Chemical Waste from Industries

Chemical waste from Industries
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TOPIC: Chemical waste from industries
SUBJECT: Est
Course: co4g
Year: 2015-16
GROUP MEMBERS:
Rajkumar SHAH: 85
kaushal SHAH: 82
Naman talati: 102
Ahmed tanwar: 103

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Contents
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 5
2. Guidance for Disposal of Chemical Wastes........................................................................... 6
3. Chemical Compatibility Guideline........................................................................................ 7
4. Waste containers................................................................................................................... 7
A. Packaging.................................................................................................. 8
B. Labelling ................................................................................................... 8
C. Storage ...................................................................................................... 9
5. Mapping of chemical waste in the United States................................................................. 10
6. Chemical Waste Management ............................................................................................ 12
Laboratory Chemical Waste Management Procedures ...................................... 12
DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL WASTE..................................................................... 12
SELECTING A CONTAINER .................................................................................. 14
i. Liquid Chemical Waste ............................................................................. 14
ii. Laboratory Clean Out of Regent Chemicals............................................... 16
iii. Sample Vials - Sealed 15 ml or less ........................................................ 16
iv. Solid Waste Streams................................................................................. 17
v. Chemically Contaminated Sharps ............................................................. 18
vi. Empty Chemical Containers...................................................................... 18
vii. Clean, Uncontaminated Broken Glassware............................................ 19
viii. Gas Cylinders......................................................................................... 19
ix. Gas Cylinder Resources: ........................................................................... 20
x. Recycling and Laboratory Wastes............................................................. 20
LABELING CHEMICAL WASTE............................................................................. 21
i. How to Label:........................................................................................... 21
ADDING WASTE TO A CONTAINER..................................................................... 22
i. Procedure for liquid chemical waste management:.................................. 23
ii. Procedures for solid waste management:................................................. 24

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STORING YOUR WASTE ..................................................................................... 24
INSPECTING YOUR WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS........................................... 26
HOW TO HAVE CHEMICAL WASTE REMOVED .................................................... 26
7.Waste Minimization and Recycling ..................................................................................... 30
8. Disposal Options and Problems .......................................................................................... 31
9.Hazardous Waste Production in the United States .............................................................. 33
10. Waste Summits ................................................................................................................. 34
A. 2015.............................................................................................................. 34
B. 2014.............................................................................................................. 35
11. Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 36
12. Bibliography and Reference............................................................................................. 39

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1. Introduction
Chemical waste is a waste that is made from harmful chemicals (mostly produced by
large factories). Chemical waste may fall under regulations such as COSHH in
the United Kingdom, or the Clean Water Act and Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act in the United States. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as well as
state and local regulations also regulate chemical use and disposal. Chemical waste
may or may not be classed as hazardous waste. A chemical hazardous waste is a
solid, liquid, or gaseous material that
displays either a “Hazardous Characteristic”
or is specifically “listed” by name as a
hazardous waste. There are four
characteristics chemical wastes may have to
be considered as hazardous. These are
Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, and
Toxicity. This type of hazardous waste must
be categorized as to its identity, constituents,
and hazards so that it may be safely handled

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and managed. Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of
materials. Consult your Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Product Data Sheet or
Label for a list of constituents. These sources will tell you if you have a chemical
waste that needs special disposal.
In the laboratory, chemical wastes are usually segregated on-site into appropriate
waste carboys, and disposed by a specialist contractor in order to meet safety, health,
and legislative requirements.
Waste organic solvents are separated into chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvent
waste. Chlorinated solvent waste is usually incinerated at high temperature to
minimize the formation of dioxins. Non-chlorinated solvent waste can be burned
for energy recovery. Innocuous aqueous waste (such as solutions of sodium chloride)
may be poured down the sink; aqueous waste containing toxic compounds are
collected separately. Waste elemental mercury, spent acids and bases may be
collected separately for recycling.
2. Guidance for Disposal of Chemical Wastes
If in the laboratory, some chemicals can be washed down with excess water. This
includes: concentrated and dilute acids and alkalis, harmless soluble inorganic salts
(all drying agents), alcohols containing salts, hypochlorite solutions, fine silica and
alumina.
In contrast to this, chemical materials on the "Red List" should never be washed
down a drain. This list includes: compounds with transitional metals, biocides,
++cyanides, mineral oils and hydrocarbons, poisonous organosilicon compounds,
metal phosphides, phosphorus element, and fluorides and nitrites.
Moreover, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prohibits disposing certain
materials down any UVM drain. Including flammable liquids, liquids capable of
causing damage to wastewater facilities (this can be determined by the pH), highly
viscous materials capable of causing an obstruction in the wastewater system,

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radioactive materials, materials that have or create a strong odour, wastewater
capable of significantly raising the temperature of the system, and pharmaceuticals or
endocrine disruptors.
3. Chemical Compatibility Guideline
Many chemicals may react adversely when combined. It’s recommended that
incompatible chemicals are stored in separate areas of the lab.
Acids should be separated from alkalis, metals, cyanides, sulfides, azides,
phosphides, and oxidizers. The reason being, when combined acids with these type of
compounds, violent exothermic reaction can occur possibly causing flammable gas,
and in some cases explosions.
Oxidizers should be separated from acids, organic materials, metals, reducing agents,
and ammonia. This is because when combined oxidizers with these type of
compounds, inflammable, and sometimes toxic compounds can occur.
When disposing hazardous laboratory chemical waste, chemical compatibility must
be considered. For safe disposal, the container must be chemically compatible with
the material it will hold.
4. Waste containers
Packaging, labelling, storage are the three requirements for disposing chemical waste.

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A. Packaging
For packaging, chemical liquid waste containers should only be filled up to 75%
capacity to allow for vapour expansion and to reduce potential spills which could
occur from moving overfilled containers. Container material must be compatible with
the stored hazardous waste. Finally, wastes must not be packaged in containers that
improperly identify other nonexisting hazards.
In addition to the general packaging requirements mentioned above, incompatible
materials should never be mixed together in a single container. Wastes must be stored
in containers compatible with the chemicals stored as mentioned in the container
compatibility section. Solvent safety cans should to be used to collect and temporarily
store large volumes (10-20 litres) of flammable organic waste solvents, precipitates,
solids or other non-fluid wastes should not be mixed into safety cans.
B. Labelling
Label all containers with the group name from the chemical waste category and an
itemized list of the contents. All chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals
posing a significant hazard.All waste must be appropriately packaged.

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C. Storage
When storing chemical wastes, the containers must be in good condition and should
remain closed unless waste is being added. Hazardous waste must be stored safely
prior to removal from the laboratory and should not be allowed to
accumulate. Container should be sturdy and leakproof, also has to be labeled. All
liquid waste must be stored in leakproof containers with a screw- top or other secure
lid. Snap caps, mis-sized caps, parafilm and other loose fitting lids are not acceptable.
If necessary, transfer waste material to a container that can be securely closed. Keep
waste containers closed except when adding waste. Secondary containment should be
in place to capture spills and leaks from the primary container, segregate
incompatible hazardous wastes, such as acids and bases.

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5. Mapping of chemical waste in the United States
TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of
Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of
Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore
data from theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release
Inventory and Superfund Basic Research Programs. TOXMAP is a resource funded
by the US Federal Government. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health
information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network
(TOXNET) and PubMed, and from other authoritative sources.
Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are
extremely harmful to people and the environment.
 Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant
and into rivers, lakes and oceans.
 Pollutants from industrial sources include:
o Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard and carcinogenic.
Asbestos fibres can be inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis,
mesothelioma, lung cancer, intestinal cancer and liver cancer.

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o Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and
environmental problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard
to clean up once the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the
health of many animals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of
bodily enzymes.
o Mercury – This is a metallic element and can cause health and
environmental problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard
to clean up once the environment is contaminated. Mercury is also
harmful to animal health as it can cause illness through mercury
poisoning.
o Nitrates – The increased use of fertilisers means that nitrates are more
often being washed from the soil and into rivers and lakes. This can
cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine
environments.
o Phosphates – The increased use of fertilisers means that phosphates are
more often being washed from the soil and into rivers and lakes. This
can cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine
environments.
o Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine
life.
o Oils – Oil does not dissolve in water, instead it forms a thick layer on the
water surface. This can stop marine plants receiving enough light
for photosynthesis. It is also harmful for fish and marine birds.

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6. Chemical Waste Management
Laboratory Chemical Waste Management Procedures
Proper chemical management is necessary to protect the health and safety of the
University and surrounding communities and the environment. There are federal and
state regulations that require all generators of chemical waste receive training and
follow proper waste management and
disposal procedures. These regulations have
severe monetary and civil penalties
associated with them. Between 1990 and
2004, over twelve million dollars in fines
have been levied against University and
Colleges for hazardous waste and other
environmental violations, leading the EPA
to question waste management at educational institutions.
DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL WASTE
Chemical waste is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
and by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control.
Definitions, management practices and compliance are outlined in 40 Code of
Federal Regulations and the Delaware Rules Governing Hazardous Waste. All
policies and practices developed by the
University of Delaware are designed to
meet or exceed these regulations and
assure compliance.
University Policy 7-18 states that all
University of Delaware personnel must
manage all chemical and hazardous
waste in compliance with these federal

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and state regulations and in accordance with procedures set up by the Department of
Environmental Health & Safety.
Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of materials. Consult
your Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Product Data Sheet or Label for a list of
constituents. These sources will tell you if you have a chemical waste that needs
special disposal. To reduce its long-term liability, the University is proactive in
managing all of its chemical waste in an environmentally sound manner. If there are
any questions on whether a material must be managed through the chemical waste
management program, contact EHS or call 831-8475.
Examples of Chemical Waste include, but are not limited to:
 Unused and surplus reagent grade chemicals
 Intermediates and by-products generated from research & educational
experiments
 Batteries
 Anything contaminated by chemicals
 Used oil of all types
 Spent solvents - including water based
 Mercury containing items
 Photographic film processing solutions and chemicals
 Pesticides
 Non-returnable gas cylinders
 Non-empty aerosol cans
 Chemically contaminated sharps
 Finely divided powders
 Contaminated syringes, needles, GC syringes, razor blades, pasteur pipettes,
pipette tips
 Equipment and apparatus containing hazardous waste
 Computer/electronic equipment

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 Toner
cartridges
 Ethylene
glycol
 Paints - both
oil and latex
 Fluorescent
light bulbs
 Light ballasts
 Preserved
specimens
 Custodial and industrial cleaners
 Uncured Resins(Phenolic, Epoxy, Styrene, etc....)
 Dye and glazes
 Degreasing solvents
 Brake/Transmission/Power Steering Fluids
SELECTING A CONTAINER
i. Liquid Chemical Waste
Once it is determined that chemical waste will be generated, a container must be
selected prior to waste generation. For bulk solvent and aqueous liquid waste
streams use a Low Density Polyethylene Nalgene container. These containers will be
returned within a week to the lab and are available from most laboratory supply
companies and the campus storerooms. Nalgene containers are compatible with most
chemical wastes, but there are a few waste streams that should not be accumulated in
these container

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DO Not Use glass, plastic-coated glass or other re-used reagent chemical bottles to
store or accumulate bulk liquid chemical waste.
Examples of chemical that should not be stored in Nalgene containers:
 Amyl Chloride
 Bromine
 Butyric Acid
 Carbon disulfide
 Nitrobenzene
 Sulfur Dioxide
 Thionyl Chloride
 Vinylidene Chloride
Certain types of Nalgene containers work best for DEHS' operations. Please try to
purchase containers that meet the following requirements:
 Low density polyethylene
 Either a 53B or 83B screw cap
 Containers with a large handle
 Capacity no larger than 5 gallons
For bulk corrosive liquid waste streams, use the Justrite Safety Containers for
Waste Disposal. These containers are specially designed for corrosive chemical waste
and vent under emergency conditions. DO NOT store or accumulate bulk liquid
corrosive chemical waste in any other container. Go to Liquid Corrosive Chemical
Waste Management for more information on managing corrosive waste streams.
Do Not use containers that are old, dented, damaged, leaking or cracked. The
container must be able to be capped, sealed or closed. The container must be
compatible with the waste streams that will be placed in it. For example, do not use a

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metal container to store acids, do not use a glass container to store hydrofluoric acid,
do not use glass or metal containers to store organic peroxides and do not use metal
containers to store picric acid and solutions of picric acid. Do not use containers that
can be confused with consumer commodities like soda bottles or milk jugs. Do not
use metal containers for flammable liquid waste, unless proper bonding and
grounding precautions are taken.
ii. Laboratory Clean Out of Regent Chemicals
All laboratories should, based on the hazards they pose, inspect all of their reagent
chemicals. Look for chemicals that are no longer needed, old and out of date or
unusable. Try to redistribute unneeded chemicals around the department or building.
If no one else needs the chemical or if they are out of date or unusable, then package
them as follows for disposal through DEHS:
 Package by hazard class in sturdy cardboard boxes. Go to Chemical
Storage for guidance on packaging by hazard class.
 Use sufficient packing material to prevent container damage en route.
 Place a completed chemical waste label and packing slip on the outside of the
box.
iii. Sample Vials - Sealed 15 ml or less
Some laboratories generate a number of sealed sample vials. If the laboratory does
not want to reuse the glassware or plasticware and does not want to empty the
contents into a liquid chemical waste container, the following procedures must be
used:
 Obtain a clean 5-gallon polyethylene pail with lid.

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 Line the pail with a heavy-duty plastic bag.
 Place a chemical waste label on the outside of the pail.
 Place only compatible material in pail. Go to Chemical Storage for guidance
on compatibility.
 Place the lid on the pail.
 When full, tightly seal bag with tape or bag closure tie.
iv. Solid Waste Streams
Solid waste includes any laboratory material that has come in contact with a chemical
or is potentially contaminated with a chemical. Examples include gloves, bench-top
paper, weighing boats and papers, paper towels, clean up material and permanently
contaminated glassware and plasticware. Go to Laboratory Solid Waste Disposal
Procedures for a flow chart that helps decide if a material requires management as
chemical waste or if it can be placed in the normal trash. Use the following
procedures to manage solid chemical waste:
 Use five-gallon poly pails, cardboard boxes, or other sturdy containers.
 All containers must have lids.
 Apply a completed chemical waste label on the outside of the container or in
vinyl tags attached to the containers.
 Line the container with a
7-mil polyethylene bag or
three standard trash bags.
 All bags must be sealed
unless laboratory
personnel are actively
adding waste. Seal the
bag with a bag closure tie
or a large binder clip.
 When the container is

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full, seal the bag with tape. If the container is in a cardboard box, secure the
box with tape as well.
 It is important not to overload containers. Full boxes should not weigh more
than 40 pounds. Do not use overly large boxes. Only fill boxes two-thirds full
if they contain broken glass.
v. Chemically Contaminated Sharps
Anything that is capable of cutting or puncturing must be managed in a sharps
container. Examples of sharps include needles, syringes, razor blades, slides, scalpels,
pipettes, broken plastic or glassware, micropipettes and pipette tips. Sharps containers
are available free of charge from DEHS. Go to Sharp and Piercing Object
Disposal for more information about sharps management. If a sharp is chemically
contaminated, simply place it in a sharps container that is labeled with a properly
filled out Orange Chemical Waste Label.
vi. Empty Chemical
Containers
Empty chemical containers
are still hazardous to the
University personnel and the
environment until they are

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properly managed. Go to Glass Only Disposal/Empty Chemical Container Disposal
Procedures for complete information on empty container management. Below is a
summary of the steps required to make empty chemical containers safe for disposal:
 Triple rinse with copious amounts of water. Collect the first rinse as chemical
waste. Rinse two and three can go down the sanitary sewer.
 Place a label over the original container label or deface the label.
 Do not replace the cap on the container.
 Place empty/triple rinsed containers in a glass only box, recycling container or
directly into the dumpster.
vii. Clean, Uncontaminated Broken Glassware
In an effort to minimize the amount of chemical waste generated on campus, clean,
uncontaminated glassware and plasticware should not be managed as waste.
Unwanted clean non-broken glassware and plasticware can be packaged up by the
laboratory personnel and taken to the dumpster or recycling area. Broken glassware
and plasticware creates a potential hazard so special procedures are needed:
 Purchase a glass only box from a campus storeroom or a laboratory supply
company, or reuse a heavy corrugated cardboard box lined with a plastic liner.
 Construct the box as per directions.
 Tape the bottom.
 When the container is 3/4's full, seal and take to the dumpster yourself.
Remember that you must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while
handling these boxes. Minimum PPE includes leather work gloves and safety
glasses. Custodial Services will not handle broken laboratory glassware and
plasticware.
viii. Gas Cylinders
The disposal of gas cylinders is extremely expensive. Unknown gas cylinders may
cost in excess of $1,000 to identify and properly manage. Always check to make sure

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that all labels on gas cylinders are in good condition and legible. Contact the cylinder
supplier and arrange a return if possible. It is best to use cylinders that will be
returned. If lecture cylinders are required for research, use cylinders supplied by
Aldrich, Matheson Tri Gas or Messer Gas. Disposal of Aldrich cylinders are
inexpensive and Matheson and Messer Gas have a lecture bottle return program.
ix. Gas Cylinder Resources:
MG Industries (800)-362-1221
Matheson (609)-467-2770
x. Recycling and Laboratory Wastes
Certain laboratory materials can be recycled while others cannot. Go to Campus
Computer, Electronic Equipment and Office Supplies Recycling for complete
information on recycling. Below is
information specific for
laboratories:
Laboratory materials that can be
recycled:
 Brown glass
 Clear glass
 Metal cans
 Computer and electronic equipment
Laboratory materials that cannot be recycled:
 Any glass bottles that are plastic coated
 Pyrex
 Glass only boxes

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LABELING CHEMICAL WASTE
After you have determined what waste you are going to generate and have obtained
the appropriate containers, you must properly fill out a chemical waste label and
attach it to the containers. Chemical waste labels are available from DEHS, free of
charge. There are directions on the back side of the label and labels must be applied
on all chemical waste containers as soon as waste is added. These labels are designed
to meet the regulatory requirements, therefore, every piece of information on the
label is critical and must be completed.
i. How to Label:
 The generator is the person who is filling out the waste label, not the lab group
or Principal Investigator (PI) unless the PI is filling out the waste label.
 Date the label with the date that the waste is first added.
 Fill in building, room number and telephone number where the person who is
filling out the waste label can be reached.
 Circle the appropriate waste steam(s) or write it in.
 List each waste constituent down to 1%; heavy metals must be listed down to
the parts per million range. Label contents must add up to 100%. Volumes are
acceptable.
 Use only common
chemical names or
IUPAC nomenclature
when listing the chemical
constituents on the label.

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 Do not use:
o Abbreviations
o Chemical symbols
o Trade names
 Check the appropriate boxes for the waste stream.
 If this waste is being moved to a Central Accumulation Area such as the
Brown Solvent Shed,
Colburn Solvent Shed or the
McKinly Waste Storage
Area, fill in the date that it is
moved on the line at the
 bottom of the waste label.
ADDING WASTE TO A CONTAINER
Waste can be added only after you choose the proper container and it is labeled. The
minimum personal protective equipment (PPE) may be dictated in the Chemical
Hygiene Plan. If not, all personal working with chemical waste must wear the
following:
 Safety glasses
 Splash goggles if working with liquid waste
 Lab coat
 Gloves specific for the compounds in use

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i. Procedure for liquid chemical waste management:
 Perform liquid chemical waste management in a fume hood. Mixing of liquid
waste may generate toxic or corrosive aerosols.
 Check the container label to assure that waste is being added to the correct
container.
 The container must be in secondary containment, i.e. large plastic bin or
bucket.
 Uncap the container.
 Use a funnel sufficient for the size of the container and volume of waste being
added.
 Slowly add the waste, watching for any unintended reactions. If you observe a
reaction, immediately stop adding the waste, close the fume hood sash and
contact DEHS.
 After the waste has been added,
remove the funnel and seal the
container with the cap.
 Another option for liquid waste
management is to use a
specially designed waste funnel
called ECO-Funnel. Go
to Safety Ecological Funnels for
more information.

Page no. 24
ii. Procedures for solid waste management:
 Go to Laboratory Solid Waste Disposal Set-Up and Laboratory Solid Waste
Disposal Procedures for information
and guidance on how to set up your
solid chemical waste management
program in your lab.
 Obtain and label a proper container
as described above.
 Open the lid to the container and
unseal the bag.
 Add the waste.
 Seal the bag with a bag closure tie or
large binder clip.
 Reseal the lid.
STORING YOUR WASTE
Proper storage of chemical waste is extremely important. Explosions have occurred
on campus that are attributed to improper storage of chemical waste. If you
improperly label a container, other laboratory personnel unknowingly may add
incompatible material to the container. For
example, if an organic solvent solution is
added to a container that is not labeled or
labeled as an aqueous inorganic acid, and a
fellow researcher may generate an
inorganic nitric acid solution and add it to
the container. Nitric acid and organic
solvents are extremely incompatible and the
container over a short period of time

Page no. 25
generates pressure and explodes. Go to Chemical Storage for guidance. Adhere to the
following procedures on chemical
waste storage to protect the health
and safety of others, protect the
University's facilities and to keep
the University in compliance with
all federal, state and local
regulations:
 Waste containers must remain closed or sealed at all times, except when waste
is being added or removed from the container.
 Liquid waste containers must be stored in secondary containment systems
according to hazard class.
 Store all bulk liquid waste containers in appropriate cabinets. DO NOT store
bulk liquid chemical waste containers in fume hoods that have active
experiments or reactions occurring.
o Flammable Cabinets
o Corrosive Cabinets
o Under Fume Hood Cabinets
 Do not allow excess accumulation of chemical waste to build up in your lab.
Go to Hazardous Waste Definitions for more information on the limitations of
waste storage.
 Containers can only be filled to a maximum 90% full. Head space is needed for
expansion and/or ease of dispensing.

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INSPECTING YOUR WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS
All satellite chemical waste accumulation areas must be inspected on a weekly basis.
This inspection does not have to be a formal inspection with documentation but
laboratory personnel must inspect all chemical waste stored in their laboratories to
assure the following:
 There are no leaking containers of
chemical waste.
 All containers holding chemical
waste are labeled with a
completed orange chemical waste
label.
 All containers are sealed and
closed. This includes waste
containers holding solid chemical waste.
 All liquid chemical wastes are stored in secondary containment bins.
 Incompatible wastes are stored away from each other and in separate
containment bins.
 There is not an excessive accumulation of waste stored in the
laboratory.Immediately correct any of the above if they are encountered during
the course of the weekly inspection.
HOW TO HAVE CHEMICAL WASTE REMOVED
Certain departments and buildings have a Central Accumulation Area (CAA) set up
in close proximity to their building. Laboratories in McKinly, Wolf, Brown, Lammot
DuPont, Drake Hall, Colburn and Spencer should take their waste to the CAA. Go
to Chemical Waste Removal Process for complete information on the CAA's.

Page no. 27
Once a chemical waste container is full, DEHS should be contacted to remove the
container or it should be moved to the CAA. In addition, if a chemical waste
container has been in a laboratory for more than a year, it should be removed. If your
building does not have a CAA, follow the procedure below:
 You can request a chemical waste pick-up via the DEHS Web Page. Go
to Chemical Waste Pick-Up Form and complete the web form. If you do not
have access to a computer or if the web form does not work, contact EHSat
831-8475. We strongly encourage everyone to use the web form. This assists
DEHS with complying with certain federal and state Regulations and tracking
programs.
 DEHS will only remove waste
that is properly labeled and in a
satisfactory container. If the
container is not labeled or
satisfactory, an attempt will be
made to find the laboratory
personnel to correct the
problems. If no one can be
located, the container will be
left and DEHS will send an

Page no. 28
email to the responsible parties notifying them that the container was not
removed.
 Contact EHS directly or 831-
8475 if you have a large or non-
routine chemical waste pick-up.
DEHS routinely encounter a group of
common problems and issues with
chemical waste. These common
problems are listed below with
suggestions to prevent them from occurring. The EPA has fined Universities and
Colleges for the problems listed below. Your support in eliminating these problems
will greatly reduce the University's liability.
 Unknown / Unlabeled chemical waste is very difficult and expensive to
dispose of and poses an unnecessary risk to laboratory personnel as well as
University personnel handling the waste. Unlabeled containers are a direct
violation of the Federal and State
hazardous waste regulations. Typically,
DEHS covers the cost of all wastes
generated by academic departments and
programs. Departments
generating unknown
wastes may be charged
for its disposal because
of the extreme costs.
o Prevention -
Label all
chemical waste
with an orange
chemical waste label. Update the constituents on the label every time

Page no. 29
waste is added. Inspect waste on a weekly basis to assure that containers
are labeled and that the labels are in good condition. Inspect your
chemical reagents to assure that the labels are still attached. Tape or
replace as necessary.
 Mixing or storage of incompatible chemicals may result in an explosion, fire
or generation of toxic aerosols, vapor or fumes.
o Prevention - Having an accurate, up-to-date waste label on each
container will greatly reduce the possibility of mixing incompatible
materials. Store incompatibles away from each other and in separate
secondary containment bins.
 Chemical containers that are left uncapped / open - This is a direct violation
of Federal and State chemical waste and air permitting regulations and must
not occur
o Prevention - Seal all containers immediately after waste is added.
Inspect accumulation areas to assure all containers are sealed. Purchase
and use ECO-Funnels.
 Laboratory personnel that are inadequately trained in the proper
management of chemical waste - This is a direct violation of Federal and
State chemical waste regulations. Additionally a lack of training places
University Personnel, facilities and the environment at risk.
o Prevention - Complete DEHS' online Chemical Waste training class.
Go to Environmental Health & Safety Training Schedule to sign up for a
live training session in the EHS Office .
 Liquid containers stored outside of secondary containers - If container(s)
fail, the contents may migrate and commingle with incompatible chemicals or
migrate to floor or sink drains. This is a direct violation of the Federal and
State chemical waste regulations.
o Prevention - Store all liquid chemical waste in secondary containment.
 Waste Containers Stored In and/or Near Sink Areas and Floor Drains - If
containers leak the contents could discharge down the drain. If this occurs, it is

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a direct violation of the Federal and State chemical waste and safe drinking
water regulations.
o Prevention - Store all liquid chemical waste in secondary containment
and away from all floor and sink drains.
7.Waste Minimization and Recycling
Recycling and waste minimization may be the best ways to deal with hazardous
waste. Waste minimization reduces the volume of waste generated, whereas recycling
means that less hazardous waste requires disposal. Techniques for waste
minimization may include audits, better inventory management, production
process/equipment modifications, and operational/maintenance procedures. Raw
material changes, volume reductions,
nonhazardous material substitutions, reuse,
or recovery also reduce hazardous waste
production. For example biodegradable,
nontoxic lactate esters are solvents
manufactured from
renewable carbohydrate sources that can
be substituted for toxic halogenated
solvents.
The EPA's Industrial Toxics Project is a
nonregulatory program initiated in 1990 to achieve, voluntarily, overall reductions for
seventeen toxic chemicals reported in the government's Toxics Release Inventory

Page no. 31
(TRI), including cadmium, lead, mercury, trichloroethylene, and toluene. The
recycling of waste through waste exchanges is one aspect of industrial ecology and
another way to address the issue of hazardous waste disposal. For example the sludge
that accumulates in scrubbers removing sulfur dioxide from power plant smokestacks
contains calcium sulfate, which can be recycled in wallboard. Waste exchange also
promotes the use of one company's waste as another company's raw material. Waste
exchanges typically list both available and desired materials. Several regional waste
exchanges exist, as well as exchanges within small geographic regions. Some
exchanges charge for their services, whereas others are supported by grants.
8. Disposal Options and Problems
Disposal options for hazardous waste include landfills, injection wells , incineration,
and bioremediation , as well as several others. The greatest concern with the
disposal of hazardous waste in landfills or injection wells is that toxic substances will
leak into surrounding groundwater. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water
worldwide and once it is contaminated, pollutants are extremely difficult and costly
to remove. In some instances, it is impossible to remove groundwater contamination.
The ideal disposal method is the destruction and conversion of hazardous waste to a
non-hazardous form. New technology for hazardous and mixed low-level radioactive
waste conversion includes a high-temperature plasma torch that converts low-level
radioactive wastes to environmentally safe glass. Conversion toWorkers wearing
hazardous materials suits, neutralizing hazardous materials.
©Pete Saloutos/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.
environmentally safe substances can be very expensive for some types of hazardous
wastes and technically impossible for others, creating the need for alternative
disposal methods.

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The most common form of hazardous waste disposal in the United States is
landfilling. Hazardous waste landfills are highly regulated and are required to include
clay liners, monitoring wells, and groundwater barriers. The 1984 Hazardous Solid
Waste Amendments require the monitoring of groundwater near landfills for thirty
years. Injection wells may be used to inject hazardous waste deep into the earth, but
problems result with aquifer
contamination and the ultimate fate of the
hazardous waste after injection is
unknown.
Incineration may be an effective way to
convert hazardous waste into a
nonhazardous form while greatly
decreasing its volume. The waste is burned and converted into carbon dioxide, water,
and inorganic by-products. The problems associated with incineration are high capital
and operating costs, and the disposal of ash, which may contain hazardous
substances. In addition, incinerating wastes can cause mercury and dioxin air
pollution. Bioremediation may also be used in situ or ex situ to convert hazardous
wastes to nontoxic by-products using microorganisms and natural degradation
processes. Biodegradation requires very long treatment times and it may be difficult
to control or enhance natural
degradation processes.
Phytoremediation, the process by
which plants absorb and in some cases
degrade hazardous substances in the
environment, is being investigated as
an emerging cleanup technology. For
example poplar trees have been shown
to break down the herbicide atrazine,
mustard plants will remove lead from soil, and the alpine pennycress plant will take
large amounts of heavy metals and alsouranium from soil.

Page no. 33
When hazardous waste is to be transported off-site for disposal, the waste generator
prepares a shipping document called a manifest. This form must accompany the
waste to its final destination and is used to track the waste's movements from "cradle
to grave."
9.Hazardous Waste Production in the United States
Facilities that produce hazardous waste, usually as a result of an industrial process,
are considered large-quantity generators (LQG) or small-quantity generators (SQG)
depending on the quantities produced. Hazardous waste may be transported to
alternate locations to be treated, stored, or disposed of, or may be managed at the
place of generation.
In 1995, 20,873 LQGs produced 214 million tons of hazardous waste regulated by
RCRA. There were 3,489 fewer LQGs and a reduction of 44 million tons of waste by
1995 compared to 1993. The five states generating the largest amount of hazardous
waste were Texas (69 million tons), Tennessee (39 million tons), Louisiana (17
million tons), Michigan (13 million tons), and Illinois (13 million tons), accounting
for 70 percent of the national totals.
The industrial trade of hazardous waste has become an extensive problem. Many
third world countries accept large volumes of hazardous waste for disposal in return
for sizable financial compensation. Unfortunately, the large profits reaped by such
poor countries do not compensate for the long-term environmental impacts from
improperly managed hazardous waste.

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10. Waste Summits
A. 2015
The Environment and Recycling Council of CII Godrej GBC is playing a catalytic
role to promote organized waste management & recycling movement in the country,
and usher in a waste management movement. Towards this, CII-Godrej GBC is
making concentrated efforts in bringing together all the key stakeholders in
highlighting the need and importance of waste management.
Taking this forward, the council is organizing 6th edition of Waste Management
Summit 2015 on 9 & 10 December 2015 at Hyderabad.The summit is one of the
flagship events of CII, provides a unique platform for all key stakeholders to address
various issues and challenges on waste management, acclimatize new concepts and
technologies and facilitate new business opportunities.
Objectives of Summit
 Develop common platform for all key stakeholders to discuss issues and
challenges of waste management
 Provide opportunities for companies to showcase latest products and technologies
 Envisage pathway for waste management movement in the country through
combine efforts of industries, regulatory bodies, policy makers, technology
consultants and service providers
Summit Focus
 National and International Best Practices on Waste Management
 Panel Discussion on latest amendments in Waste Management Rules 2015
 Advancements in Waste to Energy concept
 Sectoral approaches to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge
 Focused session on e-waste management
 Success stories on waste management & resource conservation
 Exclusive B2B meeting amongst waste generators and waste users / service
providers
Who Should Attend?
 Manufacturing & Service Industry Personnel
 Waste Management Facilities and Environment Consultants
 Hospitals, Hotels, IT Sectors
 Technology and service providers

Page no. 35
 Education Institutes, etc.
B. 2014
The Environment and Recycling Council of CII Godrej GBC is playing a catalytic
role to promote organized waste management & recycling movement in the country,
and usher in a waste management movement. Towards this, CII-Godrej GBC is
making concentrated efforts in bringing together all the key
stakeholders in highlighting the need and importance of waste management.
Taking this forward, the council is organizing 5th
edition of Waste Management
Summit 2014 on 16 & 17 December 2014 at Mumbai.The summit is one of the
flagship events of CII, provides a unique platform for all key stakeholders to address
various issues and challenges on waste management, acclimatize new concepts and
technologies and facilitate new business opportunities.
Objectives of Summit
 Develop common platform for all key stakeholders to discuss issues and
challenges of waste management
 Provide opportunities for companies to showcase latest products and
technologies
 Envisage pathway for waste management movement in the country through
combine efforts of industries, regulatory bodies, policy makers, technology
consultants and service providers
Summit Focus
 Approach towards Resource Management
 Promoting Waste to Wealth and Waste to Energy concepts
 Dedicated session on sector-wise waste generation issues, challenges and
its surmount
 Corporate Initiative and success stories on Resource Conservation
Who Should Attend?
 Manufacturing & Service Industry Personnel
 Waste Management Facilities and Environment Consultants
 Hospitals, Hotels, IT Sectors
 Technology and service providers
 Education Institutes, etc.

Page no. 36
11. Conclusion
Proper chemical waste management protects the health and safety of everyone and
prevents or minimizes pollution. All generators of chemical waste should do their
best to minimize the amounts or chemical waste they generate and recycle whenever
possible. Please contact EHS or call 831-8475 with any questions regarding chemical
waste.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), enacted in 1976, defines
hazardous waste as a liquid, solid, sludge, or containerized gas waste substance that
due to its quantity, concentration, or chemical properties may cause significant threats
to human health or the environment if managed improperly. U.S. legislation
considers a waste hazardous if it is corrosive, flammable, unstable, or toxic. Sources
of hazardous waste may include industry, research, medical, household, chemical
producers, agriculture, and mining, as well as many ot
hers.
Most hazardous waste comes from industrial sources. The EPA specifies four
different categories of hazardous waste that are subject to regulation: hazardous
wastes from nonspecific sources involved in industrial processes such as spent
halogenated solvents; hazardous wastes from specific industrial sources, such as
untreated wastewater from the production of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

Page no. 37
acid (2,4,-d); commercial chemical products that may be discarded (such as benzene)
used in the manufacture of drugs, detergents, lubricants, dyes and pesticides; and
wastes that are classified as toxic, such as vinyl chloride. Hazardous waste from
many industrial processes include solvents such as methylene chloride, a
probable carcinogen that is commonly used in paint removers. Trichloroethylene, a
solvent that has been found in groundwater is monitored and regulated in drinking
water in the United States. Drinking or breathing high levels of trichloroethylene can
lead to damage of the liver, lung, and nervous system. In many industries the sludge
remaining after treatment of wastewater accounts for much of the generated
hazardous waste. Sludges and wastewater from electroplating operations commonly
contain cadmium, copper, lead, and nickel. These heavy metals are found in the
sediment of Lake Huron and have been associated with degradation of benthos and
planktonic communities. Heavy metals can impact the health of humans and wildlife
in a variety of ways: lead interferes with the nervous system and can lead to learning
disabilities in children and cadmium accumulates in humans and animals and can
lead to kidney disfunction. Household products that contain hazardous ingredients are
not regulated under RCRA but should be disposed of separately from municipal
garbage following label instructions. Household hazardous waste (HHW) can include
used motor oil, paint thinners and removers, wood preservers,
batteries, fluorescentlights that contain mercury, and unused pesticides.

Page no. 38
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state regulatory agencies
collect information about the generation, management, and final disposal of
hazardous wastes regulated under RCRA. This report gives detailed data on
hazardous waste generation and waste management practices for treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities.
.

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12. Bibliography and Reference
Davis, Mackenzie L., and Cornwell, David A. (1998). Introduction to
Environmental Engineering. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Graedel, T.E., and Allenby, B.R. (1995). Industrial Ecology. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
La Grega, Michael D.; Buckingham, Philip L.; Evans, Jeffrey C.; and Environmental
Resources Management. (2001). Hazardous Waste Management. Boston: McGraw-
Hill.
Vesiland, P. Aarne; Worrell, William; and Reinhart, Debra. (2002). Solid Waste
Engineering. Australia: Brooks/Cole.
Watts, Richard J. (1998). Hazardous Wastes: Sources, Pathways, Receptors. New
York: John Wiley & Sons.`
Margrit von Braun and Deena Lilya

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THANK
YOU

Chemical Waste from Industries

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