Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The document discusses various cancer treatment techniques and procedures including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and more. Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer, while immunotherapy strengthens the immune system. Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to destroy tumor cells. Surgery is used for diagnosis, staging, and primary treatment in over 60% of cancers by removing tumors. Common surgical procedures include biopsies, resection, fulguration, electrocauterization, cryosurgery, and exenteration.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new growths) and tumor nomenclature. It defines key terms like neoplasia, tumor, cancer, and oncology. It discusses the biology of tumor growth and characteristics of benign versus malignant neoplasms. Specifically, it covers topics like differentiation, anaplasia, rate of growth, invasion, and metastasis. The document also provides details on tumor naming conventions based on cell/tissue of origin and examples of exceptions to typical naming rules.
1. The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growth of cells) and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors.
2. It describes how tumors are classified based on cell of origin, biological behavior, appearance and other features. Examples of different tumor types are provided.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion of surrounding tissue, metastasis, and differentiation of cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow and spread more rapidly.
This document provides information on neoplasia (new growth) and tumor nomenclature. It defines neoplasia as abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that exceeds normal tissues. Tumors are named based on their cell or tissue of origin, with benign tumors ending in "-oma" and malignant tumors called carcinomas for epithelial cells and sarcomas for mesenchymal cells. Common sites for teratomas are the gonads and along midline fusion lines. Hamartomas contain normal tissues for the organ, while choristomas contain ectopic tissues. Environmental exposures like coal tar were found to induce skin cancer in rabbits.
Principles of Oncology discusses the study, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors (neoplasms). It defines key terms like benign and malignant, carcinomas and sarcomas, and describes methods of examining and categorizing tumors microscopically and visually. Imaging, biopsies, and tumor markers are used to diagnose cancers before discussing common treatment techniques like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.
1. The document discusses neoplasia, defining it as new growth resulting from genetic alterations in cells that cause uncontrolled proliferation.
2. It classifies tumors as benign, malignant, or premalignant and discusses their naming conventions based on tissue of origin and characteristics.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are that benign tumors are slow-growing, localized, well-differentiated and do not metastasize, while malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, invade surrounding tissues, grow quickly and can metastasize to distant sites.
The document provides information on the classification of tumours, including:
1. Tumours are classified based on their presumed cell/tissue of origin or predicted behavior. Malignant tumours are classified as epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, or mixtures.
2. Benign tumours are generally slow growing, remain localized, and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumours are generally fast growing, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize via lymphatics or blood vessels.
3. Malignant tumours are staged based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastases using systems like TNM. Higher
This document discusses ovarian tumors. It notes that ovarian tumors can be cystic or solid, functional, benign or malignant. In reproductive-aged women, most ovarian enlargements are functional cysts, while 25% prove to be nonfunctional neoplasms of which 90% are benign. Ovarian masses in postmenopausal patients or those unresponsive to birth control present a higher risk of malignancy. Evaluation involves examination and imaging like ultrasound. Common benign ovarian tumors include serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystadenomas, dermoid cysts, and granulosa cell tumors. Complications can include torsion, rupture, hemorrhage, and infection. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growths or tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the classification of tumors as benign or malignant based on characteristics like differentiation, growth rate, invasion and metastasis potential. It also covers tumor nomenclature, risk factors for cancer like age, environment, heredity and pre-existing conditions. The document summarizes key concepts around epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer development, and laboratory diagnosis of tumors.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new growths) and tumor nomenclature. It defines key terms like neoplasia, tumor, cancer, and oncology. It discusses the biology of tumor growth and characteristics of benign versus malignant neoplasms. Specifically, it covers topics like differentiation, anaplasia, rate of growth, invasion, and metastasis. The document also provides details on tumor naming conventions based on cell/tissue of origin and examples of exceptions to typical naming rules.
1. The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growth of cells) and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors.
2. It describes how tumors are classified based on cell of origin, biological behavior, appearance and other features. Examples of different tumor types are provided.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion of surrounding tissue, metastasis, and differentiation of cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow and spread more rapidly.
This document provides information on neoplasia (new growth) and tumor nomenclature. It defines neoplasia as abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that exceeds normal tissues. Tumors are named based on their cell or tissue of origin, with benign tumors ending in "-oma" and malignant tumors called carcinomas for epithelial cells and sarcomas for mesenchymal cells. Common sites for teratomas are the gonads and along midline fusion lines. Hamartomas contain normal tissues for the organ, while choristomas contain ectopic tissues. Environmental exposures like coal tar were found to induce skin cancer in rabbits.
Principles of Oncology discusses the study, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors (neoplasms). It defines key terms like benign and malignant, carcinomas and sarcomas, and describes methods of examining and categorizing tumors microscopically and visually. Imaging, biopsies, and tumor markers are used to diagnose cancers before discussing common treatment techniques like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.
1. The document discusses neoplasia, defining it as new growth resulting from genetic alterations in cells that cause uncontrolled proliferation.
2. It classifies tumors as benign, malignant, or premalignant and discusses their naming conventions based on tissue of origin and characteristics.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are that benign tumors are slow-growing, localized, well-differentiated and do not metastasize, while malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, invade surrounding tissues, grow quickly and can metastasize to distant sites.
The document provides information on the classification of tumours, including:
1. Tumours are classified based on their presumed cell/tissue of origin or predicted behavior. Malignant tumours are classified as epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, or mixtures.
2. Benign tumours are generally slow growing, remain localized, and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumours are generally fast growing, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize via lymphatics or blood vessels.
3. Malignant tumours are staged based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastases using systems like TNM. Higher
This document discusses ovarian tumors. It notes that ovarian tumors can be cystic or solid, functional, benign or malignant. In reproductive-aged women, most ovarian enlargements are functional cysts, while 25% prove to be nonfunctional neoplasms of which 90% are benign. Ovarian masses in postmenopausal patients or those unresponsive to birth control present a higher risk of malignancy. Evaluation involves examination and imaging like ultrasound. Common benign ovarian tumors include serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystadenomas, dermoid cysts, and granulosa cell tumors. Complications can include torsion, rupture, hemorrhage, and infection. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growths or tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the classification of tumors as benign or malignant based on characteristics like differentiation, growth rate, invasion and metastasis potential. It also covers tumor nomenclature, risk factors for cancer like age, environment, heredity and pre-existing conditions. The document summarizes key concepts around epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer development, and laboratory diagnosis of tumors.
neoplasia presentation by Dr. Dabassa Guyo(4).pptRebiraWorkineh
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growths or tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the classification of tumors as benign or malignant based on characteristics like differentiation, growth rate, invasion and metastasis potential. It also covers tumor nomenclature, risk factors for cancer like age, environment, heredity and pre-existing conditions. The document concludes with brief mentions of molecular carcinogenesis, clinical presentation of tumors and laboratory diagnosis.
This document summarizes ovarian and uterine cancers. It discusses the histology and types of ovarian tumors including epithelial tumors like cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas, germ cell tumors such as teratomas and dysgerminomas, and sex cord-stromal tumors. It covers risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tools like CA-125, classification, and characteristics of the different types of ovarian cancers. It also briefly mentions Krukenberg tumor which is a secondary cancer that spreads to the ovaries.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal growths) and cancer. It defines key terms like tumour, neoplasm, and neoplasia. It classifies tumours and outlines the differences between benign and malignant tumours. Malignant tumours are poorly differentiated, invade locally, metastasize, and show features of anaplasia. The document also discusses cancer risk factors, molecular basis of cancer involving genetic mutations, carcinogenic agents like chemicals and radiation, tumour growth and angiogenesis, staging and grading of tumours, and routes of tumour spread.
This document provides an overview of cancer and oncology nursing. It defines cancer as uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The nursing process for cancer includes assessment, diagnostic tests, tumor staging and grading, nursing diagnoses, and treatment modalities. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative care to cure, control, or relieve symptoms of cancer. The goal is pain relief and maintaining quality of life for as long as possible.
Presentation about the the second most common type of ovarian tumors which have a very unique property of being similar to the testicular germ cell tumors.
This document discusses the terminology and classification of tumors (neoplasms). It begins by defining key terms like neoplasia, oncology, and cancer. It describes Dr. Willis' definition of a neoplasm and explains that neoplasms differ from normal tissue in growth, differentiation, function, and organization. Benign tumors are distinguished from malignant tumors based on features like differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis potential. The document provides examples of benign and malignant tumor types based on cell of origin. It also covers tumor nomenclature conventions and histopathological grading of tumors from well-differentiated to anaplastic.
This document provides a summary of testicular carcinoma and germ cell tumors. It discusses the classification, spread, clinical features, investigations, and staging of testicular tumors. The majority are germ cell tumors, with seminomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors being the most common. Metastatic sites vary between seminomas and non-seminomas. Prognostic factors are important for determining treatment. Screening is recommended for high risk groups to detect tumors early.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal growths) and cancer. It defines neoplasms and tumors, and distinguishes between benign and malignant types. Common cancer statistics in Bangladesh are presented. The key similarities and differences between hyperplasia and neoplasia, as well as benign versus malignant tumors are discussed. Various types of neoplasms are classified and examples are provided based on tissue of origin. Important cancer-related terminology like carcinoma, sarcoma, metastasis and anaplasia are explained. The document concludes with a comparison of carcinoma and sarcoma.
This document provides an introduction to thyroid neoplasms (tumors). It discusses the main types of benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
For benign tumors, it describes follicular adenomas, which are benign, encapsulated tumors showing follicular differentiation. For malignant tumors, it outlines the primary tumor types: epithelial tumors like papillary and follicular carcinoma, and non-follicular tumors like medullary carcinoma.
It then provides more detail on the most common malignant tumors. Papillary carcinoma accounts for 60% of thyroid cancers and often presents as multiple tumors. Follicular carcinoma spreads via angioinvasion and hematogenously. Anaplastic carcinoma is highly lethal and aggressive. Medullary carcinoma can
Cancer is a group of diseases involving uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can spread to other parts of the body. There are many types of cancer named after the tissues they originate from, like breast cancer or lung cancer. All cancer cells share six hallmarks including uncontrolled growth and avoidance of cell death. Cancer is diagnosed through tests like biopsies and treated with therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, immunotherapy and palliative care. Risk factors include genetics, tobacco, infections, chemicals and radiation. Signs may include lumps, unexplained weight loss or changes in bowel and bladder habits. Cancer develops through genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men ages 15-35. It develops in one or both testicles and accounts for 1% of male cancers. The main types are seminomas and non-seminomas. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage but commonly includes surgery to remove the testicle, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally very good even for later stages.
The document discusses retroperitoneal masses, which can be classified as solid or cystic, neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Common solid neoplastic masses include liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Neurogenic tumors and lymphomas also occur. Presentation is usually nonspecific symptoms or a large abdominal mass. Investigation involves blood tests, imaging like CT, and biopsy. Wide surgical resection is the standard treatment when possible.
Ovarian tumors Lecture notes for MBBS.pptxSizan Thapa
Introduction to ovarian tumors, Epidemiology, Classification of ovarian tumor, Pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian tumors, Serous tumors of the ovaries, definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Mucinous tumors of ovaries, definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Teratoma of the ovaries,definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Dysgerminma,definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology
Unit 18 (A); Paediatric Oncologyppt.pptxRashidUllah7
This document discusses cancer terminology, types, causes, symptoms, and medical management. It focuses on defining cancer and describing the etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms. It discusses diagnostic tests and the medical and nursing approaches to treating patients with cancer, with specifics on breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Key points covered include the classification and naming of cancers based on origin, the differences between benign and malignant tumors, genetics and environmental factors that can cause cancer, and common nursing diagnoses and interventions for cancer patients.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and division. It arises due to genetic mutations and can be influenced by environmental factors like tobacco, diet, sun exposure, and other carcinogens. Common symptoms include abnormal growths or sores that don't heal. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, or palliative care. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells, but can cause side effects like fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and infections. The main types of chemotherapy drugs target DNA, cell division, or specific cancer cell processes and pathways.
Pediatric solid tumors are a diverse group of cancers that arise in children. They account for 60% of pediatric malignant neoplasms and can originate from mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm tissues. The most common types are brain tumors, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, and osteosarcoma. Presentation depends on tumor location and type but may include masses, compression symptoms, metastases, and paraneoplastic effects. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and laboratory tests. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation depending on tumor characteristics and stage. Prognosis depends on specific tumor type and stage.
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
This document provides an overview of diseases of the ovary, including both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. It discusses common non-neoplastic conditions like follicular cysts and polycystic ovarian disease. It also covers the various types of ovarian tumors, including surface epithelial tumors (serous, mucinous, endometrioid), germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors. For each type, it describes the gross and microscopic appearance as well as examples of histopathology slides. Metastatic tumors to the ovaries are also briefly discussed.
Ovarian tumors can be epithelial, germ cell, or stromal-sex cord in origin. Epithelial tumors are the most common and include serous cystadenocarcinomas, mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, endometrioid carcinomas, and clear cell carcinomas. Germ cell tumors include mature cystic teratomas, immature teratomas, dysgerminomas, and yolk sac tumors. Stromal-sex cord tumors include granulosa cell tumors and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. Imaging can identify characteristics suggestive of malignancy like solid components, irregular walls, thick septations, necrosis, and ascites.
This document discusses lipids, which are concentrated energy molecules that serve several functions in biology. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and hormones. They are used for energy storage and provide twice the energy of carbohydrates. Lipids also make up cell membranes and help cushion and insulate organs. Saturated fats from animals are solid at room temperature and contribute to heart disease, while unsaturated fats from plants and fish are liquid and are a healthier choice. Cell membranes contain phospholipids that form a barrier for the cell, with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside.
This document discusses lipids and membranes. It describes the basic structures of lipids like fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. These lipids can assemble into structures like micelles and bilayers in aqueous environments due to their amphipathic nature. Bilayers allow for the formation of cell membranes. Membranes contain proteins that can be integral, peripheral, or lipid-anchored. Lipid composition and proteins influence membrane properties like fluidity.
neoplasia presentation by Dr. Dabassa Guyo(4).pptRebiraWorkineh
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growths or tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the classification of tumors as benign or malignant based on characteristics like differentiation, growth rate, invasion and metastasis potential. It also covers tumor nomenclature, risk factors for cancer like age, environment, heredity and pre-existing conditions. The document concludes with brief mentions of molecular carcinogenesis, clinical presentation of tumors and laboratory diagnosis.
This document summarizes ovarian and uterine cancers. It discusses the histology and types of ovarian tumors including epithelial tumors like cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas, germ cell tumors such as teratomas and dysgerminomas, and sex cord-stromal tumors. It covers risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tools like CA-125, classification, and characteristics of the different types of ovarian cancers. It also briefly mentions Krukenberg tumor which is a secondary cancer that spreads to the ovaries.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal growths) and cancer. It defines key terms like tumour, neoplasm, and neoplasia. It classifies tumours and outlines the differences between benign and malignant tumours. Malignant tumours are poorly differentiated, invade locally, metastasize, and show features of anaplasia. The document also discusses cancer risk factors, molecular basis of cancer involving genetic mutations, carcinogenic agents like chemicals and radiation, tumour growth and angiogenesis, staging and grading of tumours, and routes of tumour spread.
This document provides an overview of cancer and oncology nursing. It defines cancer as uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The nursing process for cancer includes assessment, diagnostic tests, tumor staging and grading, nursing diagnoses, and treatment modalities. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative care to cure, control, or relieve symptoms of cancer. The goal is pain relief and maintaining quality of life for as long as possible.
Presentation about the the second most common type of ovarian tumors which have a very unique property of being similar to the testicular germ cell tumors.
This document discusses the terminology and classification of tumors (neoplasms). It begins by defining key terms like neoplasia, oncology, and cancer. It describes Dr. Willis' definition of a neoplasm and explains that neoplasms differ from normal tissue in growth, differentiation, function, and organization. Benign tumors are distinguished from malignant tumors based on features like differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis potential. The document provides examples of benign and malignant tumor types based on cell of origin. It also covers tumor nomenclature conventions and histopathological grading of tumors from well-differentiated to anaplastic.
This document provides a summary of testicular carcinoma and germ cell tumors. It discusses the classification, spread, clinical features, investigations, and staging of testicular tumors. The majority are germ cell tumors, with seminomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors being the most common. Metastatic sites vary between seminomas and non-seminomas. Prognostic factors are important for determining treatment. Screening is recommended for high risk groups to detect tumors early.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal growths) and cancer. It defines neoplasms and tumors, and distinguishes between benign and malignant types. Common cancer statistics in Bangladesh are presented. The key similarities and differences between hyperplasia and neoplasia, as well as benign versus malignant tumors are discussed. Various types of neoplasms are classified and examples are provided based on tissue of origin. Important cancer-related terminology like carcinoma, sarcoma, metastasis and anaplasia are explained. The document concludes with a comparison of carcinoma and sarcoma.
This document provides an introduction to thyroid neoplasms (tumors). It discusses the main types of benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
For benign tumors, it describes follicular adenomas, which are benign, encapsulated tumors showing follicular differentiation. For malignant tumors, it outlines the primary tumor types: epithelial tumors like papillary and follicular carcinoma, and non-follicular tumors like medullary carcinoma.
It then provides more detail on the most common malignant tumors. Papillary carcinoma accounts for 60% of thyroid cancers and often presents as multiple tumors. Follicular carcinoma spreads via angioinvasion and hematogenously. Anaplastic carcinoma is highly lethal and aggressive. Medullary carcinoma can
Cancer is a group of diseases involving uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can spread to other parts of the body. There are many types of cancer named after the tissues they originate from, like breast cancer or lung cancer. All cancer cells share six hallmarks including uncontrolled growth and avoidance of cell death. Cancer is diagnosed through tests like biopsies and treated with therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, immunotherapy and palliative care. Risk factors include genetics, tobacco, infections, chemicals and radiation. Signs may include lumps, unexplained weight loss or changes in bowel and bladder habits. Cancer develops through genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men ages 15-35. It develops in one or both testicles and accounts for 1% of male cancers. The main types are seminomas and non-seminomas. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage but commonly includes surgery to remove the testicle, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally very good even for later stages.
The document discusses retroperitoneal masses, which can be classified as solid or cystic, neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Common solid neoplastic masses include liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Neurogenic tumors and lymphomas also occur. Presentation is usually nonspecific symptoms or a large abdominal mass. Investigation involves blood tests, imaging like CT, and biopsy. Wide surgical resection is the standard treatment when possible.
Ovarian tumors Lecture notes for MBBS.pptxSizan Thapa
Introduction to ovarian tumors, Epidemiology, Classification of ovarian tumor, Pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian tumors, Serous tumors of the ovaries, definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Mucinous tumors of ovaries, definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Teratoma of the ovaries,definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Dysgerminma,definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology
Unit 18 (A); Paediatric Oncologyppt.pptxRashidUllah7
This document discusses cancer terminology, types, causes, symptoms, and medical management. It focuses on defining cancer and describing the etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms. It discusses diagnostic tests and the medical and nursing approaches to treating patients with cancer, with specifics on breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Key points covered include the classification and naming of cancers based on origin, the differences between benign and malignant tumors, genetics and environmental factors that can cause cancer, and common nursing diagnoses and interventions for cancer patients.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and division. It arises due to genetic mutations and can be influenced by environmental factors like tobacco, diet, sun exposure, and other carcinogens. Common symptoms include abnormal growths or sores that don't heal. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, or palliative care. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells, but can cause side effects like fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and infections. The main types of chemotherapy drugs target DNA, cell division, or specific cancer cell processes and pathways.
Pediatric solid tumors are a diverse group of cancers that arise in children. They account for 60% of pediatric malignant neoplasms and can originate from mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm tissues. The most common types are brain tumors, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, and osteosarcoma. Presentation depends on tumor location and type but may include masses, compression symptoms, metastases, and paraneoplastic effects. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and laboratory tests. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation depending on tumor characteristics and stage. Prognosis depends on specific tumor type and stage.
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
This document provides an overview of diseases of the ovary, including both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. It discusses common non-neoplastic conditions like follicular cysts and polycystic ovarian disease. It also covers the various types of ovarian tumors, including surface epithelial tumors (serous, mucinous, endometrioid), germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors. For each type, it describes the gross and microscopic appearance as well as examples of histopathology slides. Metastatic tumors to the ovaries are also briefly discussed.
Ovarian tumors can be epithelial, germ cell, or stromal-sex cord in origin. Epithelial tumors are the most common and include serous cystadenocarcinomas, mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, endometrioid carcinomas, and clear cell carcinomas. Germ cell tumors include mature cystic teratomas, immature teratomas, dysgerminomas, and yolk sac tumors. Stromal-sex cord tumors include granulosa cell tumors and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. Imaging can identify characteristics suggestive of malignancy like solid components, irregular walls, thick septations, necrosis, and ascites.
This document discusses lipids, which are concentrated energy molecules that serve several functions in biology. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and hormones. They are used for energy storage and provide twice the energy of carbohydrates. Lipids also make up cell membranes and help cushion and insulate organs. Saturated fats from animals are solid at room temperature and contribute to heart disease, while unsaturated fats from plants and fish are liquid and are a healthier choice. Cell membranes contain phospholipids that form a barrier for the cell, with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside.
This document discusses lipids and membranes. It describes the basic structures of lipids like fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. These lipids can assemble into structures like micelles and bilayers in aqueous environments due to their amphipathic nature. Bilayers allow for the formation of cell membranes. Membranes contain proteins that can be integral, peripheral, or lipid-anchored. Lipid composition and proteins influence membrane properties like fluidity.
The document discusses the evolution of cell membranes from early RNA molecules clinging to clay particles to the modern fluid mosaic model. Key events include the formation of lipid bilayers that separated internal and external chemistry, allowing more efficient reactions. Experiments showed lipids spontaneously forming enclosed compartments and lipid bilayers with integral membrane proteins that gave membranes a mosaic-like structure. The fluid mosaic model proposes membranes are fluid with lipids and proteins able to diffuse freely within the plane of the bilayer. Transport proteins like channels and carriers allow selective permeability while pumps use ATP to transport molecules against gradients.
This document provides information about lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus and are soluble in organic solvents but not water. There are different types of lipids containing fatty acids, including waxes, fats and oils (triacylglycerols), glycerophospholipids, and prostaglandins. Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that can be saturated or unsaturated. Fats and oils are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids called triacylglycerols. Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks that prevent close packing, giving oils and unsaturated fats lower melting points than saturated fats. Hydrogen
The octapeptide contains the amino acids A, C, D, G, L, M, S. Enzyme digestion and mass spectrometry identify the fragments D-C-M, A-S, C-M-A, S-G-A, and L-D. This information determines the primary structure is L-A-G-S-D-C-M-A. Secondary structure is based on bond rotations forming elements like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Tertiary structure describes the overall shape from peptide chain folding while quaternary structure involves interactions of multiple protein subunits.
This chapter discusses protein therapeutics including recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. It provides examples of recombinant proteins approved for human use to treat disorders like hemophilia, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. The chapter outlines different expression systems used to produce recombinant proteins, including bacteria, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells. It also describes the structure of antibodies and the development of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents, from mouse antibodies to humanized antibodies to reduce immunogenicity.
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids and are essential to many bodily functions. Amino acids link together through peptide bonds and proteins fold into complex three-dimensional shapes that determine their specific roles. Both insufficient and excessive protein intake can be harmful, so a balanced diet containing moderate protein is recommended.
This document provides an overview of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. It discusses the 20 standard amino acids, including their structures, properties, and classifications. Peptide bond formation between amino acids is described. Peptides are defined as short chains of amino acids, with examples of peptide functions. Proteins are introduced as longer polymers made up of amino acids that may also contain cofactors or modifications. The learning goals cover the key aspects of amino acid and peptide structures and properties.
Protein folding is the process by which a protein goes from an unfolded state to its biologically active three-dimensional structure. It is important to understand protein folding to help predict protein structures from sequence alone and to understand diseases caused by protein misfolding. Proteins typically fold through progressive formation of native-like structures rather than through a random search. Molecular chaperones help other proteins fold within cells. Misfolded proteins can form amyloid fibrils associated with diseases. Computational methods aim to predict protein structures from sequence using fragment libraries and modeling protein energy landscapes. Protein design techniques aim to computationally modify protein sequences to achieve desired stabilities, functions, and binding properties.
This document discusses protein classification and structure. It defines protein classification as grouping proteins based on structure, function or size. Proteins can have domains and subunits. They come in globular, fibrous, and other shapes. Proteins are linked within and between polypeptide chains using covalent bonds. Proteins bind other molecules specifically through interactions like ionic bonds. Binding allows proteins to regulate activity and form complexes with other molecules like opsins.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) help other proteins properly fold and function. HSP90 and HSP70 are molecular chaperones that work sequentially to fold proteins in the cytoplasm. Misfolded proteins can cause disease. HSP90 helps buffer hidden genetic variations but under stress these variations are expressed and can lead to morphological changes. HSP90 is highly conserved across species and plays a role in evolution by allowing traits to change in response to stress. Current research studies HSP90 to better understand protein misfolding diseases.
1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions and increase reaction rates. They are often proteins that contain cofactors.
2. Enzymes are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze, such as oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, or transfer of chemical groups. Common enzyme names end in "-ase".
3. The lock and key model describes how enzymes bind specifically to substrates in their active sites to form enzyme-substrate complexes. In the induced fit model, the enzyme structure changes to better fit the substrate.
Protein structures are classified to generate overviews of structure types and detect evolutionary relationships. Major classification schemes include SCOP, CATH, and FSSP. SCOP classifies proteins into classes, folds, superfamilies, and families based on structural and sequence similarities. CATH also uses a hierarchical system of classes, architectures, topologies, and superfamilies. FSSP provides fully automated and updated structural alignments and classifications.
This document discusses proteins from a chemist's perspective. It describes how proteins are made of amino acids, with 20 standard types but only 9 being essential. The unique side groups of each amino acid determine their individual properties. Protein structure and function depend on the specific amino acid sequence. Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds to form proteins. The document also covers protein digestion and roles of proteins in the body.
This document discusses protein structure and synthesis. It begins by describing the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins. This includes the structures of alpha helices, beta sheets, turns, and domains. It then discusses protein translation, noting that proteins begin folding as they emerge from the ribosome in a co-translational manner. The final section discusses protein folding and some of the challenges of the folding process.
The document discusses heat shock proteins (Hsps), Hsp90 inhibitors, and protein degradation. It provides background on protein degradation mechanisms and heat shock proteins. Hsp90 plays a key role in cancer cell survival by regulating oncogenic signaling proteins. Hsp90 inhibitors like geldanamycin and 17-AAG bind Hsp90's ATP binding site, altering its function and inducing degradation of client proteins, stopping cancer cell growth. The paper found that tumor Hsp90 exclusively exists in active multichaperone complexes, conferring higher binding affinity for 17-AAG compared to normal cell Hsp90. This activated conformation in tumor cells represents a unique drug target.
This document summarizes protein therapeutics and provides a pharmacological classification. It notes that the human genome contains 25,000-40,000 genes that can undergo alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, resulting in a very high number of functionally distinct proteins. Protein therapeutics are classified into 4 groups based on their function: group I includes proteins with enzymatic or regulatory activity, group II targets specific molecules or organisms, group III are protein vaccines, and group IV are protein diagnostics. The document outlines some advantages of protein therapeutics but also challenges including solubility, immune response, stability, and costs.
1. Proteins are made up of amino acids and take on specific three-dimensional structures that dictate their function. Determining a protein's structure is important for understanding its role in biological processes.
2. There are several methods for determining and predicting protein structure, including X-ray crystallography, NMR, and computational methods like homology modeling or ab initio structure prediction.
3. Protein structure is hierarchical, ranging from secondary structure like alpha helices and beta sheets to the overall fold classified in databases like SCOP and CATH. Predicting secondary structure is easier than predicting a protein's full three-dimensional structure.
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are 20 different amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids link together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that fold into complex three-dimensional protein structures. Proteins serve essential functions and 10 of the 20 amino acids must be obtained through diet as humans cannot synthesize them. Common protein tests identify the presence of proteins using reactions that detect peptide bonds, amino acid side chains, or disulfide bridges.
- Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks. There are 20 different amino acids, some are essential and must be obtained through diet.
- The specific sequence of amino acids determines the 3D shape of a protein and its function. Denaturation occurs when proteins lose their shape due to heat, acid, etc.
- Proteins serve many important functions in the body including structure, enzymes, transport, hormones, antibodies, and more. An inadequate intake can result in the body breaking down its own proteins to obtain energy.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
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TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
2. 2
Oncology Overview
• Cancer
– Refers to a group of diseases, consisting of
more than 10 different types
– Can originate in almost any body organ
• Most common site for women is the breast
• Most common site for men is the prostate gland
3. 3
Cancer Terms
• Neoplasia
– Development of an abnormal growth of new
cells that is unresponsive to normal growth
control mechanisms
• Neoplasm
– Any abnormal growth of new tissue that
serves no useful purpose
– Neoplasm = tumor
4. 4
Cancer Terms
• Differentiation
– Cells become specialized and differentiated
both physically and functionally
• Cells look and act like the parent cell, or tissue of
origin
• Anaplasia
– Loss of cellular differentiation and reversion to
a more primitive form
• Anaplasia = dedifferentiation
5. 5
Cancer Terms
• Malignant
– Tending to become worse and cause death
• Metastasis
– Process by which malignant cells spread to
other parts of the body
6. 6
Benign versus Malignant Tumors
• Benign
– Usually encapsulated
– Cells similar in structure to cells from which
they originate
– Well-defined borders
– Slow growing and limited to one area
– Possible growth displacement (but not
invasion) to adjacent tissue
7. 7
• Malignant
– Not encapsulated; not cohesive, and irregular
pattern of growth
– No resemblance to cell of origin
– No well-defined borders
– Growth into adjacent cells rather than
displacing or pushing them aside
– Rapid growth through rapid cell division and
multiplication
Benign versus Malignant Tumors
8. 8
Classification of Neoplasms
• System for naming neoplasms
– Root word to indicate type of body tissue
that gives rise to neoplasm
– Suffix to indicate whether tumor is benign
or malignant
• Benign tumor suffix = oma
• Malignant tumor suffix = carcinoma or sarcoma
9. 9
• Carcinomas
– Solid tumors that originate from epithelial
tissue
• Tissue that covers external and internal body
surfaces, lining of vessels, body cavities, glands,
and organs
• Sarcomas
– Originate from supportive and connective
tissue
• Bone, fat, muscle, and cartilage
Classification of Neoplasms
10. 10
• Grading
– Measures extent to which tumor cells differ
from their parent tissue
– Grade 1 = well-differentiated cells, function
most like the parent tissue
• Least malignant
– Grade 4 = least differentiated cells, not like
the parent tissue
• Most rapidly increasing in number
Grading of Neoplasms
11. 11
• Staging
– Extent of disease and relative size of tumor
– TNM staging classification system
• Internationally recognized system used for staging
neoplasms
• T: (0-4) = tumor size (primary)
• N: (0-3) = degree of regional lymph node
involvement
• M: (0-3) = presence or absence of distant
metastases
Staging of Neoplasms
13. 13
• Lifetime risk
– Probability that an individual, over the course
of his or her lifetime, will develop cancer or
will die from cancer
• Relative risk
– Measures the strength of the relationship
between risk factors and particular types of
cancer
Risk Factors
14. 14
• Need for immediate follow-up
– C = Change in bowel or bladder habits
– A = A sore that does not heal
– U = Unusual bleeding or discharge
– T = Thickening or lump in breast or
elsewhere
– I = Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
– O = Obvious change in a wart or mole
– N = Nagging cough or hoarseness
Warning Signs of Cancer
16. 16
• Pronounced
– (BAY-sal sell car-sih-NOH-mah)
• Defined
– Most common malignant tumor of epithelial
tissue, occurring most often on areas of skin
that are exposed to the sun
• Presents as a slightly elevated nodule with a
depression or ulceration in center that becomes
more obvious as the tumor grows
Basal Cell Carcinoma
17. 17
• Pronounced
– (kar-sih-NOH-mah of the breast)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the breast tissue
– Most common type, ductal carcinoma,
originates in the mammary ducts
Carcinoma of the Breast:
Breast Cancer
19. 19
Cervical Carcinoma
• Pronounced
– (SER-vih-kal kar-sih-NOH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the cervix
• Most common malignancies of female reproductive
tract
20. 20
Colorectal Cancer
• Pronounced
– (koh-loh-REK-tal CAN-ser)
• Defined
– Presence of a malignant neoplasm in large
intestine
• Most are adenocarcinomas
• At least 50 percent originate in the rectum, causing
bleeding and pain
21. 21
• Pronounced
– (en-doh-MEE-tree-al kar-sih-NOH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of inner lining of uterus
– Also known as adenocarcinoma of uterus
• Classic symptom is inappropriate uterine bleeding
• Most common cancer of female reproductive tract
after menopause
Endometrial Carcinoma
22. 22
Lymphoma
• Pronounced
– (LIM-foh-mah)
• Defined
– Lymphoid tissue neoplasm that is typically
malignant
– Painless enlarged lymph node(s)
– Progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and
weight loss
23. 23
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
• Pronounced
– (KAP-oh-seez sar-KOH-mah)
• Defined
– Rare malignant lesions that begin as soft
purple-brown nodules or plaques on feet and
gradually spread throughout the skin
• Most often associated with AIDS
24. 24
Malignant Melanoma
• Pronounced
– (mah-LIG-nant mel-ah-NOH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant skin tumor originating from
melanocytes in preexisting nevi, freckles, or
skin with pigment
– Darkly pigmented tumor with irregular
surfaces and borders
– Variable colors
27. 27
Oral Leukoplakia
• Pronounced
– (OR-al loo-koh-PLAY-kee-ah)
• Defined
– Precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in
the mouth
• Elevated gray-white or yellow-white leathery
surfaced lesions have clearly defined borders
28. 28
• Pronounced
– (oh-VAY-ree-an car-sin-OH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the ovaries
– Most commonly occurring in women in their
50s
• Rarely detected in early stage
Ovarian Carcinoma
29. 29
Pancreatic Cancer
• Pronounced
– (pan-kree-AT-ik CAN-sir)
• Defined
– Life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm
typically found in head of pancreas
30. 30
Carcinoma of the Prostate
• Pronounced
– (car-sin-OH-mah of the PROSS-tayt)
• Defined
– Malignant growth within the prostate gland,
creating pressure on upper part of urethra
31. 31
• Symptoms
– Occur in later stages and may include:
• Urinary frequency, especially at night
• Difficulty starting or stopping urine flow
• Inability to urinate
• Weak or interrupted flow or urine when urinating
• Pain or burning when urinating
• Pain or stiffness in lower back, hips, or thighs
• Painful ejaculation
Carcinoma of the Prostate
32. 32
Renal Cell Carcinoma
• Pronounced
– (REE-nal SELL kar-sih-NOH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the kidney, occurring in
adulthood
• Patient is asymptomatic until latter stages of the
disease
33. 33
• Pronounced
– (SKWAY-mus sell car-sih-NOH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignancy of the squamous or scalelike cells
of the epithelial tissue
– Much faster growing than basal cell
carcinoma
– Greater potential for metastasis if not treated
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
34. 34
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Frequent sites on sun-exposed areas
– Top of nose
– Forehead
– Margin of external ear
– Back of hands
– Lower lip
35. 35
Carcinoma of the Testes
• Pronounced
– (car-sin-OH-mah of the TESS-teez)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the testicle that appears
as a painless lump
– Also called testicular cancer
• Rare type of tumor
• Usually occurs in men under the age of 40
36. 36
Cancer,Thyroid Gland
• Pronounced
– (CAN-sir, THIGH-royd gland)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland
– Leads to dysfunction of the gland and thus
inadequate or excessive secretion of the
thyroid hormone
37. 37
Intracranial Tumors
• Pronounced
– (in-trah-KRAY-nee-al TOO-morz)
• Defined
– Tumors occurring in any structural region of
the brain
• May be malignant or benign
• Classified as primary or secondary
• Named according to tissue from which they
originate
38. 38
• Pronounced
– (met-ah-STAT-ik in-trah-KRAY-nee-al TOO-
morz)
• Defined
– Tumors occurring as a result of metastasis
from a primary site such as the lung or breast
Metastatic Intracranial Tumors
(Secondary)
39. 39
Primary Intracranial Tumors
• Pronounced
– (PRIGH-mah-ree in-trah-KRAY-nee-al TOO-
morz)
• Defined
– Tumors that arise from gliomas and meninges
• Gliomas = malignant glial cells that are a support
for nerve tissue
40. 40
• Glioblastoma multiforme
– Most rapidly growing of the gliomas
• Astrocytomas
– Tend to invade surrounding structures
• Ependymomas
– Occur more commonly in children and
adolescents
– Usually encapsulated and benign
Primary Intracranial Tumors
41. 41
• Oligodendrogliomas
– Usually slow growing
• Medulloblastomas
– Occur most frequently in children between
5 and 9 years of age
– Rapid growing; poor prognosis
• Meningiomas
– Occur most often in adults
– Slow growing
Primary Intracranial Tumors
42. 42
Wilms’ Tumor
• Pronounced
– (VILMZ TOO-mor)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring
predominately in childhood
• Most frequent finding is palpable mass in the
abdomen
44. 44
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
• Chemotherapy
– Use of cytotoxic drugs and chemicals to
achieve a cure, decrease tumor size, provide
relief of pain, or slow metastasis
45. 45
• Immunotherapy
– Agents capable of changing the relationship
between a tumor and the host are known as
biological response modifiers (BRMs)
• Agents are used to strengthen individual’s immune
responses
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
46. 46
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
• Mohs Surgery
– Surgical procedure in which the cancerous
tumor is removed in stages
– Tissue is examined for evidence of cancer
– Additional tissue is removed until negative
boundaries are confirmed
• Advanced treatment procedure for skin cancer
47. 47
• Radiation therapy
– Delivery of ionizing radiation to accomplish
one or more of the following:
• Destruction of tumor cells
• Reduction of tumor size
• Decrease in pain
• Relief of obstruction
• To slow or stop spread of cancer cells
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
48. 48
• Radiation therapy
– Destroys rapidly multiplying cells regardless
of whether they are cancerous
– Goal is to reach maximum tumor control with
no, or minimum, normal tissue damage
– May be delivered by teletherapy (external)
– May be delivered by brachytherapy (internal)
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
49. 49
• Surgery
– Tumor removal through surgery
– In more than 90 percent of all cancers,
surgery is used for diagnosing and staging
– In more than 60 percent of all cancers,
surgery is the primary treatment
• When feasible, the primary tumor is excised in its
entirety
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
50. 50
• Common surgical procedures
– Incisional biopsies
• Used to remove a piece of a tumor for examination
and diagnosing
– Excisional biopsies
• Used to remove the tumor and a portion of normal
tissue
– En block resection
• Removal of a tumor and a large area of
surrounding tissue that contains lymph nodes
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
51. 51
• Common surgical procedures
– Fulguration
• Destruction of tissue with electric sparks
– Electrocauterization
• Destruction of tissue by burning
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures
52. 52
• Common surgical procedures
– Cryosurgery
• Destruction of tissue by freezing the malignant
tissue
– Exenteration
• Wide resection that removes the organ or origin
and surrounding tissue
Treatment
Techniques and Procedures