1) Greenhouse horticulture accounts for 10-30% of national gas consumption in some countries due to energy needs for heating, cooling, dehumidification, and lighting.
2) Several new technologies can reduce energy use in greenhouses, including co-generation of heat and power, geothermal heat, electricity-producing greenhouses, LED lighting, and storing summer solar energy in aquifers for winter use.
3) Closed or semi-closed greenhouses can reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 30% through features like active cooling/dehumidification, heat storage, and higher CO2 levels and yields year-round.
Dr Ioannis Pappas, CEO of Green Evolution SA and Secretary of the Hellenic Passive House Institute gave a presentation on the geothermal heat pump applications for low energy buildings: the case of Passive House. In this presentation, a thorough survey of applications for passive cooling in Mediterranean climate was given, together with examples of passive houses around the Mediterranean area.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
"Smart Energy - now its personal".
(Watch talk video at http://conferences.theiet.org/clerk-maxwell/about/index.cfm).
A talk to the Institution of Engineering and Technology about how upcoming energy innovations will change how we consume energy in the home.
Presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable technologie...ajagger
Delivering a Sustainable Future Through Innovation - presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable
technologies and innovation sourcing, Dow Chemical
George Whiting, of EcoHeat Solutions, LLC, will discuss how to create a home heating system that is highly efficient in addition to using low-cost fuels. Paul Marquis, Education Coordinator at The Green Roundtable, will discuss strategies for energy conservation by creating a right building envelope. The presentation will cover the following topics:
-The relative importance of energy use in the home: Energy for Heating vs. Energy for Electricity to run appliances, lights, etc.
-The relative importance of efficiency, conservation, and fuel costs
-The pluses and minuses of typical Heating Systems in the home, such as forced air, forced hot water, steam, gravity and stoves.
-And the pluses and minuses of typical fuels: oil, gas, propane, electricity, wood, wood pellets, geothermal and solar.
The presenter was George Whiting from Ecoheat Solutions.
What Impact will the new EU Cost-optimum Regulation have on EU and Global Building Codes?
Randall BOWIE, European Insulation Manufacturers Association, EURIMA
Dr Ioannis Pappas, CEO of Green Evolution SA and Secretary of the Hellenic Passive House Institute gave a presentation on the geothermal heat pump applications for low energy buildings: the case of Passive House. In this presentation, a thorough survey of applications for passive cooling in Mediterranean climate was given, together with examples of passive houses around the Mediterranean area.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
"Smart Energy - now its personal".
(Watch talk video at http://conferences.theiet.org/clerk-maxwell/about/index.cfm).
A talk to the Institution of Engineering and Technology about how upcoming energy innovations will change how we consume energy in the home.
Presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable technologie...ajagger
Delivering a Sustainable Future Through Innovation - presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable
technologies and innovation sourcing, Dow Chemical
George Whiting, of EcoHeat Solutions, LLC, will discuss how to create a home heating system that is highly efficient in addition to using low-cost fuels. Paul Marquis, Education Coordinator at The Green Roundtable, will discuss strategies for energy conservation by creating a right building envelope. The presentation will cover the following topics:
-The relative importance of energy use in the home: Energy for Heating vs. Energy for Electricity to run appliances, lights, etc.
-The relative importance of efficiency, conservation, and fuel costs
-The pluses and minuses of typical Heating Systems in the home, such as forced air, forced hot water, steam, gravity and stoves.
-And the pluses and minuses of typical fuels: oil, gas, propane, electricity, wood, wood pellets, geothermal and solar.
The presenter was George Whiting from Ecoheat Solutions.
What Impact will the new EU Cost-optimum Regulation have on EU and Global Building Codes?
Randall BOWIE, European Insulation Manufacturers Association, EURIMA
The efficiency of feed-in tariffs in Germany and SpainInsulin Angel
How effective are feed in tariffs for PV.
Case study: Germany and Spain.
Is it the most efficient instrument?
Amin Zayani: www.bouhablog.com
You can use the materials after written approval, and if you cite the source in your references.
1. 10/16/2009
Increased awareness: save fossil energy
Crop production in low energy
greenhouses
Leo Marcelis
Aims for energy saving (Reduction of CO2 emission; Need for energy saving in greenhouse horticulture
from 1990 to 2020)
Energy costs: 15 30% of a grower
Glasshouses: 48% Greenhouses: 10% of national gas consumption
Energy for
heating, reducing air humidity, lighting, CO2
Netherlands: 30%
€ 0.45
€ 0.40
EU: 20% € 0.35
€ 0.30
Gas price (€)
€ 0.25
€ 0.20
€ 0.15
€ 0.10
€ 0.05
€-
2-1-2003 2-1-2004 1-1-2005 1-1-2006 1-1-2007 1-1-2008 31-12-
2008
Energiebalance tomato (reference)
How to reduce energy use?
Solar radiation roof
screens
Lower temperature
wall
Temperature integration (within 24 h, several days)
Heat 2
Postponing starting date
Heat 1
Control of air humidity
Cultivar choice
Floor 177 MJ m 2` yr 1
Less lighting
Bron: T. Dueck
1
2. 10/16/2009
Recent years many new developments Co generation of heat and power
Co generation heat and power
Geothermal heat Very efficient use of heat, electricity and CO2
Electricity producing greenhouse (ELKAS)
LED lighting
(semi )closed greenhouse
Geothermal heat ELKAS: Electricity producing greenhouse
Energy saving with LED lights? Greenhouse energy use
Solar radiation provides much more energy than
needed on annual basis, however ….
Provided in summer; needed in winter
Problem of timing
Solution: closed greenhouse!
2
3. 10/16/2009
Energy harvest in summer
Energy storage in aquifers
Harvest solar energy in summer; use it in winter
Proven technology, but new in horticulture
More than 160 applications in the Netherlands
(office buildings, hospitals, apartment blocks)
Aquifer = layer of porous sand
holding water between 2 clay layers Aquifers
5 8oC 16 18oC (porous sand between 2 clay layers)
Use energy from aquifer in winter
Features of a closed greenhouse
Active cooling and dehumidification
v Heat Pump
Heat storage in summer in aquifers
Use of stored heat in winter
Aquifers
5 8oC 16 18oC (porous sand between 2 clay layers)
Advantages of a closed greenhouse Closed or semi closed greenhouse
Reduced energy consumption & CO2 emission
(about 30% less fossil fuel needed)
Reduction in biocide use Disadvantage of closed greenhouse
High costs
Reduction in water use
Higher yields, because of Semi closed greenhouse is more realistic
* High CO2 in summer Less cooling capacity; allow some window opening
* Air movement (boundary layer )
* Higher light transmissivity
(no ventilators in roof)
3
4. 10/16/2009
CO2 concentrations in closed and conventional greenhouse Simulated (lines) and measured tomato yield
(closed symbols = closed greenhouse) Closed symbol is closed greenhouse, open symbol is control
60
1800
CO2 concentration (ppm)
50
1500
Yield (kg/m2)
40
1200
30
900
20
600
10
300
0
0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Day number of the year
Week number after planting
Both in measurements and simulation 16% higher yield in
High values in summer ! closed greenhouse
Cooling from underneath Cooling from below: bigger tomato fruits
sunny weather: 5˚C cooler under crop than above
140
130
Above
Fruit size (g)
120
Air temperature (˚C)
Above
boven
110 Below
onder
100 open
Open
90
Below
80
15 20 25 30 35 40
Week number
Time (hour)
Bron: Dieleman et al Bron: Dieleman et al
Higher air humidity in semi closed greenhouse Temperature on a sunny day
(summer) Open house: plant temperature lower than air
Closed house: plant temperature higher than air
Open house
6
Vapour deficit (g/m3)
Semi-closed house
35
4
30
Temperature (oC)
Open: air
Open: crop
2 25
Closed: air
closed: crop
20
0
1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00 15
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00
Time (hour)
Time of day
Bron: Dieleman et al Bron: Dieleman et al
4
5. 10/16/2009
Semi closed greenhouse How to reduce energy use?
screens
Lower temperature
Semi closed rather than closed greenhouse. Temperature integration (within 24 h, several days)
Energy saving of up to 30%
Postponing starting date
Increase in crop yield: 20% desired
Control of air humidity
Economics: investment is high
Cultivar choice
Less lighting
How to save energy at a nursery with high Temperature
intensity lighting and co-generation?
Most important factor for energy use (75 90% when no lights)
Energy use depends on :
Most instances surplus of heat
Heating set point
Hardly any saving through temperaure or humidity control
Temperature integration
If heat buffer is empty, let temperature drop at night! Isolation greenhouse (isolation value, window opening, screen)
Outside temperature, wind, radiation loss
Energiebalance tomato (temp. setpoint 2oC lower)
Temperature integration
Solar radiation
roof
Crop often responds to long term average
wall
temperature, rather than instantaneous values
Heat 2
Heat 1 Make use of flexibility of the plant
Automatic by program of climate computer
By hand
Floor 31 MJ m 2
Yield: 3%
Gas use: 15.5%
Bron: T. Dueck
5