This document provides an overview of biometrics and biometric systems. It discusses authentication methods including possessions, knowledge, and biometrics. Biometric identification works by searching an entire database to identify a person based on their biometrics, while verification compares a biometric to a single enrolled template. Key aspects of biometric systems include enrollment, feature extraction, matching, and system design considerations like accuracy and speed. Security concerns with biometric systems include presenting biometrics when the owner is absent or hacking the system. Hybrid authentication methods that combine multiple factors like possessions, knowledge, and biometrics can provide stronger authentication than single-factor biometrics alone.

1. GUIDE TO BIOMETRICS
CHAPTER I & II
September 7th 2005
Presentation by Tamer Uz

2. Chapter I
Introduction

3. Outline
 Descriptions
 Authentication
 Overview of Biometric Systems
 Biometric Identification
 Biometric Verification
 Biometric Enrollment
 Biometric System Security

4. Descriptions
 Biometrics: Science of identifying, or verifying the
identity of, a person based on physiological or
behavioral characteristics.

5. Descriptions
 Authorization:
Permission or
approval.
 Authentication:
Validating or figuring
out the identity of a
person.

6. Authentication
 There are 3 traditional way of verifying the
identity of a person:
 Possessions (keys, passports, smartcards , …)
 Knowledge
 Secret (passwords, pass phrases, …)
 Non-secret (user Id, mothers maiden name, favorite
color)
 Biometrics
 Physiological (fingerprints, face, iris, …)
 Behavioral (walking, keystroke pattern, talking, …)

7. Authentication
 The 3 modes of authentication are sometimes
combined
 User id + password
 ATM card + password
 Passport + face picture and signiture

8. Authentication
There are two different authentication methods in
biometrics
 Verification: Is he/she the person who claims he/she
is? Works with id + biometrics. Thus it is based on a
combination of modes.
 Identification: Who is this person? Uses only the
biometrics and searches the entire database.

9. Overview of Biometric Systems
There are five important properties of biometric
identifiers:
1. Universality
2. Uniqueness
3. Permanence
4. Collectability
5. Acceptability

10. Overview of Biometric Systems
Biometric Identifiers

11. Overview of Biometric Systems
Biometric Subsystems
 Biometric readers (sensors)
 Feature extractors
 Feature Matchers

12. Overview of Biometric Systems
A generalized diagram of a biometric system is as
follows:

13. Overview of Biometric Systems
Design Issues:
4 basic design specifications of biometric systems are
 System accuracy
 How often the system accepts an imposter (FAR)
 How often the system rejects a genuine user (FRR)
 Computational Speed
 Exception Handling
 Failure to use (FTU)
 Failure to enroll (FTE)
 Failure to acquire (FTA)
 System Cost

14. Overview of Biometric Systems
Engineering Questions
- Trusting people/biometrics?
- Which biometrics is best for a given
application?
- How are the error numbers that are
reported for different biometrics to be
interpreted?
- Are new security holes created because of
the use of the biometrics?
- How to achieve a low exception rate?
- How to acquire the biometrics and how to
do it in a convenient way?
- What feature set is amenable for automatic
matching?
- Given the input data how to extract the
features from it?
- How to define a matching metric that
translates the intuition of “similarity” among
the patterns?
- How to implement the matching metric?
- Organization of the database?
- Methods for searching the database?
- Security?
- Privacy?

15. Biometric Identification
Biometric identification is based only on biometric
credentials.

16. Biometric Identification
Biometric identification system can be used in
two different modes
• Positive identification
• Authorization of a group without id
• Negative identification
• Most Wanted List

17. Biometric Verification
Biometric verification differs from biometric
identification in that the presented biometric is only
compared with a single enrolled biometric entity
which matches the input id

18. Biometric Verification
There are two possible database configurations for the
verification systems
Centralized Database: As the name suggests the enrollment
information is in a central database. When the token (id/card)
is provided, the corresponding biometrics is retrieved and the
comparison is made with the newly presented biometric
sample. E.g. laptop
Distributed Database: In this case the enrollment template is
usually stored in a device that the user carries. The user
provides the device and his/her biometrics. Then the
comparison is performed between the two. E.g. smart cards

19. Biometric Enrollment
Process of registering subjects in biometric database
Positive Enrollment:
• To create a database of eligible subjects
• Biometric samples and other credentials are stored in the database. An id
(or a smart card) is issued to the subject.
Negative Enrollment:
• To create a database of ineligible subjects
• Often without subject cooperation or even knowledge

20. Biometric System Security
 Possible Security Concerns:
 Biometric information is presented when the owner is not
present.
 Hacking the scanner, feature extractor, matcher, database,
and any other possible module in the system.

21. Chapter II
Authentication
and
Biometrics

22. Outline
 Descriptions
 Secure Authentication Protocols
 Access Control Security Services
 Authentication Methods
 Authentication Protocols
 Matching Biometric Samples
 Verification by Humans
 Passwords vs. Biometrics
 Hybrid Methods

23. Descriptions
 Authorization: Permission to access a resource
 Access Control: A mechanism for limiting the use of some
resource to authorized users
 Access Control List: A data structure associated with a
resource that specifies the authorized users and the conditions
for their access
 Authenticate: To determine that something is genuine; to
determine reliably the identity of the communicating party
 Authentication: Permission to access a resource

24. Secure Authentication Protocols
Characteristics of an authentication protocol:
 Established in advance
 Mutually agreed
 Unambiguous
 Complete (Able to handle exceptions)
An authentication protocol itself does “not” guarantee
security

25. Access Control Security Services
Some basic security services that should be offered by
any access control system are:
 Authentication
 Non-repudiation
 Confidentiality

26. Authentication Methods
Possession (P)
Knowledge (K)
Biometrics (B)

27. Authentication Protocols
Authentication protocol is the tasks the user and the
access point has to perform to be able to determine
whether the user has enough credentials or not.
Part of Authentication Protocols:
 Enrollment
 Tokens. E.g. T={x1…xn|xi Є (P,K,B)}
 Comparison rules. E.g. Matching threshold
 Other rules. E.g. “Three strikes and you are out”, or the
order of the presentation of the tokens: “First id number,
then the fingerprint, and than the key”

28. Matching Biometric Samples
Remark:
• P and K are checked by exact comparison;
• B is compared via pattern recognition techniques because of sampling
variations, noise and distortions
Three crucial design aspects of biometric system:
• The biometric sampling or signal acquisition (B=f(ß))
• The similarity function s=s(B1, B2) between two templates
• The decision threshold T that decides on a match or mismatch

29. Matching Biometric Samples
 Identification
Only the biometrics is needed (no id is claimed).
• Authorization is granted if d=di
• Multiple di might satisfy the similarity criteria. A secondary
matcher (possible a human expert) tries to narrow it down.

30. Matching Biometric Samples
 Screening
• Negative identification.
• Searching whether a subject is in an “interesting” people
database or not. (Most wanted criminals)
• Using biometrics only may result in too many false positives
(or false negatives depending on T). Bad ROC.
• Therefore several tokens P1, B1, K1, P2, K2, B2 etc. should
be matched with the ones in the file.

31. Matching Biometric Samples
 Verification
• Id + B is provided. (Sometimes K too)
• The template corresponding the Id is retrieved from
the database
• If s(B,Bi)>T pass, else fail.

32. Matching Biometric Samples
 Continuity of Identity
• Are the authenticated and authorized persons
the same?
• Re-establishing the authentication credentials
• Surveillance cameras

33. Verification by Humans
 By looking at the biometrics (face, signatures…)
 Face verification error rate 1:1000
 Signature verification is not very secure

34. Passwords versus Biometrics
 Passwords: Exact match
 Biometrics: Probabilistic match
 FAR, FRR

35. Hybrid Methods
 More than one identifier is used {P, K, B}
 Two Remarks
 B with {P, K}. Reduces identification to
verification (from 1:many to 1:1)
 B1 with B2. Results in better ROCs than using
only B1 or only B2
 Combination of matching scores is an
application specific problem

36. QUESTIONS?