Chapters 8, 9
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The document discusses how sports helped with healing after 9/11 through venues being used for rescue workers and helping America return to normalcy. It also discusses Curt Schilling saying the Diamondbacks needed to win games to make it right. It defines stress, stressors, distress, eustress and outlines Selye's three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. Finally, it outlines the physiological, psychological and social benefits of humor and laughter, including tension reduction, positive attitude creation and acting as a social lubricant.
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define stress and explain where it comes from.
• Discuss both the physical and psychological sources of stress.
• Analyze the direct and indirect ways stressors affect both psychological and physical health.
• Understand the causes and treatment modalities for posttraumatic stress disorder.
• Understand acute distress disorder.
• Explain the interplay between physical and psychological illnesses.
• Explain why some people are more prone to suffer from the effects of stress than others.
• Explain methods that can be used to help people better cope with stress.
get83787_02_c02_027-060.indd 27 2/16/18 4:35 PM
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Section 2.1 Stress: Origins, Definitions, and Theories
2.1 Stress: Origins, Definitions, and Theories
The word stress is used widely in both psychological writing and the popular press, so widely
in fact that its meaning is not always clear. Stress is used to refer to both a cause (a “stressful”
job, for example) and an effect (“I am feeling stressed”). Our understanding of what stress is
and how it affects us has changed and evolved throughout history. This chapter examines the
concept of stress from the historical, biological, social, and psychological perspectives.
Origins: 460 BCE–1600s
Hippocrates often referred to the effects of the emotions on health. For example, the ancient
Greek teachers advised doctors to maintain a calm demeanor lest their patients become
frightened. Showing fear, they believed, would exacerbate a patient’s symptoms. Aristotle
added anger as another emotion that, like fear, could cause illness. For centuries, doctors
continued to believe in a causative link between strong negative emotions and illness, but
this connection was broken in the Renaissance by the European philosopher Rene Descartes,
who argued that the body and the esprit (French for “soul” or “mind”) were separate entities
that communicated through the pineal gland found at the base of the brain. This philosophical
position has come to be known as Cartesian dualism.
Later Years: 1800s–1900s
The classical view began to reemerge in the middle of the 19th century when doctors first
began to observe an illness called neurasthenia (“nerve weakness”; Paciaroni & Bogousslavsky,
2014). The symptoms of neurasthenia included fatigue, aches and pains, sore throat, and
low-grade fever. No physiological cause for neurasthenia was uncovered; it was blamed on
hard work, striving for success, and changing sex roles. Neurasthenia is important, however,
because its attribution to psychosocial causes provided the groundwork for Sigmund Freud’s
claim that the physical symptoms of hysteria were the bodily manifestations of emotional
traumas experienced in early childhood.
According to Freud, ch ...
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Misinformation Theory
This summary provides an overview of how catecholamines and cortisol help the body fight stress:
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2. Both catecholamines and cortisol increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis and preventing glucose uptake by cells.
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4. These hormonal responses help mobilize energy stores and prepare the body for fighting or fleeing from stressors.
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3. Stress adaptation models include stimulus-based, response-based, and transaction-based approaches. The response-based model describes the general adaptation syndrome of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages in prolonged stress exposure.
Intro To Med-Surge
This document provides an introduction to medical-surgical nursing concepts. It discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains equilibrium during disease or stress. Stress is defined as having a stressor and a stress response from the body. Common stressors can be physiological, psychological, sociocultural, or environmental in nature. The body's stress response occurs in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Nurses aim to support patients' normal adaptive processes through supportive care methods like health education, explanations, and comfort measures. Rest, sleep, and biological cycles are also discussed in relation to stress and homeostasis.
Stress and coping
This document provides an outline and summary of a student assignment on stress and coping. It discusses various topics related to stress including the concept of stress, sources of stress, effects of stress, models of stress response, indicators of stress, anxiety vs fear, anger vs depression, ego defense mechanisms, and coping strategies. The assignment was submitted by two students, Nadia Khan and Abubakar, for their Fundamentals of Nursing course taught by Mahwish Younas at Multan Medical Dental & Nursing College in Multan, Pakistan.
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The corporation chapter 5
This document discusses the commercial targeting of children through advertising. It notes that corporations spend $15 billion annually advertising directly to children, using various mediums. Children are exposed to 40,000 TV ads per year by age 8, and 80% of global brands use "tween marketing" strategies to target 12-19 year olds. The document also examines marketing techniques like "cradle to grave" branding, exploiting children's insecurities, and the "nag factor" of pestering parents. It identifies 4 types of parenting approaches to dealing with children's consumerism. Overall, the document critically analyzes how corporations prey on children through advertising to influence their purchases and brand loyalty.
Chapter 10
The document discusses premises liability and negligence. It defines premises liability as the legal responsibility a facility or event manager owes to individuals utilizing the venue. Negligence deals with avoidable accidents that should have been anticipated and prevented through reasonable precautions. For negligence, there must be a duty, a breach of that duty, proximate causation, and damages. The four elements of negligence are: 1) duty, 2) breach of duty, 3) proximate cause, and 4) damage.
Chapter 12
The document discusses key aspects of emergency management for sport facilities and events. It defines FEMA as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, formed in 1979 to coordinate federal response to major disasters that overwhelm local/state authorities. The four phases of emergency management are outlined as mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Emergencies can range from local to major to catastrophic depending on their scope and impact. Proper training is emphasized as critical to overcoming fear and responding effectively in emergency situations.
Chapter 13
The document discusses different types of capital needed for businesses, including fixed capital for permanent assets, working capital for short-term operations, and growth capital for expansion. It compares equity capital, which involves giving up ownership stake, versus debt capital through loans. Sources of equity include angel investors, corporate venture capital, and venture capital firms. The document also outlines several federal loan programs targeted at small businesses, including EDA, HUD, USDA, SBIR, and STTR grants. It provides an example of how The Boston Beer Company supports small businesses through microloans and speed coaching services.
The corporation chapter 3
This document contains chapter discussion questions and information about ethics and decision making. It asks questions about externalities, the Anderson v. General Motors case, cost-benefit analysis, and the "science of exploitation". It defines key terms like objective decision making, ethics, morality, utilitarianism, and the golden rule. It also discusses offshoring, layoffs, animal testing, and how corporations legally are considered persons but cannot make ethical decisions themselves.
The corporation chapter 4
The document discusses consumerism in America and the power of consumers. It notes that corporations hold the most power in the economy, but consumers ultimately determine pricing and financial success through their purchasing decisions. However, consumers infrequently exert their power due to fostering of materialism and desire for goods/services. Studies show rising levels of materialism among adolescents and college students pursuing degrees primarily to make money rather than help others.
The corporation chapter 5
This document discusses various marketing concepts and strategies used to target consumers, especially children. It explains that the goal of marketing is to build brand awareness, adoption, and loyalty in order to persuade customers to purchase products. Marketers closely study demographics and psychographics to identify target markets. The document also examines how corporations extensively market directly to children, exploiting their vulnerabilities, and how parents influence children's purchasing behaviors. It suggests companies seek to commodify all aspects of people's lives in order to maximize lifetime customer value.
Food inc
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Chapter 10
This document summarizes key concepts around pricing strategies. It discusses the three forces of pricing: price conveys image, competition influences pricing, and focus on providing value. It also outlines three objectives for establishing a new product's price: getting the product accepted, maintaining market share as competition grows, and earning a profit. Finally, it describes three basic strategies for setting a new product's price: market penetration pricing, skimming pricing, and sliding down the demand curve.
Chapter 11
Crowd management involves implementing strategies and procedures to ensure a safe and enjoyable environment for event guests. This includes managing guest movement, assisting in emergencies, and addressing specific concerns. Prudent managers must be able to foresee and anticipate crowd-related incidents. The SEC fines schools if fans rush the court after basketball and football games. In Bearman v. University of Notre Dame, the court found the university responsible for protecting invitees from negligent third-party acts, like an intoxicated spectator injuring another, because alcohol was served making such incidents foreseeable.
Chapter 13
The document discusses different types of business capital and financing options for small businesses. It defines equity capital as financing obtained through the sale of stock, while debt capital involves borrowing money that must be repaid. Sources of equity capital mentioned include individual angel investors, corporate venture capital firms, and venture capital companies. Federal loan programs aimed at small businesses that are outlined include those from the Economic Development Administration (EDA), Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. The document also defines three types of capital that entrepreneurs need - fixed capital for permanent assets, working capital for short-term operations,
The corporation chapter 3
The document discusses chapter 3 discussion questions about externalities, a lawsuit against General Motors, jury awards in the lawsuit, the "science of exploitation" applied to Nike, the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory disaster, US labor laws passed in 1938, the percentage of sweatshops in NYC, and the level of compliance with US labor laws. It also defines objective and subjective decision making, ethics, morality, rationalization, the golden rule, utilitarianism, ethical decisions corporations need to make, offshoring, layoffs, animal testing, and indirectly marketing adult products to minors.
Chapter 9
This document contains information about risk management, facility management, and event security. It discusses the DIM process for developing a risk management plan, which involves three steps: developing, implementing, and managing the plan. It also outlines the three steps for developing a risk management plan: identifying risks, classifying risks, and selecting treatments for the risks. The document provides information on controlling access within facilities and managing the risks of injury and loss.
Chapter 10
This document discusses pricing strategies and objectives. It outlines 3 forces of pricing: price conveys image, competition & pricing, and focus on value. It also discusses 3 objectives for establishing a new product's price: getting the product accepted, maintaining market share as competition grows, and earning a profit. Finally, it explains 3 basic strategies for establishing a new product's price based on whether the product is revolutionary, evolutionary, or me-too.
Chapter 11
The document discusses various topics related to crowd management at sporting events including:
- Ohio State University's policy of allowing students to celebrate on the field after victories despite attempts to keep them off.
- The SEC's 2004 policy fining schools if fans storm the court/field after basketball and football games, with fines increasing for repeat offenses.
- The definition of crowd management as an organizational strategy to provide a safe and enjoyable environment for guests through implementing facility/event policies and procedures.
- Festival seating, where seating is up next to barricades in front of stages, which can create problems if crowds rush forward.
- Factors like crowd movement, emergencies, and addressing guest concerns that
Chapter 15
This document discusses aging, health, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It defines terms like chronological age, physiological age, and life expectancy. It states that lifestyle behaviors have a greater impact on health and longevity than genes. The document also discusses three categories of CAM therapies - natural products, mind-body medicine, and manipulative and body-based methods. Finally, it notes that almost $50 billion is spent out-of-pocket each year on CAM treatments in the United States.
Chapter 12
The document contains discussion questions about immunity, sleep disorders, stress, personality types, and time management. Some key points include:
- Immunity involves the body's defense against invaders through lymphocytes and antibodies.
- The main sleep disorder groups are problems falling/staying asleep, excessive sleepiness, irregular sleep schedules, and sleep behaviors like sleepwalking.
- College students average 6.5 hours of sleep per night, with only 8% getting 8+ hours and 30% reporting chronic sleep difficulties.
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Chapter 9
This document discusses risk management concepts and the 1972 Munich Olympics terrorist attack. It provides discussion questions about slip-and-fall accidents, stadium incidents, and the definition and goals of risk management. It then summarizes the 1972 Munich Olympics terrorist attack where Black September members took Israeli athletes hostage, resulting in all the athletes' deaths. The document asks how the terrorist attack was mishandled from an event management and security standpoint. It discusses the duties of a sports facility manager to keep premises safe and inspect for hazards. The primary goal of a risk manager is to reduce risks of injury or loss while managing a sports facility.
Chapter 14
The document discusses factors to consider when choosing a location for a new business, focusing on the beer industry. It recommends starting with region, then state, city, and specific site. Key factors include customer base, population trends, business climate, costs, and for breweries, beer culture and regulations. States like California, Washington and Colorado are good options due to their many craft breweries and beer-friendly environments. Narrowing options based on these comprehensive criteria helps find a suitable location for business success.
The corporation chapter 2
This document discusses several examples of cause-marketing campaigns undertaken by for-profit businesses. It describes campaigns by Nike to support the Lance Armstrong Foundation through Livestrong bracelet sales, Yoplait's campaign to support Susan G. Komen for the Cure by donating proceeds from pink yogurt lids, and Product Red's partnership with companies like Apple and Starbucks to support the Global Fund's efforts against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. It also discusses Boston Beer Company's Brewing the American Dream initiative that provides microloans and coaching to small food and beverage businesses, and The One Fund Boston established to help victims of the Boston Marathon bombings.
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Chapters 8, 9
- 2. How did sports help in the healing process for New York & America after 9/11? Cite specific examples from the film/article.
- 3. 1) VENUES USED AS STAGING GROUNDS FOR VOLUNTEERS & SUPPLIES FOR RESCUE WORKERS.
- 4. 2) SPORTS HELP US RETURN TO NORMALCY.
- 5. 3) SPORTS ARE THE ULTIMATE OUTLET TO ESCAPE.
- 6. In the film Diamondbacks pitcher Curt Schilling says, “They had to win those 3 games at their place to make it right.” What did he mean?
- 7. WHAT IS STRESS? -A PHYSICAL RESPONSE BY THE BODY TO A STIMULUS THAT DISTURBS OR INTERFERES WITH THE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM OF AN ORGANISM. -STRESS CAN BE FELT AS PHYSICAL, MENTAL, OR EMOTIONAL STRAIN/TENSION.
- 8. WHAT IS A STRESSOR? -A STIMULUS (ACTIVITY, EVENT, ETC) THAT CAUSES STRESS.
- 9. WHAT IS DISTRESS? -NEGATIVE STRESS. -STRESS THAT CAUSES PAIN, SUFFERING, TROUBLE, ETC.
- 10. WHAT IS EUSTRESS? -POSITIVE STRESS. -STRESS THAT IS HELPFUL.
- 11. AS WE DISCUSS SELYE & THE GAS STAGES, THINK OF A SPORT YOU PLAY/PLAYED AS THE STRESSOR.
- 12. SELYE’S STRESS DEFINITION “ A state manifested by a specific syndrome that consists of all nonspecifically induced changes within a biological system.” 1) State -Stress is characterized by a particular state of being -Stress produces physiological changes that are evident in most people under stress -People under stress display common characteristics of their state of being 2) Nonspecifically Induced Changes -Stress can be induced anywhere and by anything -Thus, stress is nonspecifically induced 3) Specific Syndrome -Stress is characterized by a specific pattern of changes (GAS) -General Adaptation Syndrome
- 17. CHAPTER 9 BENEFITS OF HUMOR & LAUGHTER
- 18. PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL) BENEFITS (P. 243) 1) Tension Reduction -Muscles tense due to stress -Muscles tense due to laughter, but relax after 2) Stimulation Of The Sympathetic Nervous System -Responsible for control of sweat glands, blood vessels, eyes, heart, bronchi, kidneys, bladder….. -Frequent stimulation of system increases function and enables body to more effectively handle physical stress -Laughter results in release of hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (attention & focus)
- 19. 3) Increased Respiratory Activity -Diaphragm (main muscle of respiration between chest & abdomen) is needed to laugh -Contracts & expands massaging other surrounding organs (lungs & stomach) -During laughter, heart rate and blood pressure increase -After laughter, heart rate and blood pressure fall below normal level -Allows body to enter state of relaxation 4) Stimulation Of The Circulatory System -Laughter referred to as “internal jogging” -Increased heart rate and cardiac output 5) Pain Reduction -Physical pain can increase physical & emotional stress -Stress can induce physical pain (headaches, backaches) -Hypothesis: release of endorphins by brain during laughter results in pain reduction -Hypothesis: person’s attention diverted away from pain during laughter
- 20. PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL) BENEFITS (P. 245) 1) Sudden shift in cognitive perspective -Distancing oneself from stressors provides opportunity to look at problem objectively and identify possible resolutions 2) Reducing negative emotions (anxiety, anger, depression) -Humor allows people to have an increased functioning level during stressful situations -Used excessively could become a form of denial 3) Creating & maintaining a positive attitude -Being able to see humor in a given situation reduces feelings of helplessness -Affirms that individual, not situation/emotion, is in control of his/her life 4) Feelings of well-being & euphoria - Laughter stimulates the release of arousal hormones -Hormones influence mind & body resulting in a feeling of euphoria (happiness, confidence)
- 21. SOCIAL & INTERPERSONAL BENEFITS (P. 247) 1) Acts as an ice breaker and helps establish communication -Laughter is an indicator of attitude similarities -Attitude similarities affect attraction among strangers -Acts as a social lubricant 2) Helps maintain relationships -Helps people handle relationship stressors -Helps get over not harp on petty differences -Minimizes conflict and friction 3) Facilitates communication of sensitive issues -Eases confrontational situations -Distances people from problem and allows maintenance of a proper perspective -Deflects anger so situation can be more readily resolved