The document summarizes key findings from an expert team that investigated the impacts of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake. The earthquake caused widespread damage, including over 500 deaths, over $30 billion in damages, and left 800,000 homeless. It generated a tsunami and extensive ground failures like liquefaction, lateral spreading, and landslides. Critical infrastructure like ports, bridges and lifelines saw impacts. Lessons learned can inform earthquake and tsunami preparedness for Cascadia Subduction Zone events.

1. 27 February 2010 South Central Chile Earthquake Professor Scott Ashford Oregon State University Professor Jack Moehle University of California at Berkeley Professor Pedro Arduino University of Washington

2. Acknowledgments for this broad collaborative effort funded primarily by the National Science Foundation Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) Jack Moehle, Team Leader Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Jon Bray, Team Leader Broad participation from Chilean Faculty and Students Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile University de Chile Over 100 other volunteers from around the world

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4. 2010 Chile earthquake 3:34 am local time 27 February 2010 M w 8.8 Fault rupture 100km x 500 km Population affected > 8M * 521 confirmed deaths ** 190000 homes severely damaged or destroyed ~800,000 homeless ~$30B damages * ACHISINA ** USAID, 3/25/10

6. Pacific Northwest

8. Concepcion

9. Talca (AP Photo)

10. Santiago (AP PHOTO/Carlos Espinoza)

11. Pelluhue ( AP Photo)

12. Learning from Chile Geological and Geotechnical Aspects 27 February 2010 South Central Chile Earthquake June 28, 2010

13. Typical Subduction Zone

14. Recent Seismic Events Previous Events - Seismic Gap 1960-M9.5 1985-M8.0

15. Measured (GPS) Coseismic Horizontal Displacements Concepcion moved ~3m towards west

16. Coseismic Vertical Displacements Uplift up to ~2m was recorded in Lebu

17. Uplift Evidence

18. Uplift Evidence

19. Tsunami

20. Ground Failure Overview Ground Failure Site effects & strong shaking Liquefaction Lateral spreading Landslides Infrastructure impact: Dams, tailings dams. Ports & harbors Buildings Transportation (roads & bridges)

21. SITE EFFECTS Ground Failure

22. Site Effects: Vespucio Norte & Ciudad Empresiarial H/V peaks: 0.5-2sec (Bonnefoy et al, 2008) Damage to 5 to 20-story buildings Q fno : Silt & Clay Layers Localized Damage – Site Effects? A B A B Gravel, Sandy gravel Silty Clay, Silty Sand Collapse No collapse

23. LIQUEFACTION & LATERAL SPREADING Ground Failure

24. Lateral Spreading Lateral spreading near river banks due to liquefaction

25. Gas Station - Concepción

26. LANDSLIDES & DAMS/TAILING DAMS Ground Failure

27. Landslides Few deep seated slides were observed

28. Dams Most dams performed well

29. Dams & Levees Coihueco Zoned Earth Dam Upstream Slope Failure Levee Breach

30. Tailing Dams Las Palmas tailings dam failure Approximate area of failure and flow direction

31. Las Palmas Tailing Dam failure (cont) Besides this case, most tailings dams performed well

32. PORTS & HARBORS CASE STUDIES Impacts of Ground Failure

33. Ports & Harbors Provide important means for importing & exporting goods in Chile 95% of exports & 90% of imports are conducted through ports Country has 35 operational ports (10 state owned, 25 privately owned). 2 are military ports 4 ports were inspected in the period 3/13 to 3/18 by GEER team: Valparaiso, San Antonio, Talcahuano & Coronel Information & Assistance was provided by EERI team and local engineers.

35. Valparaiso: Outward quay wall movement and pavement cracks

36. San Antonio: Damaged dock

37. Talcahuano Port Area St Vincente Port Fishing Wharf Fish Packaging Facility Petroleum Facilities N

39. Fishing Pier 178m 24m 42m N Documented extent of lateral spread

40. N Approx extent of lateral spread

41. Lateral Spreading Effects on Industrial Facilities Fish Packing Facility, San Vicente

42. Petrobas Gas Facility N Fish Packaging Facility Petrobas Gas Facility Water rise Approx extent of lateral spread

43. Coronel: Lateral spread displacements

44. Coronel: Sinkholes (2.2m deep, 3.5m in diameter)

45. Coronel: Rotation of pile due to lateral spreading (not a raked pile!)

46. EMBANKMENT FAILURES Impacts of Ground Failure

47. Embankment Failures along Highway 5 Possible liquefaction of thin seams in foundation soils led to translational failures of highway embankments

48. Talca

49. Talca

50. Valparaiso, UNESCO Heritage City

51. Talca

53. Festival Viña del Mar, 14 Stories

54. MASS EQ

55. Santiago

56. Santiago

57. Santiago

58. MASS EQ

60. Concepcion (AP Photo)

62. Collapsed building in Concepcion openings solid typical unit Plan Tower under construction parking A B Section A Section B

64. Santiago

65. Santiago

66. Airports

67. Hospitals and health care

68. US$2 billion annual sales Approx. 1 billion liters 70% exported 80,000 full-time workers Chilean Wine Industry

70. Stainless steel tanks

71. Thank You

72. Santiago (AP PHOTO/Carlos Espinoza)

73. Bridge Team Members Mark Yashinsky, Team Leader Caltrans Rodrigo Oviedo Universidad Catolica de Chile Scott Ashford Oregon State University Luis Fargier-Gabaldon Universidad de los Andes, Merida . Matias Hube Universidad Catolica de Chile Traveled over 2000 km from Santiago to Temuco and back over 5 days Nazca Plate 200 mi Valparaíso South America Plate Temuco Talca Ruta 5 Ruta 5 Santiago

74. shear key Temporary shoring of the beam

75. Vertical axis Rotation or twisting of the deck Abutment Deck Lateral displacement

76. Failed shear key Seismic bars Undamaged shear key

77. Tubul Bridge Eight span simply supported steel girders on pier walls. Collapsed attributed to unseating of beams

80. Summary of Observations on Bridges Structures with less continuity generally suffered more damage Localized damage suggests the importance of local site effects Significant liquefaction and lateral spreading along coast greatly impacted mobility Widespread fill settlement was easily repaired, but adversely affected traffic.

81. Summary of other Lifeline Performance Electric Power Immediate blackout to 90% of Chile’s population Transmission capability to provide power within 24 hours Distribution system service restored with two weeks Telecommunication Both landlines and wireless service serverly affected Most cell sites ran out of battery power within 3 hours of quakes, eliminating communications with repair crews and hospitals Most services restored within seven days Water and Wastewater severely impacted along coast

82. Pelluhue ( AP Photo)

83. Maximum inundation 10m Maximum run-up 30m Loss of life limited thanks to local awareness and good signing Most tsunami-related deaths from tourists Tsunami

84. NOAA Tsunami wave heights for Feb. 27, 2010, 8.8 EQ

85. NOAA Tsunami wave heights, May 22 1960, 9.5 EQ

86. 1500 homes destroyed in Dichato from tsunami; only 17 residents killed

90. Where do we fit in? The Pacific “Ring of Fire”

91. 200 mi Juan de Fuca Plate Cascadia Subduction Zone Oregon Washington California Gorda Plate Pacific Plate North America Plate Seattle Portland Corvallis Salem Redding Medford Vancouver I-5 I-5 Nazca Plate 200 mi Valparaíso South America Plate Temuco Talca Ruta 5 Ruta 5 Santiago

92. Comparison of Haiti and Chile earthquakes Haiti was: Magnitude 7.0 Shallow Strike-Slip under urban area Vulnerable infrastructure Chile was: Magnitude 8.8 Subduction Zone EQ covering huge area Over 500 more powerful Last 6 times as long Less vulnerable infrastructure Chile Haiti Finite fault models by Gavin Hayes, USGS National Earthquake Information Center

93. What are the implications for Oregon? 2010 Chile Earthquake Peru-Chile Subduction Zone Magnitude 8.8 Shaking and Tsunami Modern Building Codes $30B damages About 500 dead 7 EQ M=8.0+ in past 100 yrs Last M=8.0 in 1995 Occur about every 15 yrs Future CSZ Earthquake Cascadia Subduction Zone Magnitude 9.0 Shaking and Tsunami Modern Building Codes Damages estimated at $30B* Estimated up to 5000 dead* No M=7.0 is past 100 years Last M=9.0 in 1700 Occur about every 300 yrs *Source: DOGAMI 2010

94. What can you do? Take personal responsibility Have several days of emergency supplies Earthquake proof your home Have a plan Support earthquake preparedness efforts Participate in earthquake education Continue to support State efforts DOGAMI tsunami hazard mapping to be completed by 2013 Seismic mitigation of public schools not complete until 2032 ODOT Phase I and II seismic retrofits Support higher education Innovative solutions through research and next-generation engineers

95. THANK YOU! For more information: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute www.eeri.org Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance www.geerassociation.org Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries www.OregonGeology.org