BOIL OFF GAS ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) AT RECEIVING TERMINALSVijay Sarathy
This document provides background information on boil off gas (BOG) from liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. It discusses how LNG is transported and stored, and how BOG is generated as heat causes some LNG to vaporize. The key points are:
- LNG is transported internationally on specially designed ships and stored in insulated tanks at receiving terminals. Heat ingress causes some LNG to vaporize, generating BOG.
- BOG management is important for tank pressure control and to prevent weathering of the LNG composition. The boil off rate needs to be precisely determined.
- The document provides design details of a sample single containment LNG tank, and makes assumptions
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
This document provides an overview of bomb calorimetry, which measures the heat of combustion (calorific value) of fuels and other combustible materials. A bomb calorimeter consists of an oxygen bomb where samples are burned at high pressure, a bucket of water to absorb the heat of combustion, and a jacket that controls heat transfer. The heat released is calculated based on the temperature change measured in the bucket. Corrections are made to account for heat transfer and side reactions from the combustion process. The document outlines the components and functioning of bomb calorimeters, as well as terminology, standards, and safety considerations for bomb calorimetry experiments.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
The document provides a detailed design report for a redesigned hydrogen production plant. The base case design produces 8,000 kg/hr of pure hydrogen gas using steam methane reforming and pressure swing adsorption. The plant can also flexibly operate at 60% capacity. Total capital investment is $112 million over 2 years. The plant is economically viable with a 9% internal rate of return over 30 years of operation. Gaseous emissions are a concern and various abatement methods are discussed to improve sustainability.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang siklus refrigerasi, termasuk definisi, jenis-jenisnya seperti siklus kompresi uap, siklus gas, dan siklus bertingkat. Juga dibahas mengenai pemilihan refrigeran yang tepat berdasarkan temperatur media yang akan didinginkan dan panas yang akan dibuang.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Elementary and non elementary reaction(no-18) - copyPrawin Ddy
The document discusses the differences between elementary and non-elementary reactions. Elementary reactions occur in a single step, while non-elementary reactions occur through a series of steps. For elementary reactions, the order is the same as the stoichiometric coefficient, but for non-elementary reactions the order does not necessarily match the stoichiometry. Non-elementary reactions are represented by rate equations that may have fractional orders, unlike elementary reactions which always have integer orders.
BOIL OFF GAS ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) AT RECEIVING TERMINALSVijay Sarathy
This document provides background information on boil off gas (BOG) from liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. It discusses how LNG is transported and stored, and how BOG is generated as heat causes some LNG to vaporize. The key points are:
- LNG is transported internationally on specially designed ships and stored in insulated tanks at receiving terminals. Heat ingress causes some LNG to vaporize, generating BOG.
- BOG management is important for tank pressure control and to prevent weathering of the LNG composition. The boil off rate needs to be precisely determined.
- The document provides design details of a sample single containment LNG tank, and makes assumptions
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
This document provides an overview of bomb calorimetry, which measures the heat of combustion (calorific value) of fuels and other combustible materials. A bomb calorimeter consists of an oxygen bomb where samples are burned at high pressure, a bucket of water to absorb the heat of combustion, and a jacket that controls heat transfer. The heat released is calculated based on the temperature change measured in the bucket. Corrections are made to account for heat transfer and side reactions from the combustion process. The document outlines the components and functioning of bomb calorimeters, as well as terminology, standards, and safety considerations for bomb calorimetry experiments.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
The document provides a detailed design report for a redesigned hydrogen production plant. The base case design produces 8,000 kg/hr of pure hydrogen gas using steam methane reforming and pressure swing adsorption. The plant can also flexibly operate at 60% capacity. Total capital investment is $112 million over 2 years. The plant is economically viable with a 9% internal rate of return over 30 years of operation. Gaseous emissions are a concern and various abatement methods are discussed to improve sustainability.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang siklus refrigerasi, termasuk definisi, jenis-jenisnya seperti siklus kompresi uap, siklus gas, dan siklus bertingkat. Juga dibahas mengenai pemilihan refrigeran yang tepat berdasarkan temperatur media yang akan didinginkan dan panas yang akan dibuang.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Elementary and non elementary reaction(no-18) - copyPrawin Ddy
The document discusses the differences between elementary and non-elementary reactions. Elementary reactions occur in a single step, while non-elementary reactions occur through a series of steps. For elementary reactions, the order is the same as the stoichiometric coefficient, but for non-elementary reactions the order does not necessarily match the stoichiometry. Non-elementary reactions are represented by rate equations that may have fractional orders, unlike elementary reactions which always have integer orders.
Density is a measure of the “compactness” of matter within a substance and is a very critical measuring parameter.The tremendous diversity of density measurement applications called for ever better methods for determining mass per volume (or density) in order to measure density faster, with higher precision, less sample volume required or at other defined temperatures besides ‘room temperature’.
This document provides an overview of slurry reactors, including their types, construction, operation, start up and shut down procedures, troubleshooting, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and an incident involving a slurry reactor explosion. Slurry reactors can react solids, liquids, and gases simultaneously using a solid suspended in a liquid with gas bubbled through. Common types include bubble column reactors and Fischer-Tropsch reactors. The document describes the typical components of a slurry reactor and procedures for operation and maintenance. Potential problems that can occur and their solutions are also outlined. Applications include methanol production and waste water treatment.
Wayne Calder – Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism – CCS and carbon p...Global CCS Institute
Wayne Calder, General Manager, Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, presented on CCS and carbon price policy in Australia at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012
This document discusses multiphase reactors, which involve gas, liquid, and solid phases. It covers the construction, classification, examples, design considerations, kinetics, advantages, and applications of these reactors. Specifically, it examines slurry bubble column reactors and slurry stirred tank reactors. It provides examples of industrial processes using multiphase reactors like hydrogenation, polymerization, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Rate equations are also presented to model reactions in these complex systems.
Bab 3 membahas sifat volumetris fluida murni. Diuraikan hubungan antara variabel keadaan yang menggambarkan keadaan sistem pada kondisi fisik tertentu seperti tekanan, suhu, dan kerapatan. Juga dijelaskan diagram fase dan daerah satu fasa fluida. Selanjutnya dibahas persamaan keadaan gas ideal, virial, dan kubik seperti van der Waals untuk memodelkan sifat fluida. Akhirnya diuraikan teori keadaan
Chemical reaction engineering involves designing chemical reactors to optimize reaction rates and yields. There are several factors that influence reaction rates, including concentration, temperature, and catalysts. Common reactor types include batch, continuous stirred-tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors. Reactors can be run in series or parallel to improve conversion levels. Residence time distribution is important for understanding flow patterns within real reactors.
Astm method for distillation of petroleum products at atmospheric pressureStudent
This document summarizes an experiment to determine the boiling range of kerosene using ASTM distillation. The experiment involves heating a 100mL gasoline sample in a distillation flask and measuring the temperature and volume percent distilled at intervals. A plot of the results shows the boiling range is 54-180°C. The document discusses how boiling range indicates a fuel's composition and properties, and how it affects safety, performance, and tendency to be explosive. Factors like vapor losses and condenser efficiency can impact the accuracy of the results.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bahan bakar gas alam cair (LNG), gas petroleum cair (LPG), dan biogas. Ia menjelaskan proses produksi LNG mulai dari pemurnian, dehidrasi, fraksinasi, pendinginan, hingga pencairan gas alam. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan komposisi LNG dan LPG serta sumber dan jenis LPG.
Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, producing heat and light. Heating value or calorific value refers to the amount of heat released during combustion of a fuel. There are two types - gross calorific value includes the heat of vaporization of water, while net calorific value does not. Combustion efficiency is a measure of how well a fuel is utilized during combustion, calculated based on heat produced versus potential heat of the fuel. Factors like excess air, flue gas temperature, fuel specifications and ambient temperature can impact combustion efficiency.
High pressure vessel leakage in urea plantsPrem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
The document describes the tanks-in-series model for modeling flow. The model represents a system as a series of perfectly mixed tanks or compartments. Flow passes sequentially from one compartment to the next. The model is useful for systems with laminar or turbulent flow, such as pipes, packed beds, or conveyers. It is simpler than the dispersion model but can still model deviations from plug flow. The document provides equations to model different applications of the tanks-in-series model, such as closed recirculation systems or systems with recirculation and throughflow.
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
The experiment examined pressure drop across a packed column as a function of air and water flow rates. Pressure drop increased with higher flow rates of both air and water. The relationship between log pressure drop and log air flow rate was plotted, showing they follow the same trend as theoretical predictions. Pressure drop rose sharply before a "flooding point" where liquid accumulated and filled the column.
This document discusses packed columns for distillation. It begins with an introduction to distillation and the types of distillation columns. It then focuses on packed columns, describing their components, types of packing materials and packing, design procedures, and methods for calculating packing height. It also covers applications of packed columns, advantages and disadvantages compared to tray columns, and examples of packed column usage.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
This lecture discusses units and dimensions used in food processing technology. It covers the definitions of units and dimensions, the SI system of units including base and derived units, conversion of units using conversion factors, and key process variables like mass, volume, concentration, moisture content and temperature that are important for food technologists. Examples are provided to illustrate calculation of density, specific gravity, concentration, molarity and conversion between different temperature scales.
Density is a measure of the “compactness” of matter within a substance and is a very critical measuring parameter.The tremendous diversity of density measurement applications called for ever better methods for determining mass per volume (or density) in order to measure density faster, with higher precision, less sample volume required or at other defined temperatures besides ‘room temperature’.
This document provides an overview of slurry reactors, including their types, construction, operation, start up and shut down procedures, troubleshooting, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and an incident involving a slurry reactor explosion. Slurry reactors can react solids, liquids, and gases simultaneously using a solid suspended in a liquid with gas bubbled through. Common types include bubble column reactors and Fischer-Tropsch reactors. The document describes the typical components of a slurry reactor and procedures for operation and maintenance. Potential problems that can occur and their solutions are also outlined. Applications include methanol production and waste water treatment.
Wayne Calder – Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism – CCS and carbon p...Global CCS Institute
Wayne Calder, General Manager, Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, presented on CCS and carbon price policy in Australia at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012
This document discusses multiphase reactors, which involve gas, liquid, and solid phases. It covers the construction, classification, examples, design considerations, kinetics, advantages, and applications of these reactors. Specifically, it examines slurry bubble column reactors and slurry stirred tank reactors. It provides examples of industrial processes using multiphase reactors like hydrogenation, polymerization, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Rate equations are also presented to model reactions in these complex systems.
Bab 3 membahas sifat volumetris fluida murni. Diuraikan hubungan antara variabel keadaan yang menggambarkan keadaan sistem pada kondisi fisik tertentu seperti tekanan, suhu, dan kerapatan. Juga dijelaskan diagram fase dan daerah satu fasa fluida. Selanjutnya dibahas persamaan keadaan gas ideal, virial, dan kubik seperti van der Waals untuk memodelkan sifat fluida. Akhirnya diuraikan teori keadaan
Chemical reaction engineering involves designing chemical reactors to optimize reaction rates and yields. There are several factors that influence reaction rates, including concentration, temperature, and catalysts. Common reactor types include batch, continuous stirred-tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors. Reactors can be run in series or parallel to improve conversion levels. Residence time distribution is important for understanding flow patterns within real reactors.
Astm method for distillation of petroleum products at atmospheric pressureStudent
This document summarizes an experiment to determine the boiling range of kerosene using ASTM distillation. The experiment involves heating a 100mL gasoline sample in a distillation flask and measuring the temperature and volume percent distilled at intervals. A plot of the results shows the boiling range is 54-180°C. The document discusses how boiling range indicates a fuel's composition and properties, and how it affects safety, performance, and tendency to be explosive. Factors like vapor losses and condenser efficiency can impact the accuracy of the results.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bahan bakar gas alam cair (LNG), gas petroleum cair (LPG), dan biogas. Ia menjelaskan proses produksi LNG mulai dari pemurnian, dehidrasi, fraksinasi, pendinginan, hingga pencairan gas alam. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan komposisi LNG dan LPG serta sumber dan jenis LPG.
Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, producing heat and light. Heating value or calorific value refers to the amount of heat released during combustion of a fuel. There are two types - gross calorific value includes the heat of vaporization of water, while net calorific value does not. Combustion efficiency is a measure of how well a fuel is utilized during combustion, calculated based on heat produced versus potential heat of the fuel. Factors like excess air, flue gas temperature, fuel specifications and ambient temperature can impact combustion efficiency.
High pressure vessel leakage in urea plantsPrem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
The document describes the tanks-in-series model for modeling flow. The model represents a system as a series of perfectly mixed tanks or compartments. Flow passes sequentially from one compartment to the next. The model is useful for systems with laminar or turbulent flow, such as pipes, packed beds, or conveyers. It is simpler than the dispersion model but can still model deviations from plug flow. The document provides equations to model different applications of the tanks-in-series model, such as closed recirculation systems or systems with recirculation and throughflow.
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
The experiment examined pressure drop across a packed column as a function of air and water flow rates. Pressure drop increased with higher flow rates of both air and water. The relationship between log pressure drop and log air flow rate was plotted, showing they follow the same trend as theoretical predictions. Pressure drop rose sharply before a "flooding point" where liquid accumulated and filled the column.
This document discusses packed columns for distillation. It begins with an introduction to distillation and the types of distillation columns. It then focuses on packed columns, describing their components, types of packing materials and packing, design procedures, and methods for calculating packing height. It also covers applications of packed columns, advantages and disadvantages compared to tray columns, and examples of packed column usage.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
This lecture discusses units and dimensions used in food processing technology. It covers the definitions of units and dimensions, the SI system of units including base and derived units, conversion of units using conversion factors, and key process variables like mass, volume, concentration, moisture content and temperature that are important for food technologists. Examples are provided to illustrate calculation of density, specific gravity, concentration, molarity and conversion between different temperature scales.
The document provides information on the International System of Units (SI) including:
- The seven base SI units for length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
- Definitions and standards for each of the base units.
- Decimal multiples and prefixes used to denote decimal multiples and fractions of SI units.
- An overview of important physical quantities, their symbols, legal units, and conversion relationships between units.
This document discusses a study of the kinetics of self-reducing mixtures composed of iron ore, steel mill waste (BOF dust), and biomass from elephant grass. Kinetic runs were performed using thermogravimetric analysis at temperatures from 900-1100°C and carbon contents of 15-30%. The reaction fractions over time showed good agreement with first-order kinetics. Activation energies were estimated, with the highest kinetic constants occurring at 1100°C with 30% carbon: 0.0037 s-1 for the Fe3O4→FeO reaction and 0.0258 s-1 for FeO→Fe. The kinetic behavior supported chemical reaction control over diffusion control for self-reducing pellet reactions.
Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 5th Ed. (Solution).pdfMahamad Jawhar
This document provides an introduction to concepts in thermodynamics including classical vs statistical thermodynamics, conservation of energy, units of mass and force, states of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, equilibrium processes, and temperature scales. Key points covered include:
- Classical thermodynamics is based on experimental observations while statistical thermodynamics is based on particle behavior.
- Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether mass crosses system boundaries.
- Intensive properties do not depend on system size while extensive properties do.
- Equilibrium requires uniform temperature and balanced pressures throughout a system.
- Temperature scales include Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Rankine.
This document provides an introduction to concepts in thermodynamics including classical vs statistical thermodynamics, conservation of energy, units of mass and force, states of systems, intensive/extensive properties, equilibrium, processes, and temperature scales. Key points covered include: the second law of thermodynamics cannot be violated; pound-mass and kilogram-mass are units of mass while pound-force and kilogram-force are units of force; intensive properties do not depend on system size while extensive properties do; temperature and pressure must be uniform for equilibrium but pressure gradients are allowed; examples of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric; and conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin,
Fundametals of HVAC Refrigeration and AirconditioningCharlton Inao
This course is designed to tackle the fundamentals of Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration as they relate to human comfort in residential and industrial design applications. The main focus of the course will be to examine the fundamental criteria involved in sizing and design of HVAC systems as well as to investigate the equipment used to satisfy the design criteria. The culmination part of the course is the design of air conditioning and ventilation of a commercial or residential building as a final project or case study.
This document discusses units and dimensions in physics. It defines units as standards for measuring physical quantities so that measurements can be compared. Several systems of units are described, including the CGS, FPS, and MKS systems. The document also defines dimensional analysis, which determines the fundamental units of mass, length, and time that make up a physical quantity. Examples of dimensions, units, and derived mechanical and electrical physical quantities are provided. Principles for dimensional homogeneity and types of measurement errors are also summarized.
- The document discusses engineering units and the International System of Units (SI units) used to describe mechanical and thermal properties in engineering. It focuses on units relevant to steam engineering.
- The seven SI base units are defined, including units for length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Derived units are also defined for important quantities like area, volume, velocity, force, pressure, and power.
- Key concepts discussed include density, specific volume, heat, work, energy, temperature scales, pressure measurements, and specific enthalpy. Various units and symbols used to describe these concepts in steam engineering are also presented.
This document provides an overview of the content that will be covered in a gas turbines course. The course objectives are to explain the function, types, thermodynamic principles, design considerations, protection/control, operation, and common problems of gas turbine systems. The content includes introductions to fluid mechanics/thermodynamics principles, the different types and components of gas turbines, auxiliary systems, and operation/maintenance. Key concepts like viscosity, density, specific heat, internal energy, enthalpy, and Bernoulli's theorem are defined.
1. The document discusses improving the efficiency of combined cycle power plants through various methods like regeneration, intercooling, and reheating. These processes divide the gas turbine cycle into multiple stages to better approximate ideal cycles.
2. Part-load performance is also important, as efficiency decreases at lower power outputs due to lower air flow rates. Ambient conditions also impact maximum power output and efficiency.
3. Flow rate equations are presented for single and multi-stage turbines, showing how pressure ratio, efficiency, and ambient conditions impact relative flow rates and available power.
This document provides lecture notes on gas power cycles from a mechanical engineering course. It covers the ideal gas relation, specific heats of gases, and the first law of thermodynamics as they relate to closed systems. Formulas are presented for the ideal gas law in various forms, as well as specific heat capacities for air. The notes also define important terms used in analyzing thermodynamic cycles, such as pressure ratio, compression ratio, and cutoff ratio. An example problem is included to demonstrate calculating maximum pressure, net specific work, and thermal efficiency for a diesel engine cycle.
This document provides an introduction to concepts in thermodynamics, including:
- Classical thermodynamics is based on observations of particle behavior, while statistical thermodynamics is based on average particle behavior.
- A bicyclist gaining speed downhill involves converting potential to kinetic energy without energy creation.
- Mass, force, and units used in the English and SI systems are defined.
- Properties of open and closed systems, intensive/extensive properties, equilibrium, and different types of processes like isothermal and isobaric are introduced.
- Temperature scales, heat transfer, pressure, manometers, and barometers are also defined.
This document provides an introduction to concepts in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. It defines key terms like intensive and extensive properties, equilibrium, quasi-equilibrium processes, and state. It discusses units like pound-mass, kilogram-mass, and gravitational acceleration. Examples solve for properties like density, mass, weight, and acceleration in various systems and processes. Temperature scales are also introduced along with conversions between Celsius and Kelvin.
This document provides technical information on the thermodynamic properties of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) refrigerant. It includes physical properties, equations of state, and tables with saturation properties like temperature, volume, density, enthalpy, and entropy. The document uses SI units and provides conversion factors to engineering units. Equations are presented for properties like vapor pressure, density of saturated liquid, and heat capacity, along with constants for calculating properties over a range of temperatures and pressures.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamic concepts including:
- Systems can be closed, open, or isolated depending on whether mass and energy cross the system boundary.
- Thermodynamic properties describe the state of a system and can be intensive or extensive. Two intensive properties are needed to specify the state of a simple system.
- Processes involve a change in state and can occur at constant pressure, volume, temperature, or entropy. Cycles occur when the initial and final states are identical.
This document appears to be the beginning of a thermodynamics textbook. It includes definitions of key concepts like mass, weight, density, pressure, and various units of measurement. It also provides examples of using concepts like the ideal gas law, processes like isothermal and adiabatic, and thermodynamic cycles like Carnot and Otto. The document establishes fundamental principles, units, and terminology for further chapters covering topics like gas behavior, compressors, and the Brayton cycle.
This document appears to be about thermodynamics concepts but contains mostly symbols and formatting characters that do not convey clear information. It includes sections labeled "Mass and Weight", "Pressure", and "Specific Volume, Density and Specific Weight" but the content is technical equations, symbols, and diagrams without explanations. It also includes example problems and solutions but they are difficult to understand without more context about the concepts being demonstrated. Overall, the document lacks clear, concise summaries due to being primarily technical equations and diagrams without explanatory text.
This paper provides ventilation solutions for upgrading an existing sewer tunnel near San Francisco using a tunnel boring machine. It determines the necessary fan size, duct type, and material by applying ventilation fundamentals and equations. A 1.11m diameter layflat duct placed in cassettes is proposed, requiring a 65kW fan based on a calculated total head loss of 2.15kPa from the ducting and system components to provide 13.2m3/s of airflow for the tunnel workers and equipment.
The document discusses pneumatic and hydraulic conveyor systems. It introduces four presenters and states the purpose is to provide an introduction to pneumatic and hydraulic conveyors. It defines conveyor systems and describes how pneumatic conveyors use pressurized air to transport dry, free-flowing materials through pipes. There are three types of pneumatic systems and two classifications based on operating principles. Hydraulic conveyors use pressurized water to transport materials through pipes or troughs.
1) Pelletization is a process of agglomerating fine material using tumbling motion and a binding agent like water.
2) It has advantages like faster nutrient delivery and less dust production compared to compaction.
3) Common materials pelletized include chemicals, limestone, coal, and minerals using equipment like disc pelletizers.
This document discusses particle size distribution (PSD), including defining PSD, the significance of PSD, sampling and measurement techniques like sieve analysis and sedimentation methods, and graphical representation of PSD using histograms. Particle size and shape are first defined to understand PSD. Sieve analysis separates particles by size but is limited to larger particles, while sedimentation methods produce fractional analysis for finer particles below 100 μm.
This document discusses different types of fluids and flow patterns. It defines fluids as anything that can flow and has no definite shape. There are two main types of fluids - liquids and gases. Flow is defined as the quantity of fluid passing a point over time. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and depends on factors like temperature. Common flow patterns include steady or unsteady, turbulent, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and streamline. Agitated vessels use impellers and baffles to induce specific flow patterns important for processes like mixing and homogenization.
The document discusses cyclonic separators and hydrocyclones. Cyclonic separators use centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from gas streams. Gas enters tangentially and spins rapidly, forcing particles outward against the wall to fall into a collection hopper while clean gas exits through the center. Hydrocyclones separate particles in liquid suspensions based on density and size differences, with denser/coarser particles exiting the bottom and lighter/finer through the top. Both devices have various industrial uses like dust collection and mineral processing.
A slide with a complete description of Belt and Conveyors. I hope after reading this presentation a reader can completely understand the mechanism of belts and conveyors.
The document discusses three types of ideal reactors: batch flow reactors, plug flow reactors, and mixed flow reactors. It provides details on each type, including that batch flow reactors have uniform composition everywhere that changes over time, plug flow reactors have fluid passing through with no mixing, and mixed flow reactors have feed uniformly mixed and same composition everywhere within and at the exit. It also notes these three ideals are relatively easy to treat and represent best ways to contact reactants.
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
This document discusses reaction rates for different phase systems in chemical reactions. It defines reaction rate as the rate at which a chemical loses its identity per unit time and volume. The symbol used for reaction rate is ri. Reaction rates are calculated differently depending on the phase system. For a fluid-solid system, the rate is calculated based on the mass of solid (ri*). For a gas-solid system on a unit surface area, it is calculated based on the surface area (ri**). If considering a gas-solid system based on the volume of solid, it is calculated using the volume of solid (ri***). Finally, the reaction rate can be calculated based on the volume of the entire reactor (ri****). The different definitions of
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactorUsman Shah
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Catalyst activation involves using a substance called a promotor or activator to increase the activity of a catalyst. This allows reactions to proceed faster and at lower temperatures. Some examples given include using copper and tellurium to increase the activity of nickel in hydrogenating vegetable oil, and adding aluminum oxide or chromium oxide to increase the activity of iron in the Haber process for ammonia synthesis. Catalyst activity can also be increased or auto-catalyst activated by products formed in the reaction itself, such as nitrous acid increasing the rate of a copper-nitric acid reaction. Modifying the catalyst material or process conditions such as temperature, pressure or flow rate can enhance catalyst activation for industrial processes where high yields and short time
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
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algorithm.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
5. CONVERSION FACTOR gc
According to Newton’s 2nd Law of motion, force is
proportional to the product of mass and
acceleration(length/time2).
Natural force units are, therefore, kg.m/s2 (SI), g.cm/s2
(CGS), lbm.ft/s2 (AE),
To avoid carry around these complex units in
calculations involving force, derived force units have
been defined in each system.
In the metric systems, the derived force units are
defined equalt to the the natural units.
1 newton (N) = 1kg.m/s2 ……….. (1)
1dyne = 1g.cm/s2 ……….. (2)
6. In the AE system, the derived force unit-called a
pound-force (lbf)----is defined as the product of a
unit mass (1 lbm) and the acceleration of gravity
at sea level and 45o latitude, which is 32.174 ft/s2.
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s2 ……….. (3)
The equations (1) to (3) define conversion factors
between natural and derived force units.
For example m=4kg and a=9m/s
F=
F= 36 N
4kg 9m 1 N
s2 Kg.m/s2
7. The force in lbf required to accelerate a mass of
4lbm at a rate of 9.00 ft/s2 is
F= 4lbm 9 ft 1 lbf
s2 32.174 lbm.ft/s2
F= 1.12 lbf
The Symbol gc is sometimes is used to denote
the conversion factor from natural to derived units:
for example
gc= 1kg.m/s2 = 32.174 lbm. ft./s2
1 N 1 lbf
8. Conversion factor gc
In an alternative form of the fps system(BE)
the units of length(ft) and time (s) are
unchanged, but the third fundamental is a unit
of force (F) instead of mass and is known as
the pound force(lbf).
Lbf is a fixed quantity and must not be
confused with pound weight which is the force
exerted by the earth’s gravitational field on a
mass of one pound and which varies from
place to place as g varies.
pound force and pound weight have the same
value only when g is 32.174 ft/s2 .
9. Noted that
1slug= 32.174lbm
1 lbf = 32.174poundal
Two units which have never been popular in
the two systems(foot pound second fps and
British Engineering system BE) are the
poundal (for force) and the slug(for mass).
Both pound mass and pound force as a basic
units in same equation because they are the
units in common use.
10. In the AE system the conversion of term
involve pound mass and pound force deserve
special attention.
Let start with Newton’s law
F=C ma
Where F = force
C= a constant whose numerical value
and units depend on those selected for F, m
and a.
m= mass
a= acceleration
11. In the SI system because the
numerical value associated with
conversion factor is 1, the conversion
factor seems simple, even
nonexistent, and the units are
ordinarily ignored.
In the AE system an analogous
conversion factor is required.
A numerical value of 1/32.174 for the
numerical value in the conversion
factor.
12. The inverse of the conversion factor with the
numerical value 32.174 included is given the
special symbol gc.
gc =32.174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s2)
The use of gc is essential in the AE system
when you need a conversion factor to adjust
units when both lbm and lbf are involved in a
calculation.
AE system has the convenience that the
numerical value of a pound is also that a
pound force if the numerical of the ratio g/gc is
equal to 1, as it approximately in most cases.
13. Example 2.4-1 (F&R)
Water has a density of 62.4lbm/ft3. How much
does 2.000 ft3 of water high (1) at sea level
and 45o latitude (2) in Denver, Colorado,
where the altitude is 5374 ft and the
gravitational acceleration is 32.139 ft/s2?