formation of embryoids.
In Nicotiana tabacum, the optimum temperature is 25 ֯C for the formation of
embryoids. In Brassica campentris, the optimum temperature is much higher, i.e.
35 ֯C for the formation of embryoids.