The Chernobyl nuclear disaster was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. In 1986, during a safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union, there was a sudden power surge and steam explosion that destroyed reactor number four. Large amounts of radioactive material were released into the environment, contaminating over 150,000 square kilometers of land. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and many suffered long-term health effects such as increased cancer rates due to exposure to radiation. The disaster was a result of flawed reactor design and human error during the poorly planned safety test. It highlighted issues with safety culture and communication within the Soviet nuclear industry.

3. It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history and is
one of only two nuclear energy disasters rated at seven—the
maximum severity—on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
The other being the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
in Japan.

5. USSR ( UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC )
BEFORE AFTER

6. • In 1970’s :-
• This Was The Time When Cold-war Was Going On Between
USSR & USA (1947-1991).
• This Time Was Important For USSR Because USA Was
Growing Typically , Economically And USA Rapid
Contribution Towards It’s National Growth.
• The Problem Of USSR Was That Some Of It’s Region WasNot Performing
& Growing Well.
• Policy Makers Of USSR Decided To Create A New City. So They
Choose One Place Of USSR Which Is In Ukraine. They Want To
Build A Modern City.

7. ACCOMMODATION: 13,414 APARTMENTS IN 160 APARTMENT BLOCKS, 18 HALLS OF RESIDENCE ACCOMMODATING
UP TO 7,621 SINGLE MALES OR FEMALES, AND 8 HALLS OF RESIDENCE FOR THOSE MARRIED OR COUPLES. TOTAL
AREA OF LIVING SPACE, 658,700 M2.
EDUCATION: 15 PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR ABOUT 5,000 CHILDREN, 5 SECONDARY SCHOOLS, 1 PROFESSIONAL
SCHOOL.
HEALTHCARE: 1 HOSPITAL THAT COULD ACCOMMODATE UP TO 410 PATIENTS, AND 3 CLINICS.
TRADE: 25 STORES AND MALLS; 27 CAFES, CAFETERIAS AND RESTAURANTS CAPABLE OF SERVING UP TO 5,535
CUSTOMERS SIMULTANEOUSLY. 10 WAREHOUSES WITH A CAPACITY OF 4,430 TONS OF GOODS.
CULTURE: A CULTURE PALACE, A CINEMA AND A SCHOOL OF ARTS, WITH 8 DIFFERENT SOCIETIES.
SPORTS: 10 GYMS, 3 INDOOR SWIMMING-POOLS, 10 SHOOTING GALLERIES, 2 STADIUMS.
RECREATION: 1 PARK, 35 PLAYGROUNDS, 18,136 TREES, 249,247 SHRUBS, 33,000 ROSE PLANTS.
INDUSTRY: 4 FACTORIES WITH TOTAL ANNUAL TURNOVER OF 477,000,000 RUBLES. 1 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
COMPLEX.
TRANSPORTATION: YANOV RAILWAY STATION, 167 URBAN BUSES, THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CAR PARK HAD 400
SPACES.
TELECOMMUNICATION: 2,926 LOCAL PHONES MANAGED BY THE PRIPYAT PHONE COMPANY, PLUS 1,950 PHONES
OWNED BY CHERNOBYL POWER STATION’S ADMINISTRATION, JUPITER PLANT AND DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
THEY GIVE NAME OF THIS CITY “PRIPYATT”.
AND THAT WAS THE CORNER STONE TO REVIVE THEIR ECONOMY.

9.  Since they wants to create a big and Modern city then there will be a requirement of electricity .For that
USSR government decided to create a nuclear power plant near the Pripyat city at very small-town
CHERNOBYL.
 That Nuclear Power plant name is CHERNOBYL Nuclear Power plant.
Official known as V.I. Lenin atomic power plant.

12. THE ACCCIDENT STRATED DURING A
SAFETY TEST OF NUCLEAR REACTOR.
THE TEST WAS A SIMULATION OF AN
ELECTRICAL POWER OUTAGE TO AID THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A SAFETY PROCEDURE
FOR MAINTAINING COOLING WATER
CIRCULATION UNTIL THE BACK-UP
GENERATORS COULD PROVIDE POWER

13. • THREE SUCH TESTS HAD BEEN CONDUCTED SINCE 1982, BUT HAD FAILED TO PROVIDE A
SOLUTION.
ON THIS FOURTH ATTEMPT, THE TEST WAS DELAYED BY 10 HOURS. SO THE OPERATING
SHIFT THAT HAD BEEN PREPARED WAS NOT PRESENT.
THE TEST SUPERVISOR THEN FAILED TO FOLLOW PROCEDURE, CREATING UNSTABLE
OPERATING CONDITIONS THAT, RESULTED IN AN UNCONTROLLED NUCLEAR CHAIN
REACTION.

15. A LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY WAS
SUDDENLY RELEASED,
VAPOURISING SUPERHEATED
COOLING WATER AND RUPTURING
THE REACTOR CORE WHICH LED TO A
DESTRUCTIVE EXPLOSION.

16. EXPLOSION KILLED TWO OF OPERATING STAFF AT THAT INSTANT.
IN AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE 134 FIREMAN, STATION STAFF WERE
HOSPITALIZED DUE TO ABSORBING HIGH RADIATION DOSES

17. AS A RESULT OF RISING RADIATION , A 10 KM RADIUS EXCLUSION ZONE WAS CREATED
LATER INCREASED IT TO 30KM RADIUS ZONE
ABOUT 49,000 PEOPLE WERE EVACUATED LATER 68,000 MORE PEOPLE WERE EVACUATED
FROM PERIPYAT CITY

18.  other parts of the world were affected by the radioactive releases
from Chernobyl.
 Some 150,000 square kilometer's in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine are
contaminated because of radioactivity spread through air.
 Cesium-137, Iodine-131, Strontium-90 and other radioactive
isotopes were blown by wind northward into Sweden and Finland.

19. When Sweden initially contacted the soviet atomic board denied that an
accident has occurred.
After sometime Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway reported high levels of
radioactivity.
Moscow was forced to officially announce the accident after many foreign
media published about this accident.

27. THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DISASTER IN UKRAINE, IS THE ONLY ACCIDENT IN
THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR POWER TO CAUSE FATALITIES FROM RADIATION.
THERE WERE MANY FATAL EFFECTS DUE TO THE RADIATION RELEASED . A FEW OF THE
EFFECTS ARE LISTED BELOW −
1. TWO WORKERS HAD DIED. ONE IMMEDIATELY GOT BURNT TO ASHES AFTER THE
ACCIDENT, WHILE THE OTHER WAS DECLARED DEAD AT THE HOSPITAL WITHIN FEW
HOURS OF ADMISSION.
2. 28 EMERGENCY WORKERS AND STAFF DIED WITHIN 4 MONTHS OF THE ACCIDENT DUE TO
THE THERMAL BURNS AND THE RADIATION EFFECT ON THEIR BODIES.
3. THIS ACCIDENT CREATED 7,000 CASES OF THYROID CANCER.
4. ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME (ARS) WAS DIAGNOSED IN 237 PEOPLE, WHO WERE ON-
SITE AND INVOLVED IN CLEANING UP

28. 5. Over 7 million people and 63 thousand square miles of land have been effected.
6. Over 300,000 people were evacuated by the government after the accident While
the devastated reactor leaked fumes spreading radiation across Europe, a
massive effort was undertaken to decontaminate the affected areas.
7. The land, air and ground water were all contaminated to a great extent.
8. The direct and indirect exposure to radiation led to many severe health problems
such as Downs Syndrome, Chromosomal Disorder, Mutations, Leukemia and
Thyroid Cancer etc.
9. It is estimated that nearly 400 times the radiation resulting from the atomic bomb
dropped on Hiroshima was released from the site.

29.  1.The failure was a culmination of Miscommunication. So there must not be any
miscommunication since all the engineer who was working on this project knows the
consequence of any single mistake.
 2.Lack of safety culture in this project . Since it was very big and nuclear project so
there must be first priority of safety of people working there nearby common people and
environment.
 3.Unqualified staff that combined to produce deadly consequences. First thing is that
the experiment was planned to be happened in daytime but due to some reason it was
taken place in nightshift and the engineer executing night shift experiment had not much
knowledge about nuclear physics and this lead to deadly consequences.
 4.Nuclear reactor design. After all investigation it was concluded that design of
nuclear reactor was not too good that it can handle the situation when power supply is low.

30.  5.Lack of knowledge by fireman worker since they even don't know that how much radiation
can affect their body some of them was working without any safety measure . they realized
this when they feel the internal changes in their body. Actually radiation was too high and
dangerous that it can change DNA (mutation) of a person even in 2 min if person was
without any safety measure.
 6.Decision making .This was also an important reason that when higher rank engineer
knows that night shift engineer are not planned to do this experiment then why they allow
them to do this. Same experiment can also be performed on next day and even on same day
with daytime engineers on night shift.

31.  The readings from the Chernobyl incident reveal that the societies must work to avoid toxic
political environments in which worker are led into error.
 Professionally, and especially with regard to nuclear power, safety should always be the
number one priority. Oftentimes, governments engage in cover-ups to save face; ultimately,
they are always exposed and end up damaging their reputations more than if they had been
forthcoming from the start.
 The Soviet Union developed overly ambitious Five Year Plans 1981-1985 which would
include goals which were either impossible to achieve, or only impossible to achieve with
shoddy quality which ended right before the Chernobyl incident.
 This is a lesson the governments of the world today should bear in mind. Reputation should
not precede the safety of its citizens and environment.
CONCLUSION