This document discusses various energy sources including fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. It provides details on:
- The formation of coal from plant materials over millions of years of heat and pressure. The main types of coal from lowest to highest grade are lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite.
- How approximately 90% of coal produced is burned to generate electricity by heating water to create steam that spins turbines to power generators.
- The formation of petroleum from organic materials over millions of years. Petroleum is refined into fuels like gasoline and products like plastics through petrochemical processes.
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It has the highest energy content by weight of any common fuel but requires production and storage. Hydrogen is produced industrially through steam reforming of natural gas, but can also be produced through electrolysis of water, especially using renewable energy. Current uses are mainly industrial but may expand to transportation and power generation. Fuel cells can efficiently generate electricity from hydrogen with only water as a byproduct. Widespread hydrogen use faces challenges of production and distribution infrastructure.
This document introduces the Konstructa Fire-Safe building, a fire-rated and energy efficient site building. It discusses the building's fire safety certifications and energy saving features. Key points highlighted are its half-hour fire resistance, 28% savings in energy and emissions compared to typical site cabins, and unique on-time delivery guarantee. The document encourages contacting Konstructa for hiring the Fire-Safe building to protect health, safety, and property from fire risks on construction sites.
Across the United States, different regions use diverse fuel mixes to generate electricity. Factors like fuel price and availability influence a company's choice. This map shows the variation in fuel use by census region, with coal dominating in some areas and natural gas in others. Major shifts in a region's generation sources could significantly impact its economy and reliability.
This document discusses resource efficient applications of biofuels in British Columbia. It outlines that BC's biomass resources are limited and efficient utilization is required. The Fischer-Tropsch process is presented as an option to produce drop-in fuels from biomass that are compatible with existing infrastructure. While biofuels have potential, combining biomass with coal or solar energy can maximize carbon utilization and reduce costs compared to biomass-only approaches. The document concludes electrification should be prioritized where possible, with biofuels like Fischer-Tropsch fuels playing a role in transportation sectors that require long range.
Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 3SSA KPI
This document discusses using fusion energy for sustainable development through biomass conversion. It proposes a system where fusion energy is used to provide heat for gasifying biomass into synthetic fuels like methane and diesel. Experiments show biomass can be over 95% converted to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane gases using nickel catalysts at temperatures of 600-1000 degrees Celsius. A conceptual biomass reactor is presented that could process 6 million tons of biomass per year, consisting of 70% cellulose and 30% lignin, into synthetic fuels to serve as carbon-neutral transportation fuels. Fusion energy could provide the high heat needed for the gasification and synthesis processes.
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It has the highest energy content by weight of any common fuel but requires production and storage. Hydrogen is produced industrially through steam reforming of natural gas, but can also be produced through electrolysis of water, especially using renewable energy. Current uses are mainly industrial but may expand to transportation and power generation. Fuel cells can efficiently generate electricity from hydrogen with only water as a byproduct. Widespread hydrogen use faces challenges of production and distribution infrastructure.
This document introduces the Konstructa Fire-Safe building, a fire-rated and energy efficient site building. It discusses the building's fire safety certifications and energy saving features. Key points highlighted are its half-hour fire resistance, 28% savings in energy and emissions compared to typical site cabins, and unique on-time delivery guarantee. The document encourages contacting Konstructa for hiring the Fire-Safe building to protect health, safety, and property from fire risks on construction sites.
Across the United States, different regions use diverse fuel mixes to generate electricity. Factors like fuel price and availability influence a company's choice. This map shows the variation in fuel use by census region, with coal dominating in some areas and natural gas in others. Major shifts in a region's generation sources could significantly impact its economy and reliability.
This document discusses resource efficient applications of biofuels in British Columbia. It outlines that BC's biomass resources are limited and efficient utilization is required. The Fischer-Tropsch process is presented as an option to produce drop-in fuels from biomass that are compatible with existing infrastructure. While biofuels have potential, combining biomass with coal or solar energy can maximize carbon utilization and reduce costs compared to biomass-only approaches. The document concludes electrification should be prioritized where possible, with biofuels like Fischer-Tropsch fuels playing a role in transportation sectors that require long range.
Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 3SSA KPI
This document discusses using fusion energy for sustainable development through biomass conversion. It proposes a system where fusion energy is used to provide heat for gasifying biomass into synthetic fuels like methane and diesel. Experiments show biomass can be over 95% converted to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane gases using nickel catalysts at temperatures of 600-1000 degrees Celsius. A conceptual biomass reactor is presented that could process 6 million tons of biomass per year, consisting of 70% cellulose and 30% lignin, into synthetic fuels to serve as carbon-neutral transportation fuels. Fusion energy could provide the high heat needed for the gasification and synthesis processes.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the German Renewable Energy Act of 2009, including:
1) It sets a goal of renewable energy sources accounting for 30% of energy production in Germany by 2020.
2) It establishes a system of feed-in tariffs where renewable energy producers are guaranteed prices for the electricity they provide to the grid over 20 years.
3) The costs of these tariffs are passed on to consumers through a renewable energy surcharge added to electricity bills.
This document summarizes research on developing photocatalytic materials for solar hydrogen production. Photocatalytic materials use solar energy to drive the reaction of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The researchers aim to develop materials that can harness more of the sun's visible light spectrum through smaller band gaps. Their goals are to synthesize and characterize new small band gap materials, increase the efficiency of existing materials like TiO2, and develop lower cost production methods for photocatalytic materials. The document discusses various photocatalyst materials like WO3, Fe2O3, and doped versions to tailor their properties for improved solar hydrogen production.
1) Greenhouse horticulture accounts for 10-30% of national gas consumption in some countries due to energy needs for heating, cooling, dehumidification, and lighting.
2) Several new technologies can reduce energy use in greenhouses, including co-generation of heat and power, geothermal heat, electricity-producing greenhouses, LED lighting, and storing summer solar energy in aquifers for winter use.
3) Closed or semi-closed greenhouses can reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 30% through features like active cooling/dehumidification, heat storage, and higher CO2 levels and yields year-round.
Dr Richard Pike Chemistry, Energy and Climate ChangeJon Edwards
This document discusses the role of chemistry in addressing energy and climate change issues. It notes that 30% of energy is lost before reaching end users and 42% of non-transport energy is used to heat buildings, with a third of that lost through windows. Transportation accounts for 74% of UK oil usage and 25% of carbon emissions. The document argues that chemical science can provide energy that is secure, affordable, sustainable, and helps address climate change through solutions like improved efficiencies, renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, and new materials. A long term sustainable energy solution will likely involve solar power, biomass, hydrogen, and electricity and hydrogen storage supported by chemical advances.
Want to learn more? Read our Power and Energy Primer:
http://mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/Resources/Power-and-Energy-Primer/?utm_source=slideshare&utm_medium=slideshare&utm_campaign=slideshare
Forms of Energy discusses different types of energy including primary energy sources like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. It provides information on how these energy sources are extracted, transformed, distributed and consumed. It notes that while these traditional fossil fuels currently provide much of the world's energy needs, they are non-renewable and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution. The document advocates increasing reliance on alternative and renewable energy sources like wind and solar power.
WGES 2011 Geothermal Development in Indonesia 2011 (Arc Media Global)Frank Mercado
Indonesia has significant geothermal energy resources, with a total potential of over 29,000 MW located across the country. The first geothermal power plant was built in 1978 in Kamojang, West Java. Currently, Indonesia has installed geothermal capacity of 1,194 MW and aims to increase renewable energy to 25% of its energy mix by 2025. The government is implementing various regulations and incentives to promote further development of geothermal and other renewable resources.
03 policy regulation and opportunities on upstream sectorFERINOVIARDI
The document summarizes Indonesia's policies, regulations, and opportunities in the upstream oil and gas sector. Key points include:
- Indonesia aims to increase non-fossil fuel energy sources to 17% of the energy mix by 2025, up from 5% in 2006.
- Regulations aim to maintain oil production at 1 million barrels per day by 2025 and increase domestic ownership and local content.
- Indonesia had proven oil and gas reserves of 4.3 billion barrels and 107 trillion cubic feet as of 2009.
- A number of international oil companies operate blocks in Indonesia.
- Indonesia has 11 identified coalbed methane basins and awarded several CBM contracts between 2008-2009 aiming to produce 3 billion cubic
Singapore-based SINGPELLET is the first company in Singapore to produce biomass wood pellets for global renewable energy markets. As a subsidiary of ENITO GROUP with over 40 years of experience in timber, SINGPELLET aims to provide a sustainable alternative fuel source to reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. SINGPELLET operates biomass wood pellet mills across Asia equipped with European technology to produce high quality pellets efficiently for power plants using biomass fuel. The production of biomass wood pellets offers environmental and cost benefits over wood chips and fossil fuels through lower emissions, higher energy output, and reduced transportation costs.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
IRJET - Evaluation of Suitability of Cyclone Reactor for Biomass PyrolysisIRJET Journal
1. The document evaluates the suitability of using a cyclone reactor for biomass pyrolysis. Wood sawdust was pyrolyzed experimentally in a designed stainless steel cyclone reactor with a nitrogen carrier gas.
2. The biochar product was collected at the bottom of the reactor while gases and vapors exited from the top. Higher carrier gas flow rates decreased the biomass residence time, lowering product yields.
3. The cyclone reactor showed potential for pyrolyzing biomass, but residence time needs to be optimized through additional experiments to maximize yields. Proper sealing and inert gas purging are also important to prevent combustion during pyrolysis.
The document provides an overview of major renewable energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, waste to energy, geothermal, and hydroelectric power. It discusses the technology behind each energy source, growth trends in India, advantages and disadvantages, and leading companies. The future of renewable energy in India is promising with a goal of adding over 135 gigawatts of power generation capacity before 2017 through various renewable sources to meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
Presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable technologie...ajagger
Delivering a Sustainable Future Through Innovation - presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable
technologies and innovation sourcing, Dow Chemical
I 3 practical implementation of clean coal technologies j pacyna niluInnovation Norway
The document discusses making coal combustion more environmentally friendly through various technologies and approaches. It notes that world energy demand is increasing significantly and coal accounts for over a third of that rise. Technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and highly efficient combustion can reduce emissions from coal. Implementing pre-combustion, post-combustion and co-control technologies along with CCS in new power stations could help control pollutants like mercury and make coal-fired power more sustainable. However, the costs of these technologies need to be managed to avoid weakening competitiveness or relocating energy production to places with less strict standards.
The document is a worksheet on organic chemistry and hydrocarbons. It contains questions about topics like organic chemistry, hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, isomerism, and reactions of hydrocarbons. The questions test knowledge of hydrocarbon structures, naming conventions, properties, and reactions.
How federal policies keep us running on empty by preventing access to our gas and oil resources: slowing development, restricting access, and social engineering.
This document discusses the world's dependence on coal for electricity generation and how coal contributes to global warming. While renewable energy sources are growing, they currently only account for a small percentage of global electricity production. The document introduces a company called People's Clean Energy that has developed an "engineered fuel" made by blending waste coal and biomass, which can be used in existing coal power plants to immediately reduce emissions. It provides information on the company's management team and plans to build facilities in Indiana to produce this engineered fuel as a bridge solution until renewable energy sources can fully replace coal.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the German Renewable Energy Act of 2009, including:
1) It sets a goal of renewable energy sources accounting for 30% of energy production in Germany by 2020.
2) It establishes a system of feed-in tariffs where renewable energy producers are guaranteed prices for the electricity they provide to the grid over 20 years.
3) The costs of these tariffs are passed on to consumers through a renewable energy surcharge added to electricity bills.
This document summarizes research on developing photocatalytic materials for solar hydrogen production. Photocatalytic materials use solar energy to drive the reaction of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The researchers aim to develop materials that can harness more of the sun's visible light spectrum through smaller band gaps. Their goals are to synthesize and characterize new small band gap materials, increase the efficiency of existing materials like TiO2, and develop lower cost production methods for photocatalytic materials. The document discusses various photocatalyst materials like WO3, Fe2O3, and doped versions to tailor their properties for improved solar hydrogen production.
1) Greenhouse horticulture accounts for 10-30% of national gas consumption in some countries due to energy needs for heating, cooling, dehumidification, and lighting.
2) Several new technologies can reduce energy use in greenhouses, including co-generation of heat and power, geothermal heat, electricity-producing greenhouses, LED lighting, and storing summer solar energy in aquifers for winter use.
3) Closed or semi-closed greenhouses can reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 30% through features like active cooling/dehumidification, heat storage, and higher CO2 levels and yields year-round.
Dr Richard Pike Chemistry, Energy and Climate ChangeJon Edwards
This document discusses the role of chemistry in addressing energy and climate change issues. It notes that 30% of energy is lost before reaching end users and 42% of non-transport energy is used to heat buildings, with a third of that lost through windows. Transportation accounts for 74% of UK oil usage and 25% of carbon emissions. The document argues that chemical science can provide energy that is secure, affordable, sustainable, and helps address climate change through solutions like improved efficiencies, renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, and new materials. A long term sustainable energy solution will likely involve solar power, biomass, hydrogen, and electricity and hydrogen storage supported by chemical advances.
Want to learn more? Read our Power and Energy Primer:
http://mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/Resources/Power-and-Energy-Primer/?utm_source=slideshare&utm_medium=slideshare&utm_campaign=slideshare
Forms of Energy discusses different types of energy including primary energy sources like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. It provides information on how these energy sources are extracted, transformed, distributed and consumed. It notes that while these traditional fossil fuels currently provide much of the world's energy needs, they are non-renewable and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution. The document advocates increasing reliance on alternative and renewable energy sources like wind and solar power.
WGES 2011 Geothermal Development in Indonesia 2011 (Arc Media Global)Frank Mercado
Indonesia has significant geothermal energy resources, with a total potential of over 29,000 MW located across the country. The first geothermal power plant was built in 1978 in Kamojang, West Java. Currently, Indonesia has installed geothermal capacity of 1,194 MW and aims to increase renewable energy to 25% of its energy mix by 2025. The government is implementing various regulations and incentives to promote further development of geothermal and other renewable resources.
03 policy regulation and opportunities on upstream sectorFERINOVIARDI
The document summarizes Indonesia's policies, regulations, and opportunities in the upstream oil and gas sector. Key points include:
- Indonesia aims to increase non-fossil fuel energy sources to 17% of the energy mix by 2025, up from 5% in 2006.
- Regulations aim to maintain oil production at 1 million barrels per day by 2025 and increase domestic ownership and local content.
- Indonesia had proven oil and gas reserves of 4.3 billion barrels and 107 trillion cubic feet as of 2009.
- A number of international oil companies operate blocks in Indonesia.
- Indonesia has 11 identified coalbed methane basins and awarded several CBM contracts between 2008-2009 aiming to produce 3 billion cubic
Singapore-based SINGPELLET is the first company in Singapore to produce biomass wood pellets for global renewable energy markets. As a subsidiary of ENITO GROUP with over 40 years of experience in timber, SINGPELLET aims to provide a sustainable alternative fuel source to reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. SINGPELLET operates biomass wood pellet mills across Asia equipped with European technology to produce high quality pellets efficiently for power plants using biomass fuel. The production of biomass wood pellets offers environmental and cost benefits over wood chips and fossil fuels through lower emissions, higher energy output, and reduced transportation costs.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
IRJET - Evaluation of Suitability of Cyclone Reactor for Biomass PyrolysisIRJET Journal
1. The document evaluates the suitability of using a cyclone reactor for biomass pyrolysis. Wood sawdust was pyrolyzed experimentally in a designed stainless steel cyclone reactor with a nitrogen carrier gas.
2. The biochar product was collected at the bottom of the reactor while gases and vapors exited from the top. Higher carrier gas flow rates decreased the biomass residence time, lowering product yields.
3. The cyclone reactor showed potential for pyrolyzing biomass, but residence time needs to be optimized through additional experiments to maximize yields. Proper sealing and inert gas purging are also important to prevent combustion during pyrolysis.
The document provides an overview of major renewable energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, waste to energy, geothermal, and hydroelectric power. It discusses the technology behind each energy source, growth trends in India, advantages and disadvantages, and leading companies. The future of renewable energy in India is promising with a goal of adding over 135 gigawatts of power generation capacity before 2017 through various renewable sources to meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
Presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable technologie...ajagger
Delivering a Sustainable Future Through Innovation - presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable
technologies and innovation sourcing, Dow Chemical
I 3 practical implementation of clean coal technologies j pacyna niluInnovation Norway
The document discusses making coal combustion more environmentally friendly through various technologies and approaches. It notes that world energy demand is increasing significantly and coal accounts for over a third of that rise. Technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and highly efficient combustion can reduce emissions from coal. Implementing pre-combustion, post-combustion and co-control technologies along with CCS in new power stations could help control pollutants like mercury and make coal-fired power more sustainable. However, the costs of these technologies need to be managed to avoid weakening competitiveness or relocating energy production to places with less strict standards.
The document is a worksheet on organic chemistry and hydrocarbons. It contains questions about topics like organic chemistry, hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, isomerism, and reactions of hydrocarbons. The questions test knowledge of hydrocarbon structures, naming conventions, properties, and reactions.
How federal policies keep us running on empty by preventing access to our gas and oil resources: slowing development, restricting access, and social engineering.
This document discusses the world's dependence on coal for electricity generation and how coal contributes to global warming. While renewable energy sources are growing, they currently only account for a small percentage of global electricity production. The document introduces a company called People's Clean Energy that has developed an "engineered fuel" made by blending waste coal and biomass, which can be used in existing coal power plants to immediately reduce emissions. It provides information on the company's management team and plans to build facilities in Indiana to produce this engineered fuel as a bridge solution until renewable energy sources can fully replace coal.
Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact, walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It involves developing in existing communities, with a range of housing and job opportunities nearby what people need on a daily basis. The goal is more transportation choices and less dependence on cars to improve air quality and protect open space and the environment.
Smart Growth (A21): The wolf at your front door (part 2)Patti Gettinger
Threats to private property rights from smart growth policies (aka sustainable development, livable communities, Agenda 21), including eminent domain and restrictions to mobility are based on failed socialist models.
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable energy resource formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years underground. The three main types are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal was historically the primary energy source but is now mainly used for electricity generation. Petroleum provides liquid fuels like gasoline. Natural gas is used for heating and electricity production. However, burning fossil fuels contributes to air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
1) Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are non-renewable energy sources that were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They release pollution and greenhouse gases when burned.
2) Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal, and hydroelectric power do not cause pollution or contribute to global warming.
3) Most energy resources, including fossil fuels, food, and biomass originally received their energy from the sun. Reducing fossil fuel usage helps make our supplies last longer and reduce global warming.
The document discusses various types of fuels categorized by their physical state and origin. It describes natural solid fuels like wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite coal. It also discusses artificial solid fuels produced from coal and wood processing like coke, charcoal and briquettes. Liquid fuels discussed include petroleum and its refined products like petrol, diesel and kerosene. Natural gases mentioned are natural gas, coal gas and producer gas. The document also provides details on artificial gases like water gas, LPG and CNG.
This document provides information on different types of fuels. It discusses nuclear fuels such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 that are used in nuclear reactors. It also covers fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas that are formed from the remains of ancient organisms. The document describes the chemical composition and formation of different fuels. It provides details on the classification, characteristics and uses of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. The advantages of lower greenhouse gas emissions and reliable power generation from nuclear energy are also mentioned.
This document summarizes information about coal and petroleum. Coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy that were formed from prehistoric plants and organisms over millions of years. The document describes the different types of coal and processes used to mine coal. It also discusses the chemical composition and products derived from coal and petroleum like coke, coal tar, coal gas, and their various uses. The environmental impacts of coal mining and petroleum extraction are also summarized.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
INTRODUCTION OF FUEL
Coal
Oil Gas
Power Plant
Energy
Fuel
Fuel Analysis
B.Tech., Engineering, final year project, ppt presentation templates, college of engineering Roorkee, Varun Pratap Singh, mechanical engineering, coer, utu, Uttarakhand technical university, Dehradun, Course work, Syllabus
Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities
Fuels and Combustion: Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal
and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of
combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values,
gasification, composition of coal.
Steam System: Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution
losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam
recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings.
Insulation and Refractories: Insulation-types and application, economic
thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractory types, selection and application of refractories, heat loss.
Waste Heat Recovery: Classification, advantages and applications,
commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.
Different Types Of Fuels That You Should Know
Avgas (Aviation Gasoline) Aviation Gasoline, also known as Avgas, is a special oil produced from small parts or fractions of petroleum. ...
Avtur (Aviation Turbine) ...
Kerosene. ...
Solar Oil (HSD) ...
Diesel Oil (MDF) ...
Fuel Oil (MFO) ...
Biodiesel. ...
Gasoline.
This document discusses fossil fuels and their limitations. It describes the formation of fossil fuels from ancient plant and animal matter and the three main types: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. It outlines how these fuels are used to generate most of the world's energy but will be depleted within this century. The document also discusses various alternative fuels like wind, solar, hydrogen, and their potential to replace fossil fuels. However, transitioning fully will be difficult due to political and economic ties to the fossil fuel industry that hinder support for alternative energy development and infrastructure.
This document presents information about solid fuels used for power plant engineering. It discusses the introduction, types, characteristics and formation of solid fuels such as wood, coal, peat and manufactured fuels like charcoal and coke. The key points covered include the classification of solid fuels into natural and manufactured types. It also describes the constituents, calorific value and analysis of common solid fuels. Both advantages like easy transport and disadvantages like high ash content of solid fuels are highlighted.
The document discusses fossil fuels, which are fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms. It defines fossil as the remains of prehistoric organisms preserved in rock and fuel as a material burned for energy. Fossil fuels are natural fuels like coal and gas formed from decomposed organisms. The five main fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, oil, petroleum, and liquefied petroleum gas. Fossil fuels are widely used for electricity generation, heating, and transportation. While they provide high energy and are abundant, their use also causes environmental issues like depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution. Examples of fossil fuel power plants in the Philippines include coal, natural gas, and oil-fired facilities.
The various sources of energy can be listed as follows:
1. Fossil Fuels
2. Stored or flowing water (Hydel Energy)
3. Nuclear Fuels (Nuclear Energy)
4. Sun (Solar Energy)
5. Wind (Wind Energy)
6. Rise and fall of tides (Tidal Energy)
7. Geothermal Energy
8. Biomass and bio-fuels
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
The document discusses torrefaction, which is a process for upgrading biomass into a higher energy density solid fuel. It describes ECN, an energy research institute in the Netherlands that develops sustainable energy technologies including their work on torrefaction. Torrefaction involves heating biomass to 200-300°C in the absence of oxygen, which makes the biomass more energy dense, hydrophobic, and easier to transport and handle as a solid fuel. ECN has developed TOP technology for torrefaction and pelletization of biomass into a fuel with properties suitable for co-firing in coal power plants.
This document discusses fuels and the analysis of coal. It defines fuels and classifies them as natural/primary or artificial/secondary, and by state of aggregation as solid, liquid, or gaseous. Characteristics of different fuel types are compared. Coal is described as being formed from vegetable matter over millions of years. Methods of coal analysis include proximate analysis to determine moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon content, and ultimate analysis to determine carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content. The significance of each component is explained for assessing coal quality.
This document discusses the need for eco-friendly energy sources and fusion energy as a potential solution. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and can harm the environment, while other sources like fission have downsides like nuclear waste. Fusion energy works by fusing hydrogen isotopes at high temperatures and has fuels that are virtually inexhaustible from seawater. It could provide clean, safe energy without harmful emissions or long-term nuclear waste if international efforts to develop fusion power through projects like ITER are successful.
This document provides information about coal and petroleum as natural resources. It discusses that coal formed from decaying plant matter that was trapped underground for millions of years. There are different types of coal based on carbon content and quality. Petroleum is formed from decaying marine organisms and is extracted as crude oil, which is refined into useful products like gasoline, diesel and others. It also mentions that fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are exhaustible resources and conservation efforts like alternative energy sources can help reduce their usage and pollution.
This document discusses biomass gasification as a process to convert various biomass feedstocks into syngas, which can then be used for power generation, thermal applications, or conversion to biofuels. It outlines the types of biomass that can be used, including agricultural and forestry residues. The environmental benefits are highlighted such as producing power in a cleaner way than liquid fuels. Large scale implementation is proposed to provide distributed power generation for rural areas and generate local employment.
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Chem iv unit_2_st_[compatibility_mode]
1. Unit 2 Content
2.1 Coals
Fossil fuels and petroleum products
- Formation of coals
- Uses of coals
2.2 Petroleum (crude oil)
- Formation of petroleum
- Petroleum refinery
- Petrochemical Products
Chemistry IV: SCI 32222
Content Energy Consumption
2.3 Polymers
• Per capita energy consumption
- Polymerization reactions
- Structures of polymers
- Synthetic and natural polymers
2.4 Pollutions produced by petrochemical industry and
uses
Energy Consumption Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US Energy consumption in the US
1
2. Energy consumption in Thailand
Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US
TOE = Thousand tons of Oil Equivalent;
1 TOE = 10,000 kcal
•Energy consumption in Transportation •Energy consumption in Industry
•Energy consumption in Residential
Energy from Fossil Fuels
• The combustion
of fossil fuels –
coal, natural gas,
and petroleum –
provided nearly
85% of all the
energy used in the
world.
2
3. Energy from Fossil Fuels Energy from Fossil Fuels
• Every time we use an • Fossil fuels are non-
electrical device, energy renewable energy
flows from a power resource. It is not
station to the device you unlimited.
are using. • Once they have been
• Most of our electricity burned we cannot
comes from the burning replace them.
of the fossil fuels.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuel energy resources include
• Petroleum • These are all
– Oil (liquid) hydrocarbons,
– Natural gas (gas!) consisting of mainly
– Oil (Tar) sands (solid) carbon and hydrogen
– Oil shale (solid)
• The hydrocarbons form
• Coal from buried organic
matter
• World commercial energy sources for electrical
power:
2.1 Coals
3
4. What is Coal? Coal
• Coal is our most abundant fossil fuel resource. • Coal forms from organic plant material on land
• It is a complex mixture of organic chemical
substances containing carbon, hydrogen and • Plant material accumulates in swamps in a tropical
oxygen in chemical combination, together with or semi-tropical environment
smaller amounts of nitrogen and sulfur.
• This organic part of coal has associated with it • Again, the organic material is buried progressively,
various amounts of moisture and minerals. leading to increases in temperature and pressure
http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/coal/coal_create.html
Formation of coals
• Swampy environments on land
• Land plants appeared about 400 million years
ago
• Anaerobic conditions
• Burial
• Heat and pressure
Formation of coals
• So, the conversion is:
– plant material => peat => coal
– matter is compressed, water is squeezed out,
and density increases
• Coal mainly found between layers of
sandstone and shale
4
5. Types of Coal
Types of Coal:
Lignite (lowest quality)
Sub-bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Anthracite (highest quality)
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm
Types of Coal Types of Coal
• Lignite coal, or brown coal, is a very soft coal that
contains up to 70% water by weight.
• Lignite (volatile-rich) • Sub-bituminous coal contains less carbon and
more water, and is therefore a less efficient source
Increasing grade • Sub-bituminous of heat.
due to higher
temperatures and • Bituminous • Bituminous coal, or soft coal, contains between
pressures
69% and 86% carbon by weight and is the most
• Anthracite abundant form of coal.
• Anthracite coal is a dense, hard rock with a jet-
• Graphite black color and a metallic luster.
(metamorphosed, no volatile
substances, so will not burn)
In general, lower grades of coal have more volatile, or
gaseous, components
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
5
6. Uses of coals
About 90% of coal production is burned to produce • Coal is burning in a boiler to heat water to produce
electricity. steam.
• The steam, at tremendous pressure, flows into a
- Coal that is going to be burned in solid form may go
turbine, which spins a generator to produce
through a variety of preparation processes. electricity.
- The simplest of these is removing foreign material and
• The steam is cooled, condensed back into water,
screening for size. Large pieces may be crushed, or the
and returned to the boiler to start the process over.
whole mass pulverized to a certain size.
Uses of coals
Inside the power station
Inside the power station
Energy flow diagram
Chemical Thermal Kinetic energy
energy in coal energy in turbine
Electrical Kinetic energy
energy in generator
Coal Mining
Two basic types of
Coal Mining:
1) Subsurface
(underground)
2) Surface
6
7. Mining coal Mining coal
1) Subsurface (underground) 2) Surface
• Shaft mining • Strip mining
– Tunneling into hillsides – extract mineral deposits
– Dangers to miners that are close to the
surface.
– Significant landscape
changes
Wyoming strip mine
Abandoned mine shafts in Marl, Germany
Environmental impacts of coal
• Mining pollution
– Tailings
– Run-off
• Air and water pollution
– Acid rain
Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio.
Environmental impacts of coal Environmental impacts of coal
Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal:
Environmental Impacts of the Mining Process: - Increases CO2 concentration in atmosphere
Prior to 1977, most surface mines were - Lower quality coals release sulfur causing
abandoned. “Acid rain”.
Leading to water pollution and acid mine
drainage. Sulphur is released as sulphur dioxide, SO2, when
Current law requires all surface mines to be Coal is burnt.
reclaimed. S + O2 ----> SO2
S + 3O2 ----> 2SO3
7
8. Environmental impacts of coal
• Acid rain can be avoided in two ways.
• Removing the sulphur from the fuel
• Removing SO2 from the power station’s
waste gases.
• Both these options are expensive and add
considerably to the cost of producing
electricity.
8