Support for proven, effective and affordable priority strategies in controlling the most devastating infectious diseases, including:
Bednets and treatment strategies for rolling back malaria
DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-course) for stopping TB.
Childhood vaccinations for reducing deaths from measles and other preventable diseases.
IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) for addressing diarrhoeal diseases.
HIV prevention strategies such as condom prevention, sex education and STI treatment for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
Health Problems in India by Preeti ThakurSMVDCoN ,J&K
India has huge burden of Health problems .In India health problems are discussed under six major headings as commonly seen in the country.
1.Communicable Disease Problem
2. Non-Communicable disease problem
3.Nutritional problem
4.Environmental sanitation problem
5.Medical care problem
6.Population problem
Global health issues with focus on food safety in Southeast AsiaILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on global health issues with a focus on food safety in Southeast Asia. The following key points were discussed:
1) A WHO report estimated that foodborne diseases result in 33 million DALYs globally each year, a burden similar to HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Diarrheal diseases cause over half of the burden.
2) Developing countries face a higher burden from infectious diseases like respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases. Emerging economies are seeing a shift toward noncommunicable diseases.
3) A study in Vietnam found Salmonella prevalence increasing along the pork value chain, with over 45% of final pork products contaminated. Cross-contamination in households was identified
This document summarizes healthcare challenges in South Africa. It notes that while South Africa has made efforts to provide universal healthcare since 1994, key health indicators have stagnated or declined. South Africa faces a major challenge from HIV/AIDS, with the highest prevalence in the world. Nearly half of TB cases are co-infected with HIV. Other issues include high infant, child, and maternal mortality rates. The document calls for integrated primary healthcare services that address the needs of vulnerable populations and achieving health-related UN Millennium Development Goals.
Kenya has one of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world, with an estimated 1.5 million people living with HIV. While HIV prevalence peaked in 2000 at around 6.3%, access to treatment has increased, with over half a million adults now receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, access remains low for children, with only 20% of the estimated 170,000 children eligible for treatment receiving it. The Kenyan government aims to further increase access to treatment and reduce new infections through its National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan.
This document discusses the challenges facing healthcare in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large and growing population that is straining its existing healthcare structure. Diseases remain a major problem due to lack of access to resources like clean water and sanitation as well as medical services. Poverty and poor education also contribute to poor health outcomes. While medical advances have improved health globally, inequities persist between rich and poor both between and within countries. Addressing these inequities is a major challenge. Preventative measures and increasing access to primary care are emphasized as cost-effective strategies for improving health.
This document discusses public and private health spending in the Philippines. It provides data on the leading causes of death from 1997-2005 and notes diseases of the heart and cancer as the top two causes. It also shows health care resources available in the Philippines compared to neighboring countries. The document outlines the government health facilities and resources in the Philippines at the national and local levels. It discusses issues with government spending on medicines and the importance of medicine innovation for developing new drugs and treatments. It advocates for government reforms to make the healthcare system more competitive through reducing taxes, encouraging more players, and allowing decentralization instead of re-centralizing healthcare.
India faces many significant health problems. Communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhea are widespread and cause millions of cases and deaths each year. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease account for over half of all deaths. Environmental issues including lack of sanitation and contaminated drinking water exacerbate health issues. Nutritional deficiencies are also widespread, with over half of children facing stunting and millions of people lacking essential vitamins and minerals. Addressing India's health challenges will be critical to supporting its economic growth and development.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
Health Problems in India by Preeti ThakurSMVDCoN ,J&K
India has huge burden of Health problems .In India health problems are discussed under six major headings as commonly seen in the country.
1.Communicable Disease Problem
2. Non-Communicable disease problem
3.Nutritional problem
4.Environmental sanitation problem
5.Medical care problem
6.Population problem
Global health issues with focus on food safety in Southeast AsiaILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on global health issues with a focus on food safety in Southeast Asia. The following key points were discussed:
1) A WHO report estimated that foodborne diseases result in 33 million DALYs globally each year, a burden similar to HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Diarrheal diseases cause over half of the burden.
2) Developing countries face a higher burden from infectious diseases like respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases. Emerging economies are seeing a shift toward noncommunicable diseases.
3) A study in Vietnam found Salmonella prevalence increasing along the pork value chain, with over 45% of final pork products contaminated. Cross-contamination in households was identified
This document summarizes healthcare challenges in South Africa. It notes that while South Africa has made efforts to provide universal healthcare since 1994, key health indicators have stagnated or declined. South Africa faces a major challenge from HIV/AIDS, with the highest prevalence in the world. Nearly half of TB cases are co-infected with HIV. Other issues include high infant, child, and maternal mortality rates. The document calls for integrated primary healthcare services that address the needs of vulnerable populations and achieving health-related UN Millennium Development Goals.
Kenya has one of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world, with an estimated 1.5 million people living with HIV. While HIV prevalence peaked in 2000 at around 6.3%, access to treatment has increased, with over half a million adults now receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, access remains low for children, with only 20% of the estimated 170,000 children eligible for treatment receiving it. The Kenyan government aims to further increase access to treatment and reduce new infections through its National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan.
This document discusses the challenges facing healthcare in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large and growing population that is straining its existing healthcare structure. Diseases remain a major problem due to lack of access to resources like clean water and sanitation as well as medical services. Poverty and poor education also contribute to poor health outcomes. While medical advances have improved health globally, inequities persist between rich and poor both between and within countries. Addressing these inequities is a major challenge. Preventative measures and increasing access to primary care are emphasized as cost-effective strategies for improving health.
This document discusses public and private health spending in the Philippines. It provides data on the leading causes of death from 1997-2005 and notes diseases of the heart and cancer as the top two causes. It also shows health care resources available in the Philippines compared to neighboring countries. The document outlines the government health facilities and resources in the Philippines at the national and local levels. It discusses issues with government spending on medicines and the importance of medicine innovation for developing new drugs and treatments. It advocates for government reforms to make the healthcare system more competitive through reducing taxes, encouraging more players, and allowing decentralization instead of re-centralizing healthcare.
India faces many significant health problems. Communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhea are widespread and cause millions of cases and deaths each year. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease account for over half of all deaths. Environmental issues including lack of sanitation and contaminated drinking water exacerbate health issues. Nutritional deficiencies are also widespread, with over half of children facing stunting and millions of people lacking essential vitamins and minerals. Addressing India's health challenges will be critical to supporting its economic growth and development.
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable DiseasesAlbert Domingo
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable Diseases - a presentation delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo (Consultant, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific) at the Philippines' DOH NCRO Operational Planning Workshop for Local Strategic Plans on Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control Programs, 2-4 December 2015. (Adapted from an earlier presentation by Dr Susan Mercado, Director, DNH/WPRO.)
Jan 3 how healthy is the filipino revised december 10Nash De Vivar
While Filipinos are living longer lives on average, chronic noncommunicable diseases now pose the greatest health challenges. Filipinos are increasingly getting sick and dying from heart disease, cancer, stroke, and other noncommunicable conditions. These diseases disproportionately affect the elderly population and prevalence increases with age. Additionally, more males are affected by heart disease while breast cancer remains the leading cause of death among women. However, lung cancer has the highest mortality rate overall for both sexes. Longer lifespans mean the population is aging, bringing financial and healthcare resource implications.
1) Diabetes is a global epidemic that impacts hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The number of cases of diabetes is projected to rise dramatically by 2040 according to the IDF Diabetes Atlas.
2) Poorly managed diabetes can lead to serious health complications and early death, but with good self-management and support people with diabetes can live long, healthy lives.
3) The economic costs of diabetes are enormous, accounting for over 12% of global healthcare expenditures. On average, $1,622 is spent per person with diabetes.
This document provides information about lymphatic filariasis (filariasis), including its objectives, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, management, and control. It begins with learning objectives around understanding the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of filariasis. It then provides multiple choice questions and an outline of the topics to be covered, including the global burden of filariasis, the life cycle and transmission of filarial parasites, clinical manifestations of the disease, and Nepal's national elimination program.
This 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas once again sets the standard for evidence on the global epidemiology of diabetes. The new estimates build on the groundwork laid by previous editions, and confirm the precipitous rise in diabetes over
the last few years. An astounding 382 million people are estimated to have diabetes, with dramatic increases seen in countries all over the world. The overwhelming burden of the disease continues to be shouldered by low- and middleincome
countries, where four out of five people with diabetes are living. Socially and economically disadvantaged people in every country carry the greatest burden of diabetes and are often the most
affected financially.
The document discusses health care challenges in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large population but lacks sufficient health infrastructure and resources. Disease burdens are high due to problems like poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to health services. While life expectancy is rising, birth rates remain high, straining the existing system. Solutions proposed include strengthening public health programs, increasing funding for health, promoting preventive measures, and greater access to primary care. Overall, the document analyzes gaps in India's health system and potential strategies to address health inequities.
World hunger and malnutrition remain devastating problems, affecting nearly 30% of humanity. Malnutrition causes 60% of deaths among children under 5 in developing countries and contributes to increased risk of chronic disease. While undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies persist, chronic diseases linked to obesity are emerging globally as a major public health threat, dominating mortality in 5 of 6 WHO regions. The WHO calls for addressing the whole spectrum of malnutrition as both a human need and basic right.
a brief descriptions and information regarding major health problemsin India.This content will help to the B.sc Nursing 4 th year students as per syllabus in community health nursing
This document provides an overview of tropical medicine and global health issues. It discusses diseases that disproportionately impact those living in tropical regions, including neglected tropical diseases. It also covers non-communicable diseases, trauma, urbanization, vector-borne diseases, influenza, avian influenza, measles, malaria, Ebola virus disease, and long-term consequences of the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak. Health worker migration is also briefly discussed. The document contains detailed information on the transmission, epidemiology, and impact of various tropical and global health challenges.
The document discusses India's primary health care system and proposes a model of Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) to achieve Universal Health Coverage. It outlines key challenges faced by the current primary health care system such as understaffing, supply issues, and over-reliance on private sector. The proposed CPHC model involves establishing "Health and Wellness Centers" at village level which will provide expanded services including management of non-communicable diseases. It emphasizes strengthening human resources, ensuring drug and diagnostic access, use of ICT, continuity of care, and community engagement to achieve the vision of comprehensive and affordable primary health care for all.
This document provides an introduction to global health. It defines global health as health problems that transcend national boundaries and are best addressed through international cooperation. Reasons for interest in global health include moral duty, public diplomacy, and investment in self-protection. Key challenges are limited past resources, uncoordinated present efforts wasting resources, lack of stable leadership, and high turnover causing strategic uncertainty. The future direction of global health depends on expanding the talent pool in developing countries, effective disease prevention and treatment systems, and strengthening health infrastructure.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes constraints in effectively managing HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in Nigeria. It discusses how ARV drugs are scarce and expensive in Nigeria, requiring strict medical supervision and often causing side effects, all of which can lead to non-compliance. It also notes that non-adherence to the drug regimen could result in drug-resistant strains of HIV, further complicating treatment. The document provides suggestions for how the government can help ensure adherence, such as making ARV drugs more available, affordable, and regularly supplied, and employing more trained medical personnel to administer the drugs.
NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening InterventionAlbert Domingo
Lecture on NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening Intervention delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo at the UP Manila College of Public Health on 19 January 2018.
Ueda2015 type 2 dm burden consequences_dr.mohamed mashahitueda2015
Type 2 diabetes is a major global healthcare burden. It is a growing problem with high and escalating costs to societies worldwide. An estimated 175 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed. Intensive control and treatment of diabetes and its complications can help reduce risks of cardiovascular events, kidney damage, eye disease and mortality. However, diabetes prevalence continues to rise in many countries and regions due to increasing rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
Social and economic implications of noncommunicable diseases in indiaDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
India has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade of around 7-8% per year. However, this has also led to a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and place a major strain on the health system. Rising rates of risk factors like smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity have contributed to the growing NCD problem. Additionally, India faces a "double burden" of both communicable and non-communicable diseases co-existing as the country undergoes an epidemiological transition.
Global burden of disease & International Health RegulationSujata Mohapatra
The document discusses global burden of disease and key concepts in global health. It summarizes that global burden of disease assessments measure years of life lost to premature mortality and disability worldwide. The leading causes of mortality globally are ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections and COPD, while the highest disease burdens come from lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, depression and ischemic heart disease. Noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease are responsible for most deaths globally.
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides details on the 8 MDGs agreed upon in 2000 including goals to eradicate poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership. It then discusses the 17 SDGs adopted in 2015 to build upon the MDGs and address additional social and environmental challenges. Key differences between the MDGs and SDGs are described such as the SDGs being more universal in scope and having increased targets, indicators and mechanisms for monitoring progress.
This document discusses the challenges facing health care in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large population that is growing, placing a burden on its health care system. Diseases continue to be a major problem, with both infectious and chronic diseases prevalent. Access to health care is poor for much of the population due to economic deprivation and low education levels. Improving health indicators will require greater investment in health care as well as education. Cost-effective prevention strategies around vaccination, sanitation, and disease control programs need stronger implementation.
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable DiseasesAlbert Domingo
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable Diseases - a presentation delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo (Consultant, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific) at the Philippines' DOH NCRO Operational Planning Workshop for Local Strategic Plans on Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control Programs, 2-4 December 2015. (Adapted from an earlier presentation by Dr Susan Mercado, Director, DNH/WPRO.)
Jan 3 how healthy is the filipino revised december 10Nash De Vivar
While Filipinos are living longer lives on average, chronic noncommunicable diseases now pose the greatest health challenges. Filipinos are increasingly getting sick and dying from heart disease, cancer, stroke, and other noncommunicable conditions. These diseases disproportionately affect the elderly population and prevalence increases with age. Additionally, more males are affected by heart disease while breast cancer remains the leading cause of death among women. However, lung cancer has the highest mortality rate overall for both sexes. Longer lifespans mean the population is aging, bringing financial and healthcare resource implications.
1) Diabetes is a global epidemic that impacts hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The number of cases of diabetes is projected to rise dramatically by 2040 according to the IDF Diabetes Atlas.
2) Poorly managed diabetes can lead to serious health complications and early death, but with good self-management and support people with diabetes can live long, healthy lives.
3) The economic costs of diabetes are enormous, accounting for over 12% of global healthcare expenditures. On average, $1,622 is spent per person with diabetes.
This document provides information about lymphatic filariasis (filariasis), including its objectives, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, management, and control. It begins with learning objectives around understanding the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of filariasis. It then provides multiple choice questions and an outline of the topics to be covered, including the global burden of filariasis, the life cycle and transmission of filarial parasites, clinical manifestations of the disease, and Nepal's national elimination program.
This 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas once again sets the standard for evidence on the global epidemiology of diabetes. The new estimates build on the groundwork laid by previous editions, and confirm the precipitous rise in diabetes over
the last few years. An astounding 382 million people are estimated to have diabetes, with dramatic increases seen in countries all over the world. The overwhelming burden of the disease continues to be shouldered by low- and middleincome
countries, where four out of five people with diabetes are living. Socially and economically disadvantaged people in every country carry the greatest burden of diabetes and are often the most
affected financially.
The document discusses health care challenges in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large population but lacks sufficient health infrastructure and resources. Disease burdens are high due to problems like poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to health services. While life expectancy is rising, birth rates remain high, straining the existing system. Solutions proposed include strengthening public health programs, increasing funding for health, promoting preventive measures, and greater access to primary care. Overall, the document analyzes gaps in India's health system and potential strategies to address health inequities.
World hunger and malnutrition remain devastating problems, affecting nearly 30% of humanity. Malnutrition causes 60% of deaths among children under 5 in developing countries and contributes to increased risk of chronic disease. While undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies persist, chronic diseases linked to obesity are emerging globally as a major public health threat, dominating mortality in 5 of 6 WHO regions. The WHO calls for addressing the whole spectrum of malnutrition as both a human need and basic right.
a brief descriptions and information regarding major health problemsin India.This content will help to the B.sc Nursing 4 th year students as per syllabus in community health nursing
This document provides an overview of tropical medicine and global health issues. It discusses diseases that disproportionately impact those living in tropical regions, including neglected tropical diseases. It also covers non-communicable diseases, trauma, urbanization, vector-borne diseases, influenza, avian influenza, measles, malaria, Ebola virus disease, and long-term consequences of the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak. Health worker migration is also briefly discussed. The document contains detailed information on the transmission, epidemiology, and impact of various tropical and global health challenges.
The document discusses India's primary health care system and proposes a model of Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) to achieve Universal Health Coverage. It outlines key challenges faced by the current primary health care system such as understaffing, supply issues, and over-reliance on private sector. The proposed CPHC model involves establishing "Health and Wellness Centers" at village level which will provide expanded services including management of non-communicable diseases. It emphasizes strengthening human resources, ensuring drug and diagnostic access, use of ICT, continuity of care, and community engagement to achieve the vision of comprehensive and affordable primary health care for all.
This document provides an introduction to global health. It defines global health as health problems that transcend national boundaries and are best addressed through international cooperation. Reasons for interest in global health include moral duty, public diplomacy, and investment in self-protection. Key challenges are limited past resources, uncoordinated present efforts wasting resources, lack of stable leadership, and high turnover causing strategic uncertainty. The future direction of global health depends on expanding the talent pool in developing countries, effective disease prevention and treatment systems, and strengthening health infrastructure.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes constraints in effectively managing HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in Nigeria. It discusses how ARV drugs are scarce and expensive in Nigeria, requiring strict medical supervision and often causing side effects, all of which can lead to non-compliance. It also notes that non-adherence to the drug regimen could result in drug-resistant strains of HIV, further complicating treatment. The document provides suggestions for how the government can help ensure adherence, such as making ARV drugs more available, affordable, and regularly supplied, and employing more trained medical personnel to administer the drugs.
NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening InterventionAlbert Domingo
Lecture on NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening Intervention delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo at the UP Manila College of Public Health on 19 January 2018.
Ueda2015 type 2 dm burden consequences_dr.mohamed mashahitueda2015
Type 2 diabetes is a major global healthcare burden. It is a growing problem with high and escalating costs to societies worldwide. An estimated 175 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed. Intensive control and treatment of diabetes and its complications can help reduce risks of cardiovascular events, kidney damage, eye disease and mortality. However, diabetes prevalence continues to rise in many countries and regions due to increasing rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
Social and economic implications of noncommunicable diseases in indiaDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
India has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade of around 7-8% per year. However, this has also led to a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and place a major strain on the health system. Rising rates of risk factors like smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity have contributed to the growing NCD problem. Additionally, India faces a "double burden" of both communicable and non-communicable diseases co-existing as the country undergoes an epidemiological transition.
Global burden of disease & International Health RegulationSujata Mohapatra
The document discusses global burden of disease and key concepts in global health. It summarizes that global burden of disease assessments measure years of life lost to premature mortality and disability worldwide. The leading causes of mortality globally are ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections and COPD, while the highest disease burdens come from lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, depression and ischemic heart disease. Noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease are responsible for most deaths globally.
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides details on the 8 MDGs agreed upon in 2000 including goals to eradicate poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership. It then discusses the 17 SDGs adopted in 2015 to build upon the MDGs and address additional social and environmental challenges. Key differences between the MDGs and SDGs are described such as the SDGs being more universal in scope and having increased targets, indicators and mechanisms for monitoring progress.
This document discusses the challenges facing health care in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large population that is growing, placing a burden on its health care system. Diseases continue to be a major problem, with both infectious and chronic diseases prevalent. Access to health care is poor for much of the population due to economic deprivation and low education levels. Improving health indicators will require greater investment in health care as well as education. Cost-effective prevention strategies around vaccination, sanitation, and disease control programs need stronger implementation.
This document summarizes some of the key challenges facing health care in developing countries like India. It notes that India has a large and growing population, placing strain on its health system, and faces a "twin epidemic" of infectious and chronic diseases. Economic deprivation and poor education reduce access to and utilization of limited health services. Government spending on health remains low. This leads to a high burden of disease, maternal and child deaths, and low human development indicators. Expanding access to primary care, public health interventions like immunization and sanitation, and health promotion are identified as priorities to address these challenges.
This document discusses health and nutrition in the Philippines. It provides an overview of healthcare in the Philippines, including key indicators, personnel and facilities, diseases, and the goal of universal healthcare. It also discusses nutrition issues like malnutrition rates, the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative, and the Task Force Zero Hunger program. The document emphasizes the importance of ensuring healthy lives and nutrition at all ages to build prosperous societies and economies.
This document outlines key aspects of comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) in India to achieve universal health coverage. It discusses the evolution of primary health care from 1946 to present day initiatives. The proposed CPHC model includes establishing health and wellness centers, a national health protection scheme, and addressing human resources, continuity of care, access to drugs/diagnostics, and community linkages through a strengthened primary health care system. The document highlights achievements but also ongoing challenges to equitable access and improving health outcomes across India.
The document summarizes the Eight Millennium Goals related to reducing child mortality, specifically Goal 4 and its targets. It discusses the leading causes of child death, which include pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, HIV/AIDS, and undernutrition. Undernutrition is an underlying cause in over half of child deaths each year. The conclusion calls for governments to strengthen health systems and access to medical supplies and interventions. It also calls for donors to increase financial commitments to child survival programs to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4.
Zewdu assefa edea presented on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The presentation provided an overview of NTDs, their epidemiology and economic burden. It described public health strategies to address NTDs including preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control and improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene. Achievements in controlling various NTDs were highlighted as well as ongoing challenges. Ethiopia's national NTD control program aims to strengthen government ownership and partnerships to scale up access to integrated NTD interventions by 2015.
The document discusses the challenges facing India's healthcare system, including a growing population, twin epidemics of infectious and chronic diseases, and economic and educational inequities resulting in poor access to care. It notes India faces a high disease burden due to issues like lack of sanitation, malnutrition, and limited access to preventive and medical services. The system is overburdened and interventions are needed to strengthen infrastructure, prioritize education/sanitation, improve vaccination coverage, and promote cost-effective prevention strategies.
This document summarizes the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) in 2011. Some key points:
- An estimated 1.4 million people died from TB that year, with over 80% of TB/HIV co-infections occurring in Africa.
- TB incidence rates were highest in Africa, linked to high HIV infection rates. People living with HIV are 20-40 times more likely to develop active TB.
- About 630,000 cases of multi-drug resistant TB were estimated, with over 60% occurring in 5 countries: India, China, Russia, Philippines, and Pakistan.
- 500,000 women and 65,000 children died from TB in 2011, and 10 million children were left orphaned
This document summarizes a seminar given by Rachel Nugent on the links between agriculture and health. Some key points from the seminar include:
- The relationship between agriculture and health has focused on issues like pesticide exposure, food safety, and how nutrition interventions can impact development.
- Recent conferences and projects have sought to broaden the view to consider the full range of agricultural and health outcomes.
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose large health and economic burdens globally, especially in low and middle income countries. Dietary risks are major contributors to NCDs independently of obesity.
- There is a need for more research on the quality and measurement of diets, food reform
Public-private partnerships in healthcare involve governments partnering with private businesses to jointly fund and operate health services. In Pakistan, tuberculosis is a major public health issue, with over 268,000 new cases reported annually. USAID works with the Pakistani government and other partners to strengthen tuberculosis control programs in the country through activities like expanding diagnostic and treatment services, improving monitoring and evaluation, and training healthcare workers.
The document discusses immunization and infectious diseases. The main goals are to increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases. Immunization works by stimulating the body's natural defenses to recognize and attack specific bacteria or viruses. This helps prevent disease or reduce severity if exposed. While vaccines have reduced many diseases, some remain issues and new threats may emerge. Maintaining surveillance and immunization programs is important for protecting public health.
1) The document discusses creating a workplace environment with zero tolerance for HIV/AIDS by implementing wellness policies, programs, and resources to support employee health.
2) It provides statistics on the state of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Africa, where the majority of new infections and AIDS-related deaths continue to occur.
3) The goal is to reduce the burden of HIV/AIDS by eliminating stigma, providing treatment and care access, and achieving international targets of zero new infections, discrimination, and AIDS-related deaths.
Addressing Neglected Parasitic Diseases: Moving towards the development agend...COUNTDOWN on NTDs
This presentation was given by Prof David Molyneux at the British Society of Parasitology Autumn Symposium, held at the Linnean Society in London on 28th September 2017.
http://bsp.uk.net/2016/10/04/bsp-autumn-symposium-2017/
Global Burden of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer
1) Hepatitis B and C infect over 500 million people globally and together cause over 1 million deaths per year, with hepatitis B causing 600,000 deaths and hepatitis C causing 350,000 deaths.
2) 78% of primary liver cancer cases result from chronic hepatitis B or C infection, with hepatitis B causing 53% of cases and hepatitis C causing 25% of cases.
3) In the Philippines, it is estimated that 7.3 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B, representing 16.7% of the adult population, and around 1 million people may be infected with hepatitis C.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
The document summarizes epidemiological data on tuberculosis (TB) in Italy and globally. It notes that the TB notification rate in Italy decreased by 7.7% from 2007 to 2012. In 2012, 58.3% of Italian TB cases were in foreign-born individuals and the rate of multi-drug resistant TB was 3%. Globally in 2012, there were an estimated 8.6 million incident TB cases and 1.3 million deaths, with South-East Asia and Africa accounting for most cases and deaths. Major ongoing challenges include TB/HIV co-infection, multi-drug resistant TB, and improving detection of "missing" TB cases.
GLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASEChapter 2Chapter 2 OverviewIMatthewTennant613
GLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASE
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Overview
Introduction
Burden of Disease
Non communicable Disease
Infectious Disease
The Future of Infectious Disease
Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
Conclusion
Introduction
Development and management
Understanding the environmental or national context
Social and cultural beliefs
The physical environment
The political climate
3
3
Introduction
Understanding the environmental or national context
Economic development
Social structures
Types of diseases present in the population
4
4
Introduction
Influence of population health needs
Distribution of medical resources
Provision of health services
5
5
Introduction
Demands on healthcare systems
Disease prevention
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
6
6
Introduction
Integration of the healthcare system with public health system
Public health system responsibilities
7
7
Burden of Disease
Measurement of disease
Prevalence
Incidence
Disease specific mortality
Case fatality rate
Mortality rates
8
8
Burden of Disease
Reporting the burden of disease
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
Health expectancy
Healthy life years
Application of cost-benefit analyses
9
9
Burden of Disease
Effect of measurement on appropriation of health resources
Difficulties with collecting health statistics
10
10
Noncommunicable Disease
Heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Respiratory infections
HIVAIDS
Chronic pulmonary disease
Perinatal conditions
Diarrheal disease
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Respiratory tract cancers
Top 10 leading causes of death
Noncommunicable Disease
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
12
12
Noncommunicable Diseases
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Chronic respiratory disease
Mental illness
Diabetes
13
13
Noncommunicable Disease
Increasing impact on worldwide mortality
Differences between communicable and noncommunicable disease
World Health Organization projection
14
14
Noncommunicable Disease
Risk factors for noncommunicable disease
Lifestyle
Environment
Top ten leading causes of death worldwide
15
15
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular disease
Forms of disease
Atherosclerotic disease
Non-atherosclerotic disease
16
16
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular diseases Types
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Attack
Congenital Heart Disease
Aneurysm
Heart Failure
High Blood Pressure
Stroke
Arrhythmias
17
17
Noncommunicable Disease
Cancer
Risk factors
Preventable risk factors
18
18
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Age: can take decades to develop
Lifestyle: Certain lifestyle choices
Family history: 10% due to inherited condition
Health conditions: Some chronic health conditions can increase risks
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Environment: may contain harmful chemicals
Globalization:
Rising consumption of tobacc ...
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7. Burkina
Faso
Kenya Malawi Nigeria Rwanda Sudan Sri lanka
4
3
2.7
2
3
6.2
4.3
Days of work lost from malaria
Estimated average time lost by adults due to one episode of
malaria
Source: Ettling. 1991 & 1994; Guiguemde, 1997; Leighton and Foster, 1993; Kondrasen, 1977
7
8. 0
20
40
60
80
100
Acute
respiratory
infections
Diarrhoeal
diseases
HIV / AIDS Malaria Measles TB Sexually
transmitted
infections
Pertussis Tropical
Diseases
DALYs
(millions)
73
71
39
30
Burden of disease
DALY’s (Disability Adjusted Life Years) lost in 2008 due to
infectious diseases, millions, all ages
83
73
71
39
28
17
13
11
10. Preventable deaths (II)
Childhood vaccinations have proven extremely effective in
reducing deaths from measles and other preventable diseases.
Bednets and other prevention and treatment strategies can prevent
50% of all malaria deaths.
DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) can prevent 60%
of all tuberculosis deaths.
10
Source: WHO
11. 11
Preventable deaths (III)
• IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) can prevent
most childhood deaths from penumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and
measles. An important part of IMCI is oral rehydration therapy,
which can prevent up to 90% of deaths from diarrhoeal diseases.
•Antibiotics used in timely and correct doses, combined with other
strategies such as IMCI, are highly effective in preventing deaths
from pneumonia.
• HIV prevention strategies such as condom promotion, sex
education and treatment of STIs have been proven to reduce the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
12. 0
50
100
150
200
250
Routine childhood immunisation HIV/AIDS education in schools DOTS to control TB Integrated management of
childhood illness
Countries adapting WHO policies Countries not adapting WHO policies
Health policy void
Adopted
by
all
countries
171
Not
adopting
110
Not
adopting
63
Not
adopting*
120
developing
countries
only
212countriesandterritories
*Number of countries not adopting an intervention where it would be appropriate to do so.
Source: WHO
12
13. Smallpo
x
$1.07billio
n
estimated
savings in
direct
costs 1997
prices
Polio
$1.56 billion
projected s
savings
annually
Cholera
$770
Million lost
seafood
export,
Peru,
1991
Plague
$1.7 billion
lost tourist
income
and trade,
India, 1994
Malaria
$500
million
direct
costs,
Sub-
Saharan
Africa,
annually
MCD
$3 billion
direct
and
indirect
UK,
1997
Drug
Resistance
$4 billion
treatment
costs, US,
annually
AIDS
$14 billion
prevention
and health
care costs,
worldwide,
annually.
Economic burden
When infectious diseases are not controlled, they can place a tremendous
burden on economies.
Economic savings
The cost of controlling or eliminating
infectious diseases is often recovered
many times over in future savings.
Source: WHO
13
14. Antimicrobial resistance (I)
14
Malaria
Quinine and mefloquine in Thailand
45% resistance
Note: There is already complete resistance to chloroquine and
Sylfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Thailand
17. Health Assistance
Infectious Diseases 1.5%Other areas of
health nutrition
population 7.3%
Total donor
assistance
worldwide
Limited funding (I)
Source: Global Comparative
Assessments in the Health Sector
17
19. 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Health research by both public and priate
sectors devoted to health problems in
developing countries
Global health R&D funding devoted to AIDS,
malaria, acute respiratory infections,
diarrhoeal diseases and TB
Health research budgets
10%
2%
19
20. Defending our borders
Strong national defence must include
protecting the population
from microbial invaders
$864 billion
Global military spending 1995
$15 billion
Estimated global spending for
prevention and control of AIDS,
TB and malaria, 1995
150 million
Estimated deaths from
AIDS,TB and malaria
since 1945
23 million
Military and
civilian
deaths from war
1945-1993
Source: US ACDA World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1996.
Ruth L. Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditures
20
24. Visiting friends
& Relations 49%
Immigrants
11%
Visitors to
UK 19%
Tourists 16%
Expatriates 5%
Malaria in the United Kingdom
A total of 8353 cases of imported
malaria in the United Kingdom between
1997-2002
Source: Behrens, Travel Morbidity in Ethnic Minority
Travelers
24
25. Affordable health services for developing countries
Disease Intervention Prevention or
treatment costs
Annual cost
per capita
(1990)
AIDS Treatment of STIs
Prevention programmes
$14 for a year’s supply
of condoms
$0.20
$1.70
TB DOTS strategy $20 for 6 months of
medicines
$0.60
Malaria Prevention $10 for a bednet
treated with insecticide
Being
determined
Measles Immunization $0.26 to administer one
dose of measles
vaccine
$0.50
Diarrhoeal
diseases
Integrated Management
of Childhood Illness
$0.33 for oral
rehydration salts
$1.60
ARI Treatment of pneumonia $027 for 5 days of
antibiotics
Being
determined
25Source for per capita spending: World Development Report, 1993. Source for prevention or treatment costs: WHO
26. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
Success Stories (I)
ORT reduces diarrhoeal deaths among children in Mexico
ORT
introduced
Source: Guberrez et al, 1996
Mortalityrateper100000
26
27. 15
20
25
30
35
40
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Success Stories (II)
Sex education reduces HIV prevalence in Uganda
20-24 year olds in Nsambya
PercentHIVpositive
HIV education
Introduced in
1980s
Source: UNAIDS
27
30. Impact of infectious disease control on
development
Vertical approaches to disease
control run the risk of compart-
mentalizing and distancing the
health sector from other
development activities.
Economic development
In addition to supporting the well-
being of the public and the labour
forces in other sectors, the health
sector also produces goods and
services that contribute to the
national economy.
Confusion among health
officials surrounding rhe
1994 outbreak of the plague
in Surat, India, undercut
indian tourism. More than
45,000 people cancelled
their travel plans to India.
Micro Credit loan defaiults
due to illness have been
reduced in Bangladesh
and other countries through
the strengthening TB cont
and other community
health programmes.
Community organizing by gays,
Lesbians and IV drug users in
response to AIDS has strength-
ened the capacity of these
communities to respond to other
social issues. Health initiatives are
frequently spearheads for develop-
ing community participation
National hospitals Many developing
country governments allocate more
than half of their health budgets
to hospitals, leaving little money
for basic health services.
Economic growth
Ten years of the malaria
Elimination programme in
Sri Lanka is estimated to have
Boosted national income by 13%
School attendance Children in the Solomon
Islands missed – on average – one week of
school each year due to malaria, prior to the
implementation of effective control strategies.
Worker Productivity
Weavers in India with
chronic symptoms of
lymphatic filaria produced
27% less cloth than
healthy weavers.
Negative impact
30
Positive impact
31. Safe drinking-water. The number of people
access to safe drinking-water has doubled
from 40% in 1980 to nearly 80% in some
countries, reducing the risk of diarrhoeal
diseases.
Mining settlements in the Amazon have
Contributed to an increase in malaria
Cases.
Impact of development on infectious disease
control Economic transition has affected health
Services and contributed to a resurgence of
TB and diphtheria in the Russian Federation
and Eastern Europe.
Adult literacy in developing countries has
increased from 34% in 1977 to 49% in
1985. This increases access to health
education messages.
Hydroelectric dams in China, Egypt,
Ghana and Senegal have led to an
Increase in schistosomiasis.
Positive impact
Negative impact
31
32. Priority steps for overcoming the burden of infectious
diseases (I)
• Political support – particularly money, policies and multi sector
involvement – is required to overcome the burden of infectious
diseases. By mobilizing political support to address the following
priorities, much of the death and suffering caused by infectious
disease could be prevented.
32
33. Priority steps for overcoming the burden of
infectious diseases (II)
• Support for proven, effective and affordable priority strategies in
controlling the most devastating infectious diseases, including:
Bednets and treatment strategies for rolling back malaria
DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-course) for stopping TB.
Childhood vaccinations for reducing deaths from measles and other
preventable diseases.
IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) for addressing
diarrhoeal diseases.
HIV prevention strategies such as condom prevention, sex education and
STI treatment for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.
33
34. Priority steps for overcoming the burden of
infectious diseases (III)
Antibiotics used timely and appropriately for preventing pneumonia.
Strengthened health services and delivery systems in developing
countries.
Intensified efforts to eradicate polio and guinea worm, and eliminate
neonatal tetanus, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease and
onchocerciasis.
Expansion of surveillance systems that can alert the world to
unexpected outbreaks, the emergence of new diseases and increased
drug resistance.
Investment in the development of diagnostic tools, drugs and vaccines
that can further improved our ability to affordably address the most
serious and widespread infectious diseases.
34