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Human Abilities 2
How do people think?
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 2
Agenda
• Human information processing
− Perceive, think, act
• Memory
• Cognitive Processes
− Selective attention, learning, problem solving,
language
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 3
Typical Person :^)
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 4
Information Processing
• Three major systems of human
information processing:
− Perceptual (read-scan)
− Cognitive (think)
− Motor system (respond)
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 5
1. Perceptual
• Memory structures
− Sensory buffer - Holds fixed image of outside world
long enough for some analysis
• Processes - Info goes to brain for more
processing
− e.g. Pattern recognition
− Uses context & knowledge
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 6
2. Cognitive
• Cognitive model
−
How does it work?
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 7
Memory
• Four “types”
− Perceptual “buffers”
Brief impressions
− Short-term memory
Conscious thought, calculations
− Intermediate Storing
intermediate results, future plans
− Long-term
Permanent, remember everything ever
happened to us
Chess
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 8
Perceptual Store
• Visual and auditory impressions
− visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop
• Very brief, but veridical representation of
what was perceived
− Details decay quickly (~.5 sec)
− Rehearsal prevents decay
− Another task prevents rehearsal
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 9
Short-term memory
• Use “chunks”: 4-5 units
• Display format should match memory
system used to perform task
• New info can interfere with old info
• Exercises
− My name is John, I like …
− Numbers
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 10
Long-term Memory
• Seemingly permanent & unlimited
• Access is harder, slower
− -> Activity helps (we have a cache)
File system full
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 11
LT Memory Structure
• Episodic memory
− Events & experiences in serial form
Helps us recall what occurred
• Semantic memory
− Structured record of facts, concepts & skills
One theory says it’s like a network
Another uses frames & scripts (like record
structs)
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 12
Memory Characteristics
• Things move from STM to LTM by
rehearsal & practice and by use in context
• We “forget” things due to decay and
interference
Unclear if we ever
really forget something Lack of use
Similar gets in
way of old
Exercise
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 13
Exercises
• Write your own unforgettable Long Term
Memory experience
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 14
3. Motor System
• React
• Discussed last time
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 15
Computer Capabilities
• Important for HCI too
• Intentional omission (time & scope)
− (Take a CS course)
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 16
People
• Good • Bad
Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 17
People
• Good
− Infinite capacity LTM
− LTM duration &
complexity
− High-learning
capability
− Powerful attention
mechanism
− Powerful pattern
recognition
• Bad
− Limited capacity STM
− Limited duration STM
− Unreliable access to
LTM
− Error-prone
processing
− Slow processing

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Chapter iii human abils2

  • 1. Human Abilities 2 How do people think?
  • 2. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 2 Agenda • Human information processing − Perceive, think, act • Memory • Cognitive Processes − Selective attention, learning, problem solving, language
  • 3. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 3 Typical Person :^)
  • 4. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 4 Information Processing • Three major systems of human information processing: − Perceptual (read-scan) − Cognitive (think) − Motor system (respond)
  • 5. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 5 1. Perceptual • Memory structures − Sensory buffer - Holds fixed image of outside world long enough for some analysis • Processes - Info goes to brain for more processing − e.g. Pattern recognition − Uses context & knowledge
  • 6. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 6 2. Cognitive • Cognitive model − How does it work?
  • 7. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 7 Memory • Four “types” − Perceptual “buffers” Brief impressions − Short-term memory Conscious thought, calculations − Intermediate Storing intermediate results, future plans − Long-term Permanent, remember everything ever happened to us Chess
  • 8. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 8 Perceptual Store • Visual and auditory impressions − visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop • Very brief, but veridical representation of what was perceived − Details decay quickly (~.5 sec) − Rehearsal prevents decay − Another task prevents rehearsal
  • 9. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 9 Short-term memory • Use “chunks”: 4-5 units • Display format should match memory system used to perform task • New info can interfere with old info • Exercises − My name is John, I like … − Numbers
  • 10. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 10 Long-term Memory • Seemingly permanent & unlimited • Access is harder, slower − -> Activity helps (we have a cache) File system full
  • 11. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 11 LT Memory Structure • Episodic memory − Events & experiences in serial form Helps us recall what occurred • Semantic memory − Structured record of facts, concepts & skills One theory says it’s like a network Another uses frames & scripts (like record structs)
  • 12. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 12 Memory Characteristics • Things move from STM to LTM by rehearsal & practice and by use in context • We “forget” things due to decay and interference Unclear if we ever really forget something Lack of use Similar gets in way of old Exercise
  • 13. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 13 Exercises • Write your own unforgettable Long Term Memory experience
  • 14. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 14 3. Motor System • React • Discussed last time
  • 15. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 15 Computer Capabilities • Important for HCI too • Intentional omission (time & scope) − (Take a CS course)
  • 16. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 16 People • Good • Bad
  • 17. Fall 2002 CS/PSY 6750 17 People • Good − Infinite capacity LTM − LTM duration & complexity − High-learning capability − Powerful attention mechanism − Powerful pattern recognition • Bad − Limited capacity STM − Limited duration STM − Unreliable access to LTM − Error-prone processing − Slow processing