The document summarizes key aspects of the female reproductive system: 1) It describes the three stages of labor and delivery - dilation, expulsion, and placental stages. 2) It explains menopause as the time when a woman's periods stop due to changes making her unable to get pregnant, normally occurring between ages 45-55. 3) It provides details on a total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy surgery, which is a removal of the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, often needed for cancer or potential cancer in the uterus.

1. Chapter 10:
Reproductive System
Ruqayya Salam

2. Exercise 10A
 The three stages of labor
and delivery are the
dilation stage, the
expulsion stage, and the
placental stage.

3. Dilation Stage
 The first stage of labor.
 Uterine muscles contract
strongly to expel the
fetus.
 The cervix dilates and
thins (effacement).

4. Expulsion Stage
 The second stage of
labor.
 Begins when the cervix
dilates to 10 centimeters.
 The head of the baby
appears first (crowning).
– Sometimes the baby’s
buttocks appears first
(breech presentation).
 Ends with delivery.

5. Placental Stage
 The last stage of labor.
 The uterus continues to
contract.
 This causes the placenta
to be expelled through
the vagina.

6. Exercise 10A
 The cessation of
menstruation is called
menopause.

7. Menopause
 Time in a woman’s life when her periods
eventually stop.
 The body goes through changes so she can no
longer get pregnant.
 Normally occurs in women ages 45-55.

8. Symptoms of Menopause
 Heart pounding or racing
 Hot flashes & night sweats
 Skin flushing
 Insomnia
 Decreased interest in sex
 Mood swings
 Urine leakage
 Vaginal infections
 Joint aches and pains

9. Lifestyle Changes to Reduce
Symptoms
 Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods.
 Eat soy foods because it contains estrogen.
 Get plenty of calcium and vitamin D.
 Exercise regularly.
 Practice slow, deep breathing.
 Do Kegel exercises. They strengthen the
muscles of the vagina and pelvis.

10. Exercise 10A
 One of the longest terms used in medical
terminology refers to the removal of the
uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
This term is total abdominal hysterectomy-
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

11. Total abdominal hysterectomy-
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
 This surgery is needed
when there is sign of
cancer or possible
cancer in the uterus.
 When everything is
removed, the intestines
will dip down to fill the
space.
 A usual hospital stay is
3-5 days.

12. Total abdominal hysterectomy-
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
 There are parts to recovery: physical, emotional, and
sexual.
 Physical recovery includes the healing of the skin and
abdominal muscles incisions.
– This can take 6 to 8 weeks.
 Emotional recovery is adjusting and accepting the fact
that you have cancer. It also means feeling comfortable
with yourself and your body after surgery.
 Sexual recovery involves returning to your previous
patterns of sexual activity .