Chapter24gc 140711154209-phpapp01
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Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that rely on differences in volatility and affinity of compounds for a mobile and stationary phase. The key components of a gas chromatography system are a carrier gas, sample injection system, column, and detector. Factors like carrier gas type, column temperature, length, diameter, and stationary phase influence separation of compounds on the column. Common detectors include thermal conductivity, flame ionization, and electron capture detectors which have different properties in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and response characteristics.
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Gas chromatography1
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a gaseous mixture. It works by injecting a sample into a carrier gas that flows through a column coated with a stationary phase. The different components interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to separation as they migrate through the column at different rates. Key aspects of gas chromatography include the carrier gas, stationary phase, column type, injector, and detectors used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Common detectors include the thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, and electron capture detector.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DETECTORS
Detectors specifically used in Gas Chromatography are described as per their mechanism and specially used applications
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a crude drug sample using an inert gaseous mobile phase. The sample is vaporized and injected into a column containing a stationary liquid phase. Components are transported through the column at different rates depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, allowing separation. Common carrier gases include hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen. Detectors like the flame ionization detector and thermal conductivity detector measure separated components to identify them. Gas chromatography is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in applications like food analysis, pollutant detection, and separation of materials.
Chromatographic Analysis of Natural Gas Liquids, sherry petrochemical
The document discusses chromatographic analysis of natural gas liquids performed by Sherry Laboratories. Sherry Laboratories is an industry leader in independent third-party testing with 10 laboratories providing accredited analytical testing and technical expertise. The document focuses on Sherry's hydrocarbon laboratory and reference standards division, describing the analytical methods, sampling, transportation, and chromatographic analysis used to test natural gas and liquid hydrocarbon mixtures.
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shiva ram
Thermal analysis techniques measure properties of a sample as a function of temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures the heat flow into or out of a sample relative to a reference as both are heated. DSC can identify phase transitions like melting or glass transitions through endothermic or exothermic events. Common applications include determining melting points, characterizing materials, and analyzing polymer mixtures. DSC provides both quantitative and qualitative information about physical and chemical changes.
Detectors used in gas chromatography by darshan b j
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Gas chromatography1
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a gaseous mixture. It works by injecting a sample into a carrier gas that flows through a column coated with a stationary phase. The different components interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to separation as they migrate through the column at different rates. Key aspects of gas chromatography include the carrier gas, stationary phase, column type, injector, and detectors used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Common detectors include the thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, and electron capture detector.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DETECTORS
Detectors specifically used in Gas Chromatography are described as per their mechanism and specially used applications
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a crude drug sample using an inert gaseous mobile phase. The sample is vaporized and injected into a column containing a stationary liquid phase. Components are transported through the column at different rates depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, allowing separation. Common carrier gases include hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen. Detectors like the flame ionization detector and thermal conductivity detector measure separated components to identify them. Gas chromatography is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in applications like food analysis, pollutant detection, and separation of materials.
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The document outlines the new practical programme for physics A-levels, including:
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Thermal analysis techniques measure properties of a sample as a function of temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures the heat flow into or out of a sample relative to a reference as both are heated. DSC can identify phase transitions like melting or glass transitions through endothermic or exothermic events. Common applications include determining melting points, characterizing materials, and analyzing polymer mixtures. DSC provides both quantitative and qualitative information about physical and chemical changes.
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Thermal analysis
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Specific Gravity, and API Gravity for petroleum products
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the specific gravity and API gravity of kerosene and gasoline using two methods: the hydrometer method and pycnometer method.
2) The pycnometer method was found to be more accurate than the hydrometer method for measuring API and specific gravity, as the hydrometer can be affected by temperature, carbon dioxide, and alcohol content.
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Marcet boiler
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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a substance as it is heated. It works by heating a sample at a controlled rate and measuring its weight loss over time or temperature. Changes in weight are caused by physical or chemical processes like decomposition or evaporation. A TGA curve shows the weight change of a sample as it is heated. It can identify decomposition temperatures and determine purity and composition. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated. It identifies exothermic and endothermic transitions in a sample through temperature differences between the sample and reference.
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The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids.
thermogravimetric analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in mass of a substance as it is heated. In TGA, a sample is heated at a controlled rate in a furnace while its weight is continuously monitored using a microbalance. The weight change is plotted against temperature or time to produce a thermogram. Factors like heating rate, furnace atmosphere, sample weight and particle size can affect the TGA curve. TGA is used to study processes like decomposition, oxidation, and moisture loss that cause weight changes in materials when heated.
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Specific Gravity, and API Gravity for petroleum products
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the specific gravity and API gravity of kerosene and gasoline using two methods: the hydrometer method and pycnometer method.
2) The pycnometer method was found to be more accurate than the hydrometer method for measuring API and specific gravity, as the hydrometer can be affected by temperature, carbon dioxide, and alcohol content.
3) The API gravity value provides information about the quality and composition of petroleum products, with higher API gravity indicating a product contains more desirable and valuable components like gasoline.
Marcet boiler
This experiment aims to determine the relationship between the saturated temperature and pressure of steam in equilibrium with water between 0 and 14 bars using a Marcet boiler. The measured slope of the temperature-pressure graph is compared to theoretical values from steam tables. Results show a direct proportional relationship between temperature and pressure, with the experimental slope deviating slightly from the theoretical slope due to measurement errors ranging from 0.3-44%. The Marcet boiler can be used to study this relationship and various thermodynamic applications that involve changes in steam properties with pressure and temperature.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique that measures the heat flow into a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC curves show endothermic or exothermic reactions as peaks or dips. DSC is used to determine glass transition temperatures, crystallization and melting points, purity, and heat capacity. It has applications in pharmaceutical analysis, polymer curing processes, and general chemical analysis. DSC provides information about physical and chemical changes by measuring the difference in heat flow between the sample and reference.
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Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC directly measures the energy required to establish a zero temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to an identical temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points and glass transition temperatures. DSC is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis to characterize materials such as purity determination, polymorphism detection, and stability studies. The basic components of a DSC instrument include sample and reference pans, a furnace to heat the pans at a controlled rate, and sensors to measure the heat flow difference between
THERMOGRAVIMETRY ANALYSIS [TGA] AS PER PCI
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a substance as it is heated or cooled over time. TGA instruments consist of a precision balance, sample holder, furnace, temperature recorder, and thermobalance. The sample is heated in a controlled atmosphere and its mass change is recorded as a function of increasing temperature. TGA curves show the unique thermal degradation patterns of materials and can be used to determine composition, measure phase transitions, and study reaction kinetics. Factors like heating rate, sample size and form, and furnace atmosphere can affect TGA results. TGA has applications in fields like materials characterization, compositional analysis, and corrosion and stability studies.
Fundamental of experiments for print
This document discusses different units of measurement including length, volume, weight, time, and temperature. It provides examples of common units like meters, cubic meters, kilograms, hours, minutes, seconds, Celsius, and Fahrenheit. The document also explains Ohm's Law, showing the relationship between resistance (R), current (I), and inverse of current (1/I). It includes a table of resistance and current values and a corresponding graph, demonstrating this relationship. Finally, it outlines the typical sections of a report, such as the title, method, data table, graph, results, discussion, and medical application.
Thermo gravimetric analysis
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DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS & DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are thermal analysis techniques that can be used to analyze materials. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference as both are subjected to identical temperature programs. DSC maintains the sample and reference at the same temperature during a thermal event in the sample by measuring the energy required. Both techniques can detect physical and chemical changes that occur in samples through endothermic or exothermic events as temperature is changed. DSC is now more commonly used as it provides calorimetric measurements of energy changes during transitions.
Presentation2dsc
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique used to analyze characteristics of polymers and other materials. DSC measures heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held isothermally. By monitoring the heat difference between a sample and an inert reference, DSC can detect physical and chemical changes associated with phase transitions, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and interpretation of DSC analysis for studying various material properties and transitions.
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Thermogravimetry is a technique that measures the mass of a substance as a function of increasing temperature in a controlled temperature environment. Key aspects of thermogravimetry include the instrumentation used to precisely control and measure temperature and mass changes, factors that can influence results like heating rate and sample properties, and applications like compositional analysis, kinetic studies, and calibration. Thermogravimetry provides important information about physical and chemical processes like dehydration, decomposition, and phase transitions that are associated with weight changes.
Differential scanning calorimetry
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a technique used to study thermal transitions in polymers and other materials. It works by heating a sample and reference simultaneously while measuring the difference in energy required to keep them at the same temperature. This allows thermal transitions like glass transitions, crystallization, and melting to be identified by features in the resulting DSC curve. The technique provides both qualitative and quantitative information about these transitions.
EXPERIMENT PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)
THE EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS USED IN DSC INCLUDING SAMPLE PREPARATION , EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS, INSTRUMENTS, HEATING RATES AND TEMPERATURES, COOLING RATES,RESOLUTION, ALSO SOURCE OF ERRORS.
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Density and Specific Gravity (Specific Gravity Bottle method)
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DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS & DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
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EXPERIMENT PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)
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Gas Chromatography is an analytical techniques, used for the separation of volatile substances on the basis of their partition coefficient . In this slide you will find out different instrumentation of gas chromatography, its advantages, disadvantages and moreover its applications.
Gas chromatograph analyzer
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It describes the basic components and process of gas chromatography including the carrier gas, sample injection system, columns, temperature and pressure programming, and common detectors like the thermal conductivity detector and flame ionization detector. The goal of gas chromatography is to separate a mixture into individual components using a mobile gas phase and stationary column packing material over time based on differences in how components partition between the two phases.
Gas chromatography
This document discusses gas chromatography. It provides an introduction to GC, describing its principle, instrumentation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The principle involves separating components in a mixture based on differences in how they partition between a mobile gas phase and stationary liquid phase. Key instrumentation includes the carrier gas, injector, column oven, and detectors like FID, TCD, and ECD. Advantages are high separation efficiency, sensitivity, and resolution. Disadvantages include only analyzing volatile substances. Applications include forensic science and chemistry.
Gas chromatography
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It discusses the history of gas chromatography, invented in 1901 by Mikhail Tswett. It then describes the basic principles, instrumentation, and applications of gas chromatography. The key components of a gas chromatograph are described, including the carrier gas, columns, injection port, temperature control, and detectors like the flame ionization detector and thermal conductivity detector. The document concludes by outlining some common applications of gas chromatography in fields like pharmaceuticals, petroleum, foods, and environmental analysis.
Gc
This document discusses gas chromatography (GC), including its principles, requirements, and components. GC uses a gas as the mobile phase to separate compounds based on how soluble they are in the stationary liquid phase. Key components of a GC system include the carrier gas, injection port, column located in a temperature-controlled oven, and detector. Common detectors are the thermal conductivity detector and flame ionization detector. The document provides details on the operation and applications of GC.
Gas Chromatography.pdf
This document summarizes gas chromatography (GC), a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. It discusses the basic components of a GC system including the carrier gas, sample injection systems, separation columns, detectors, and applications. The key components are the stationary and mobile phases that interact to separate sample compounds based on properties like volatility and polarity. Common detectors discussed are the thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, and mass spectrometer for identifying separated compounds. Applications include analyzing samples from pharmaceuticals, foods, environmental sources, and petrochemicals.
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Chapter24gc 140711154209-phpapp01
- 1. Gas Chromatography Mobile phase: Gas (H2, He, N2) Stationary phase: Nonvolatile liquid or solid Solute: gas or volatile liquid GC considerations: analyte must be volatile and thermally stable Factors that influence separation Carrier gas type and velocity Column temperature Column length Column diameter Film thickness Stationary phase type
- 2. Instrument Apparatus – major components 1. Carrier Gas 2. Sample Injection System 3. Column 4. Detector
- 3. Gas Chromatography 1. Carrier Gas • Inert • Hydrogen, helium, nitrogen • Often dictated by detector 2. Sample Injection System •Temp. very important •Avoid band broadening •Suitable size (µL) •Liquid/Gas: syringes
- 5. Gas Chromatography 3. Columns A. Packed B. Open Tubular A. Packed Stainless steel or glass 3-8 mm dia 1-5 m in length Fine solid support coated with nonvolatile liq Strong solid support
- 6. Gas Chromatography B. Open Tubular Fused silica with nonvolatile liquid coated on it Advantages Higher Rs Shorter time Less sample
- 7. 1. wall coated 2. support coated 3. porous layer
- 9. Gas Chromatography A. Solid Support Small uniform particles Good mechanical strength High surface area Inert at high temperature Usually 150 – 250 µm dia
- 10. B. Stationary Phase: Volatile liquid Low volatility Good thermal stability Chemical inertness “appreciable” solvent power “like dissolves like”
- 12. Temperature Programming Broad range of boiling points Increase temperature during sepn
- 14. Column Diameter
- 15. Column Length
- 18. Gas Chromatography 4. Detector – Sensitive – Stable – Linear – Versatile – Response time – Selective Most Common A. Thermal conductivity B. Flame Ionization C. Electron capture
- 19. Gas Chromatography A. Thermal conductivity – Simple – Universal – Change in thermal conductivity of a gas when an analyte is present – He, H2 have high TC Properties 4-5 order of magn linear response Simple Responds to all analytes Low sensitivity relative to others
- 20. Temp f(TC) R f(Temp) Analyte dec TC, inc Temp, inc R TC detector
- 21. Gas Chromatography B. Flame Ionization – Burn elutate in a mixture of H2 and air – create ions and electrons – Response prop. to solute mass – Insensitive to H2, He, N2, CO2, NH3, carbonyl… Properties High sensitivity Large linear response 107 Destructive Good detection limits
- 22. CH + O CHO+ + 1e- FI detector
- 23. Gas Chromatography C. Electron Capture – Ionize gas entering detector with high energy electrons – Measure current – Analyte that has affinity for e-, captures them Properties Sensitive to halogens, conj. Carbonyls, nitriles, nitro compds Selective Small linear range, 102 Non-destructive