Abstract— Applications of remote sensing in agriculture have increased in recent years, especially for the development of sensors with better spatial and spectral resolutions. The objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the spatial and spectral variability of infection Diatraea saccharalis of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) through optical sensors in the Huasteca, Mexico. The methodology consisted in to make in situ measurements with a hyperspectral spectroradiometer in areas with and without apparent damage by the plague. For spatial and scaling representation Landsat 8 images were used. The data obtained in the field showed the spectral behavior of the plague; and the space-spectral reflectance variation was made by visibles and infrared bands for the vegetation. This process is an important approach to take a look from the geographical point of view to the problems related to the risk assessment of plague and diseases, their incidence, spread and severity, as well as support for sampling and monitoring activities. The used of these technologies provides advantages in research and in the implementation of precision farming techniques.
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β- sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 μg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
The significance of indigenous weather forecast knowledge and practices under...Premier Publishers
This paper discusses the implication of indigenous knowledge-based weather forecasts (IK-BFs) as a tool for reducing risks associated with weather variability and climate change among smallholder farmers on the south eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi Rural District of Tanzania. Participatory research approaches and household surveys were used to identify and document past and existing IK-BF practices. Local communities in the study transect use traditional experiences and knowledge to predict impending weather conditions by observing a combination of locally available indicators: plant phenology (40.80%), bird behaviour (21.33%), atmospheric changes (10.40%), insects’ behaviour (7.20%), environmental changes on Kilimanjaro, Pare and Ugweno mountains (4.80%), astronomical indicators (4.8%), animal behaviour (4.00%), water related indicators (3.73%) and traditional calendars (2.93%). The study established that 60% of farmers use and trust IK-BFs over modern science-based forecasts (SCFs). Although about 86.3% of respondents observed some correlation between IK-BFs and SCFs, and 93.6% supported integration of the two sets of information, the nature and extent of their correlation is not yet established. We none the less recommend that IK-BFs be taken into relevant national policies and development frameworks to facilitate agro-ecological conservation for use and delivery of effective weather and climate services to farming communities.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
The journal is Indexed/Abstracted in
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index with IBI Factor: 2.8 •New Journal Impact Factor (NJIF): 2.14 • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden;
Full text PDF are available at: www.hortflorajournal.com
Statistical Model
ii Phonological Model
iii Mechanistic Model
iv Deterministic Model
v Stochastic Model
Dynamic Model
vii Static Model
viii Crop Simulation Models
ix Descriptive Model
x Explanatory Model
contact: dhota3@gmail.com
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β- sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 μg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
The significance of indigenous weather forecast knowledge and practices under...Premier Publishers
This paper discusses the implication of indigenous knowledge-based weather forecasts (IK-BFs) as a tool for reducing risks associated with weather variability and climate change among smallholder farmers on the south eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi Rural District of Tanzania. Participatory research approaches and household surveys were used to identify and document past and existing IK-BF practices. Local communities in the study transect use traditional experiences and knowledge to predict impending weather conditions by observing a combination of locally available indicators: plant phenology (40.80%), bird behaviour (21.33%), atmospheric changes (10.40%), insects’ behaviour (7.20%), environmental changes on Kilimanjaro, Pare and Ugweno mountains (4.80%), astronomical indicators (4.8%), animal behaviour (4.00%), water related indicators (3.73%) and traditional calendars (2.93%). The study established that 60% of farmers use and trust IK-BFs over modern science-based forecasts (SCFs). Although about 86.3% of respondents observed some correlation between IK-BFs and SCFs, and 93.6% supported integration of the two sets of information, the nature and extent of their correlation is not yet established. We none the less recommend that IK-BFs be taken into relevant national policies and development frameworks to facilitate agro-ecological conservation for use and delivery of effective weather and climate services to farming communities.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
The journal is Indexed/Abstracted in
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index with IBI Factor: 2.8 •New Journal Impact Factor (NJIF): 2.14 • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden;
Full text PDF are available at: www.hortflorajournal.com
Statistical Model
ii Phonological Model
iii Mechanistic Model
iv Deterministic Model
v Stochastic Model
Dynamic Model
vii Static Model
viii Crop Simulation Models
ix Descriptive Model
x Explanatory Model
contact: dhota3@gmail.com
Forest landscape dynamics in the cotton basin of North BeninAI Publications
The agro-ecological zone of the cotton basin of North Benin is a rainfed cereal farming area. In addition, the area is one of the country's favourable Cotton growing areas, which affects the configuration of its landscape. This study analyses the dynamics of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin between 1986 and 2000. A multidimensional approach was used based on a participatory inventory, field observations and statistical analyses of data from the interpretation of SPOT images. Several indices were calculated, including the importance value of the degree of disturbance, the composition and spatial configuration indices of the landscape types. Then, the sample test matched to the 5% threshold of the disturbance levels obtained between 1986 and 2000 on the one hand and between 2000 and 2016 on the other hand to ensure their significance. The results of this study show two types of disturbance, namely natural (4) and anthropogenic (7). Analysis of these disturbances also shows that agriculture (IV = 0.97), overgrazing (IV = 0.88), timber and service harvesting (IV = 0.78) and carbonization (IV = 0.63) are the main human disturbances in the study area. In addition, there is rapid population growth (IV = 0.94) and climate disturbances (IV = 0.85). In addition, the forest landscape has seen an increase in the number of spots (from 666 in 1986 to 2419 in 2016) and a decrease in the total area. Similarly, the values of the contagion index, ranging from 82.32 in 1986 to 65.82 in 2016, reflect a very fragmented landscape. Thus, the fragmentation of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin raises, in a very particular way, the problem of the conservation of plant biodiversity.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Biodiversityyy,its types,what is biodiversity,how to preserve biodiversity,i...Dr. sreeremya S
For the past two decades, an increasing number of studies have focused and been published on biodiversity. This is principally due to the fact that the world’s flora and fauna are disappearing at rates greater than the historical mass extinction events (Chapin III et al., 2001). As recently suggested by Thomas et al. (2004), there is an 18% to 40% risk of species-level extinction resulting majorly from global warming and drastic change happening in the climatic conditions. Moreover, other processes such as agricultural expansion, for example, in response to an increasing demand for food have a negative impact on biodiversity as a result of habitat destruction (Tilman et al., 2001).
ypes,what is biodiversity,how to preserve biodiversity,innovations happening
Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Glomalin and Soil Properti...ijtsrd
To understand the ecological significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) associations in agroecosysytem, the host specific and seasonal dynamics of AMF and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) was investigated in agricultural fields of Nanded, Maharashtra State. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of eight crop plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr., Saccharum officinarum L., Zea mays L., Cajanas cajan (L.) Millsp., Gossypium arboreum L., Triticum aestivum L., Sorghum vulgare Pers. and Cicer arietinum L.) in winter, summer and monsoon seasons respectively. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root infection and spore density of AMF peaked in monsoon and winter.The mean contents of total glomalin related soil proteins (T-GRSP) reached maximal values in summer. Spore density was highest in Zea mays L. Easily extractable glomalin related (EE-GRSP) and T-GRSP fractions were the highest in the rhizosphere of Cicer arietinum L. and Sorghum vulgare Pers. AMF root colonization and spore density was negatively correlated with K (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). T-GRSP fraction was positively correlated with edaphic factors (rhizosphere temperature, K and Fe content of soil) and negatively correlated with soil moisture (P < 0.01), AMF root colonization (P < 0.05) and spore density (P http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/15727/seasonal-dynamics-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-glomalin-and-soil-properties-in-agroecosystems-of-nanded-district/ujwala-sheshrao-deepake
Crop is defined as an “Aggregation of individual plant species grown in a unit area for economic purpose”.
Growth is defined as an “Irreversible increase in size and volume and is the consequence of differentiation and distribution occurring in the plant”.
Simulation is defined as “Reproducing the essence of a system without reproducing the system itself”. In simulation the essential characteristics of the system are reproduced in a model, which is then studied in an abbreviated time scale.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Seasonal Dynamic of Mineral Macronutrients in Three Varieties of Clementine (...IJERA Editor
The nutrient composition in terms of macronutrients of three different varieties (Early season “Orogrande”, season “Nules” and late season “Nour”) of clementine leaves (Citrus reticulata) was monitored at monthly intervals during three years in order to provide information for the development of nutrition management guidelines more suited to local conditions of southern Morocco. Nutrient concentrations at the sampled leaves for all the three elements, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), changed seasonally for all tested varieties. Seasonal dynamic of those three elements doesn‟t differ significantly between years, particularly during the spring-summer period. Results of statistical analysis show a significant variability between the tested varieties in term of leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations. However, no significant differences between tested varieties were recorded in term of the leaf phosphorus concentration.
Presentation by Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Björn Ole Sander, David Pelster, and Eugenio Díaz-Pinés.
Presentation of the key elements of the the Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural Soils chapter in the recently published book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Agricultural Drought Severity assessment using land Surface temperature and N...John Kapoi Kapoi
This study was focused on Nakuru, a tropical region in the Rift Valley of Kenya, bounded between latitude 0.28°N and 1.16°S, and longitude 36.27° E and 36.55°E. The main The main aim of this
research is to assess the agricultural drought in high potential region of Kenya with an objective of mapping the agricultural drought severity levels, assessing the precipitation and normalized difference
vegetation index deviation over its long term mean average in the region and to generate land surface temperature and emissivity maps to compare the surface temperature proportion during the drought
and normal period.
The data was obtained from NOAA-AVHRR, LANDSAT TM and ETM+ and was processed with ERDAS Imagine and GIS software of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).The land
surface temperature was derived using Planck’s radiative principles. The thermal band of Landsat TM was utilized to extract the radiance and brightness temperature. The brightness temperature was
combined with surface emissivity to derive the land surface temperature (LST) while NDVI was derived from bands 3 and 4 and its result was divided by the LST to determine the moisture levels.
The products were classified into five main classes to reflect the moisture levels. Rainfall and NDVI performance was also processed from NOAA AVHRR and long term mean established and compared
with the specific year of study performance.
The result of the study revealed that NOAA-AVHRR data offers very useful information in drought monitoring and early warning, LST and NDVI is useful in moisture level mapping that can be used
to detect drought and the drought in Nakuru is characterized by both low and high temperatures that exacerbates the crop failure.
Clínica Internacional | Cómo controlar los síntomas del síndrome del colon ir...Clínica Internacional
El síndrome del colon irritable es un problema que afecta al intestino grueso. Provoca fuertes cólicos, cambios en los hábitos intestinales y distensión abdominal. Algunas personas suelen experimentar estreñimientos, mientras que otras experimentan diarrea. A pesar de que este síndrome ocasiona muchos malestares, el intestino no se daña.
Aún no se conocen las causas exactas de este síndrome. Por ello, los tratamientos se enfocan en controlar y aliviar los síntomas para que las personas puedan seguir sus actividades con normalidad. Algunos han logrado aliviar las molestias a través de un estilo de vida saludable, pero cuando los síntomas son persistentes e intensos, es mejor acudir a un especialista.
Enlace: http://www.clinicainternacional.com.pe/blog/controlar-sintomas-sindrome-colon-irritable/
Forest landscape dynamics in the cotton basin of North BeninAI Publications
The agro-ecological zone of the cotton basin of North Benin is a rainfed cereal farming area. In addition, the area is one of the country's favourable Cotton growing areas, which affects the configuration of its landscape. This study analyses the dynamics of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin between 1986 and 2000. A multidimensional approach was used based on a participatory inventory, field observations and statistical analyses of data from the interpretation of SPOT images. Several indices were calculated, including the importance value of the degree of disturbance, the composition and spatial configuration indices of the landscape types. Then, the sample test matched to the 5% threshold of the disturbance levels obtained between 1986 and 2000 on the one hand and between 2000 and 2016 on the other hand to ensure their significance. The results of this study show two types of disturbance, namely natural (4) and anthropogenic (7). Analysis of these disturbances also shows that agriculture (IV = 0.97), overgrazing (IV = 0.88), timber and service harvesting (IV = 0.78) and carbonization (IV = 0.63) are the main human disturbances in the study area. In addition, there is rapid population growth (IV = 0.94) and climate disturbances (IV = 0.85). In addition, the forest landscape has seen an increase in the number of spots (from 666 in 1986 to 2419 in 2016) and a decrease in the total area. Similarly, the values of the contagion index, ranging from 82.32 in 1986 to 65.82 in 2016, reflect a very fragmented landscape. Thus, the fragmentation of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin raises, in a very particular way, the problem of the conservation of plant biodiversity.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Biodiversityyy,its types,what is biodiversity,how to preserve biodiversity,i...Dr. sreeremya S
For the past two decades, an increasing number of studies have focused and been published on biodiversity. This is principally due to the fact that the world’s flora and fauna are disappearing at rates greater than the historical mass extinction events (Chapin III et al., 2001). As recently suggested by Thomas et al. (2004), there is an 18% to 40% risk of species-level extinction resulting majorly from global warming and drastic change happening in the climatic conditions. Moreover, other processes such as agricultural expansion, for example, in response to an increasing demand for food have a negative impact on biodiversity as a result of habitat destruction (Tilman et al., 2001).
ypes,what is biodiversity,how to preserve biodiversity,innovations happening
Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Glomalin and Soil Properti...ijtsrd
To understand the ecological significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) associations in agroecosysytem, the host specific and seasonal dynamics of AMF and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) was investigated in agricultural fields of Nanded, Maharashtra State. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of eight crop plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr., Saccharum officinarum L., Zea mays L., Cajanas cajan (L.) Millsp., Gossypium arboreum L., Triticum aestivum L., Sorghum vulgare Pers. and Cicer arietinum L.) in winter, summer and monsoon seasons respectively. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root infection and spore density of AMF peaked in monsoon and winter.The mean contents of total glomalin related soil proteins (T-GRSP) reached maximal values in summer. Spore density was highest in Zea mays L. Easily extractable glomalin related (EE-GRSP) and T-GRSP fractions were the highest in the rhizosphere of Cicer arietinum L. and Sorghum vulgare Pers. AMF root colonization and spore density was negatively correlated with K (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). T-GRSP fraction was positively correlated with edaphic factors (rhizosphere temperature, K and Fe content of soil) and negatively correlated with soil moisture (P < 0.01), AMF root colonization (P < 0.05) and spore density (P http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/15727/seasonal-dynamics-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-glomalin-and-soil-properties-in-agroecosystems-of-nanded-district/ujwala-sheshrao-deepake
Crop is defined as an “Aggregation of individual plant species grown in a unit area for economic purpose”.
Growth is defined as an “Irreversible increase in size and volume and is the consequence of differentiation and distribution occurring in the plant”.
Simulation is defined as “Reproducing the essence of a system without reproducing the system itself”. In simulation the essential characteristics of the system are reproduced in a model, which is then studied in an abbreviated time scale.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Seasonal Dynamic of Mineral Macronutrients in Three Varieties of Clementine (...IJERA Editor
The nutrient composition in terms of macronutrients of three different varieties (Early season “Orogrande”, season “Nules” and late season “Nour”) of clementine leaves (Citrus reticulata) was monitored at monthly intervals during three years in order to provide information for the development of nutrition management guidelines more suited to local conditions of southern Morocco. Nutrient concentrations at the sampled leaves for all the three elements, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), changed seasonally for all tested varieties. Seasonal dynamic of those three elements doesn‟t differ significantly between years, particularly during the spring-summer period. Results of statistical analysis show a significant variability between the tested varieties in term of leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations. However, no significant differences between tested varieties were recorded in term of the leaf phosphorus concentration.
Presentation by Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Björn Ole Sander, David Pelster, and Eugenio Díaz-Pinés.
Presentation of the key elements of the the Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural Soils chapter in the recently published book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Agricultural Drought Severity assessment using land Surface temperature and N...John Kapoi Kapoi
This study was focused on Nakuru, a tropical region in the Rift Valley of Kenya, bounded between latitude 0.28°N and 1.16°S, and longitude 36.27° E and 36.55°E. The main The main aim of this
research is to assess the agricultural drought in high potential region of Kenya with an objective of mapping the agricultural drought severity levels, assessing the precipitation and normalized difference
vegetation index deviation over its long term mean average in the region and to generate land surface temperature and emissivity maps to compare the surface temperature proportion during the drought
and normal period.
The data was obtained from NOAA-AVHRR, LANDSAT TM and ETM+ and was processed with ERDAS Imagine and GIS software of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).The land
surface temperature was derived using Planck’s radiative principles. The thermal band of Landsat TM was utilized to extract the radiance and brightness temperature. The brightness temperature was
combined with surface emissivity to derive the land surface temperature (LST) while NDVI was derived from bands 3 and 4 and its result was divided by the LST to determine the moisture levels.
The products were classified into five main classes to reflect the moisture levels. Rainfall and NDVI performance was also processed from NOAA AVHRR and long term mean established and compared
with the specific year of study performance.
The result of the study revealed that NOAA-AVHRR data offers very useful information in drought monitoring and early warning, LST and NDVI is useful in moisture level mapping that can be used
to detect drought and the drought in Nakuru is characterized by both low and high temperatures that exacerbates the crop failure.
Clínica Internacional | Cómo controlar los síntomas del síndrome del colon ir...Clínica Internacional
El síndrome del colon irritable es un problema que afecta al intestino grueso. Provoca fuertes cólicos, cambios en los hábitos intestinales y distensión abdominal. Algunas personas suelen experimentar estreñimientos, mientras que otras experimentan diarrea. A pesar de que este síndrome ocasiona muchos malestares, el intestino no se daña.
Aún no se conocen las causas exactas de este síndrome. Por ello, los tratamientos se enfocan en controlar y aliviar los síntomas para que las personas puedan seguir sus actividades con normalidad. Algunos han logrado aliviar las molestias a través de un estilo de vida saludable, pero cuando los síntomas son persistentes e intensos, es mejor acudir a un especialista.
Enlace: http://www.clinicainternacional.com.pe/blog/controlar-sintomas-sindrome-colon-irritable/
ICRISAT Research Program West and Central Africa 2016 Highlights-Smallholders...ICRISAT
Farmers and scientists in Mali are learning first-hand how satellite technology can be used to interpret crop performance and alter decision-making on-farm. Modern information technologies including remote sensing can help monitor crop performance at levels of granularity increasingly compatible with smallholder farming. ICRISAT research under the Spurring a Transformation for Agriculture through Remote Sensing (STARS) project focuses on analysis of the potential of remote sensing to retrieve crop status information at sub-field scales in heterogeneous smallholder rainfed production systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Crop Identification Using Unsuperviesd ISODATA and K-Means from Multispectral...IJERA Editor
Agriculture is one of the oldest economic practice of human civilization is indeed undergoing a makeover. Remote sensing has played a significant role in crop classification, crop health and yield assessment. Hyper spectral remote sensing has also helped to enhance more detailed analysis of crop classification. This paper focuses the unsupervised classification methods i.e k-means and ISODATA for the crop identification from the remote sensing image.The experimental analysis is perfomed using ENVI tool. The color composite mappings associated with the image is also studied.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Nanotechnology An Innovative Approach for Smart Agricultureijtsrd
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary research field. In recent past efforts have been made to improve agricultural yield through exhaustive research in nanotechnology. The green revolution resulted in blind usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers which caused loss of soil biodiversity and developed resistance against pathogens and pests as well. Nanoparticle mediated material delivery to plants and advanced biosensors for precision farming are possible only by nanoparticles or nanochips. Nanoencapsulated conventional fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides helps in slow and sustained release of nutrients and agrochemicals resulting in precise dosage to the plants. Nanotechnology based plant viral disease detection kits are also becoming popular and are useful in speedy and early detection of viral diseases. In this article, the potential uses and benefits of nanotechnology in precision agriculture are discussed. The modern nanotechnology based tools and techniques have the potential to address the various problems of conventional agriculture and can revolutionize this sector. Dr. Rajiv "Nanotechnology: An Innovative Approach for Smart Agriculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49942.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/49942/nanotechnology-an-innovative-approach-for-smart-agriculture/dr-rajiv
Geospatial Science and Technology Utilization in Agricultureijtsrd
Since the agrarian revolution during the 18th century, the use of technology to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of farming practices has increased tremendously. Discoveries in the field of science and technology have enabled farmers to effectively use their input to maximize their yield. These advancements have been greatly assisted by the use of sophisticated machineries, planting practices, use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides and so on. At the present moment however, the success of large scale farming highly relies on geographic information technology through what is known as precision farming. Precision agriculture, or precision farming, is therefore a farming concept that utilizes geographical information to determine field variability to ensure optimal use of inputs and maximize the output from a farm Esri, 2008 . Precision agriculture gained popularity after the realization that diverse fields of land hold different properties. Large tracts of land usually have spatial variations of soils types, moisture content, nutrient availability and so on. Therefore, with the use of remote sensing, geographical information systems GIS and global positioning systems GPS , farmers can more precisely determine what inputs to put exactly where and with what quantities. This information helps farmers to effectively use expensive resources such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, and more efficiently use water resources. In the end, farmers who use this method not only maximize on their yields but also reduce their operating expenses, thus increasing their profits. On these grounds therefore, this article shall focus on the use of geospatial technologies in precision farming. To achieve this, the paper shall focus on how geospatial data is collected, analyzed and used in the decision making process to maximize on yields. Dr. Anil Kumar "Geospatial Science and Technology Utilization in Agriculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50330.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/50330/geospatial-science-and-technology-utilization-in-agriculture/dr-anil-kumar
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization of Diatraea saccharalis in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) with Field Spectroradiometry
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
Page | 1
Characterization of Diatraea saccharalis in Sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum) with Field Spectroradiometry
Luis Alberto Olvera Vargas1
, Guadalupe Galindo Mendoza2
, Raúl Aguirre Gómez3
, Noé
Aguilar Rivero4
, Laura Yañez Espinosa5
1
Multidisciplinary Graduate Programme in Environmental Sciences, 2
Coordination for Innovation and the Application of
Science and Technology, 5
Research Institute Desert Areas, University of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
Email: olvera@uaslp.mx
3
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
4
Biological and Agricultural Sciencies, University Veracruzana, Mexico
Abstract— Applications of remote sensing in agriculture have increased in recent years, especially for the development of
sensors with better spatial and spectral resolutions. The objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the spatial and
spectral variability of infection Diatraea saccharalis of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) through optical sensors in the
Huasteca, Mexico. The methodology consisted in to make in situ measurements with a hyperspectral spectroradiometer in
areas with and without apparent damage by the plague. For spatial and scaling representation Landsat 8 images were used.
The data obtained in the field showed the spectral behavior of the plague; and the space-spectral reflectance variation was
made by visibles and infrared bands for the vegetation. This process is an important approach to take a look from the
geographical point of view to the problems related to the risk assessment of plague and diseases, their incidence, spread and
severity, as well as support for sampling and monitoring activities. The used of these technologies provides advantages in
research and in the implementation of precision farming techniques.
Keywords— Remote sensing, Spectroradiometry, Diatraea saccharalis, Saccharum officinarum, NDVI
I. INTRODUCTION
The incorporation of Remote Sensing (RS) in agronomy studies has increased over the last 10 years due to the development
of sensors with better spectral and spatial resolutions, using the spectral information to describe the variation in space of
vegetation or landscape [1], [2]. The use of RS is effective, fast, non-destructive, and accessible in operational and
accurately; provides information of large areas during a growing season on numerous occasions to detect changes in
physiological and biochemical processes of plants, even with water, nutritional or derived from pests, weeds and disease
stress. Also identify species, determine the state of health and plant vigor, crop inventorying, analyzing the structure of the
canopy, all in a wide range of scales. That is, the use of RS to optimize agricultural practices as a function of the spatial and
temporal variability within fields, through methods capable of recovering with biophysical variables level accuracy canopy
registered by the reflectance [3], [4].
The use of RS in agriculture has also specialized particularly hyperspectral, since the length of electromagnetic wave detail in
terms of the specific position of the absorption bands, spectral form, spectral variability and similarity or differentiation is
seen other vegetation [5]. These sensors, known as spectroradiometers field, are used to obtain spectral signatures in situ, that
strengthen the quality of the spatial and temporal analysis; in these optoelectronic systems, the radiance received by the
optical components is decomposed into a continuous band of hundreds, which offers a potential improvement in crop
assessment [6]. The importance of these portable field sensors lies in the pure obtaining the spectral signature of the
measured object, which can be correlated with data from satellite sensors, and if they are equal and simultaneous, you can
generate a spectral labeling within the image systematization help automatic pixels from training to differentiate
characteristics in crops of the same area [7]. The organization and integration of these firms may be based on the construction
of spectral libraries that can account for the variability between plant species, and discrimination between healthy (or no
apparent damage) and nutritional deficiencies vegetation. In this regard, [5] reported that there are few relevant studies on the
development of spectral libraries for the differentiation of crops and their possible deficiencies and diseases.
The use of RS in studies of sugarcane cultivation has been implemented in numerous ways, mainly because of the economic
importance of culture and its spatial distribution is generally symmetrical and uniform. Some of the applications are
classification and mapping of sugarcane, identification of phenological stages and growing degree days, discrimination of
varieties, monitoring of irrigation and nutritional stress, detection of damage by insects and diseases, predicting yields and
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-7, July- 2016]
Page | 2
management of crop residues. In all cases, applications that have been implemented are aimed at increasing productivity
(yields and crop quality) with reduced production costs for increasingly competitive markets [8], [9].
According to [10] there are three types of limiting factors on productivity of sugarcane: physiological (phenology, canopy,
cell characteristics), environmental (water CO2, radiance, climate, soil fertility.) and agronomic (weeds, pests, diseases,
toxicity). Of these, the constraints that most affect productivity are those relating to edafoecological characteristics (32.2%)
and management in the management of pests and diseases (20.3%) [11]. The latter process has affected crop cane sugar level
vegetative stress, where the spectral response is caused by biochemical cellular level and sheet changes, which in turn have
an influence on the pigment systems and content humidity. On the other hand, stress can cause changes in the structure of the
coverage, the leaf area index (LAI) and biomass [12].
Detection of health of vegetation depends on the relationship between changes of intense red and infrared reflectance and
absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) of the surface of the vegetation [13]. Damage caused by diseases
and pests can be measured by changes in chlorophyll content of plants, which can be analyzed for changes in patterns of
spectral images taken by satellites. These techniques using multispectral images to identify areas under stress. [14] and [15]
they showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was the parameter that showed better correlation in
evaluating the health status of crops.
It is known that many diseases and pests cause changes in leaf pigments in the biochemical components and generate
metabolic alterations in infected leaves [16]. These pathological conditions of the plant may influence their spectral
characteristics of the leaf tissue and can be detected in the visible and / or near infrared (NIR) of the spectrum. In fact, the
visible and infrared regions are known to provide the maximum of information on the level of physiological stress in plants
[17]. Therefore, the difference in spectral reflectance between healthy (or without apparent damage) culture and one affected
by a disease or pest, used to diagnose the health of the plant [18].
The study on the space-time reflectance variation of solar radiation in the visible bands, infrared and vegetation index are
important approaches to analyze geographically related problems risk assessment of pest and disease incidence, spread and
severity, as well as to support the activities of sampling and monitoring are carried out to protect the cultivation of sugarcane.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the damage caused by Diatraea saccharalis through the analysis of
spectral signatures using spectroradiometry field and satellite imagery, as an input in the early detection of the problem plant
sugarcane in the Huasteca region, Mexico. The hypothesis raised refers to the use of remote sensing, both satellite and field
can be important tools for recognition and characterization of damage caused by pests and diseases in sugarcane, becoming a
Space input to help generate regional action plans for environmentally sustainable and more economical management, and
enhancing decision-making field technicians. The use of these technologies has advantages in both research and the
implementation of precision farming techniques, and while your applications continue to be studied in more developed
countries, Mexico has not been able to establish a synergy with conventional jobs country. There disinterest in modeling
sugarcane using active optical sensors, and sugarcane area Huasteca, not available a tool to characterize the problems
associated with the production of sugar cane and has not generated a methodology remote sensing in order to establish spatial
and quantitative aspects relevant as the area occupied by sugarcane cultivation, the productivity level areas supply the mills
and farms, the estimated yield of sugarcane and recognition of pest or diseases.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
The cultivation of sugarcane is of great economic importance in Mexico, both the area planted and the amount of monetary
resources operated, and the economic benefit involved. The state of San Luis Potosi is third in acreage with 8.7% (71.725 ha)
of the national total. The average yield of the harvest field in 2013-2014 was 69.5 Mg ha-1 with a production value of 150
million dollars equivalent to nearly 5 million tons harvested [19]. The sugarcane area of San Luis Potosi is located between
the extreme coordinates 21º41' - 23º4'N and 97º59'- 99º29'W. One of the main problems is the entomological borer sugarcane
Diatraea saccharalis and presence occurs almost all year, but the highest incidence is reported from November to May [20],
[21]. The study period was between 2 and 28 February 2012 at two sites in Figure 1: Rancho Rioverdito in the Plan of San
Luis sugarmill (A) and the common La Marina in Plan de Ayala sugarmill (B). Measurements were made in leaves with
apparent damage D. saccharalis, who had a level of wilting and/or yellowing (dead heart) stem with evident presence of
tunnels and galleries. Measurements in sugarcane leaf were also no apparent damage borer within the same plot. For
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validation, GPS control points were taken in the presence of the pest. He tried to avoid heterogeneity in sampling, so all
readings were made on the variety of sugarcane RD 75-11 and edafoecological both sites had similar characteristics.
FIGURE 1: STUDY AREA
The in-situ measurements were made with a portable field Spectroradiometer GER-1500 (Spectral Vista Corporation) model
that covers a spectral range of 350-1050 nm, (UV, visible and near infrared) to 512 separate bands, a spectral accuracy ± 2
nm. Five readings per sample point, where the spectroradiometer nadir moved into position at a distance of 0.3 m from the
sheet, covering a field of view of 4 ° (0.02 m2
) were taken. The instrument was calibrated and optimized before each reading,
using a portable panel with silicon diode array reference target whose spectral reflectance is characterized accurately [22].
Measurements were made on clear days (free of cloudiness) between 10:00 and 15:00, in order to minimize the effect of
variation of solar radiation incident position. The data obtained are lowered and imported into a spreadsheet, were ordered by
wavelength in ascending and calculation between reflectance data of the object (reed leaves) and laptop data panel was made
in order to obtain the spectral coefficient.
To scale the information gathered in the field, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which detects the plant
stress and changes during crop growth due to the effect of pests or diseases [23], [14]. This index, according [24] is designed
to highlight the properties of vegetation through standardized near-infrared reflectance (730-805 nm) and red visible
difference band (580-680 nm).
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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
An area of 37.6 ha were sampled (19.97 ha in Rancho Rioverdito and 17.63 ha in La Marina), where 800 measurements in
situ, 400 records for both sites (200 on sugarcane affected by Diatraea saccharalis and 200 in cane without damage were
obtained apparent). In Figure 2-A, Rancho Rioverdito, the spectral signature of damaged leaves D. saccharalis showed
higher percent reflectance that leaves no apparent damage visible regions; in the red band (600 - 700 nm), almost no
separation 15%, being affected by the D. saccharalis blade which has greater reflectance and the green band (500 - 600 nm)
there is a separation of 12% reflectance, which shows the measures yellowing plants. Values in infrared (> 700 nm) spectral
signature with the damage is below the signature without apparent damage. These data are consistent with those presented by
[24 - 26] indicating that stressed vegetation has a lower percentage of reflectance in the Near Infrared (NIR) and superior in
the visible, particularly in the red and green reflectance, which indicate that the energy absorbed by the plant not sufficient to
properly complete the photosynthesis.
FIGURE 2: SPECTRAL SIGNATURES OF SUGARCANE DAMAGE IN RANCHO RIOVERDITO (A) AND COMMON
LA MARINA (B)
In Figure 2-B, common La Marina, the spectral signature cane leaf without apparent damage it is similar to that reported by
[27] visible under 10% reflectance, slightly higher in the green band, while near-infrared is greater than 80% reflectance
region. Unlike plant affected by pest, which has a spectral behavior very similar to Rancho Rioverdito where the amount of
reflected power is greater in the visible, but similar to the NIR regarding behavior leaves no apparent damage.
From the spectral signatures, the data used in the visible and NIR spectral classification for over a Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS
image dated February 13, 2013 with a spatial resolution of 30 m. As indicated [27] scaling radiometric data through Landsat
is no need for spatial resolution, but it is in terms of spectral resolution. In this sense, the use of NDVI was made from data
calculated by the field measurements and scaling was based on these calculations. Figure 3 shows the results of that
operation, where most widespread classifications were made in the Rancho Rioverdito as much cane borer, this due to the
small difference between the spectral signatures (pest-plant). The area affected by borer calculated based on the classification
was 68.5% of 19.97 hectares measured, being the two largest parcels which were almost entirely affected by the plague. In
the common La Marina, the classification is more defined and boundaries between healthy cane and plants affected by the
plague difference. In total 43.7% of the monitored area (17.63 ha.) Was rated borer damage. In both cases, there are plots of
sugar cane that could be classified, this spectral difference given by the variety, age and crop management.
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FIGURE 3: SATELLITE IMAGE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECTRAL INDICES.
For the reliability of the classification made with the Landsat satellite images, a confusion matrix was performed, based on
40 points at random, near the monitored plots, where 13 of these points were areas without apparent damage by borer and 17
damage by the pest. Matrix shows that the methodology used to differentiate without apparent damage affected areas in an
82.5% effective. The total reliability is based on both sites, where an effectiveness of 79.8% was taken into the classification
made at Rancho Rioverdito, while in the common La Marina was held effectiveness of 85.5% (Table 1).
TABLE 1: CONFUSION MATRIX FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES AND THE HYPERSPECTRAL
DATA ACQUIRED IN FIELD
FORETOLD
TRUE FALSE
OBSERVED
TRUE 14 3
FALSE 4 9
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IV. CONCLUSION
The use of satellite images and field Spectroradiometer can help detect areas affected by pests, mainly to directly or
indirectly damaging to the leaves of the plant sugar cane. In that sense, the spatial analysis the applicability of
geotechnologies is supported in the agricultural sector and scope that can be performed in short periods of time covering a
large area of cultivation is demonstrated. For diseases such as sugarcane borer, improved techniques spectroradiometry field
and scaling to satellite images give rise to the starting point to convert the traditional plant model in a model of precision.
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