Statements are the basic executable units in C++ programs. They include compound statements grouped in blocks with braces, null statements containing just a semicolon, and conditional statements like if, if-else, nested if, and switch statements. Conditional statements allow program execution to be selected based on conditions. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, if-else executes one of two blocks based on a condition, and switch permits multiple branching based on a variable's value matching case constants.