This document discusses ethics in global business. It provides definitions of globalization, less developed nations, and developed nations. It then discusses ethical relativism and proposes global codes of ethics for businesses operating internationally. Two mechanisms for enforcing global ethics are described: the UN Global Compact, which relies on transparency and self-regulation, and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which represent a more governmental approach. Both frameworks address issues like human rights, labor standards, environment, and anti-corruption.
How do consumer characteristics influence buying behavior?
What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program?
How do consumers make purchasing decisions?
In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberative, rational decision process?
How do consumer characteristics influence buying behavior?
What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program?
How do consumers make purchasing decisions?
In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberative, rational decision process?
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Week 10 - Business Ethics in a Global EconomyBe sure to read t.docxmelbruce90096
Week 10 - Business Ethics in a Global Economy
Be sure to read the lecture notes thoroughly, as they supplement the information offered in digital material within the course. You will be responsible to know the information provided here and in your assigned reading.
I. Ethical Perceptions And International Business
The self-reference criterion (SRC) is the idea that people perceive differences between themselves and citizens of other countries when traveling abroad; they may believe the values of their own country to be ethically superior to those of others.
The SRC is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge. When confronted with a situation, a person reacts on the basis of knowledge accumulated over a lifetime and usually grounded in the culture of origin.
These reactions are based on meanings, values, and symbols that relate to the culture of origin, but may not have the same relevance to people of other cultures.
In the United States, for example, dumping---the practice of charging high prices for products sold in domestic markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices, often below the costs of exporting the products---is viewed negatively, and this country has a number of anti-dumping laws.
1. Culture as a Factor in Business
1. Ethical issues that arise from international business activities often differ significantly from those that evolve from domestic business activities.
2. Culture is everything in our surroundings made by people: both tangible items and intangible concepts and values. This definition includes language, religion, law, politics, technology, education, social organization, general values, and ethical standards.
1. Each nation has a distinctive culture and, consequently, distinctive beliefs about what business activities are acceptable or unethical.
2. Distinct subcultures can also be found within many nations.
3. One of the critical ethical issues linked to cultural differences is the question of whose values and ethical standards take precedence in negotiations and business transactions.
2. Adapting Ethical Systems to a Global Framework
1. When businesspeople rationalize straying from their own ethical values when doing business abroad, they are resorting to cultural relativism: the concept that morality varies from one culture to another and that business practices are therefore differentially defined as right or wrong by particular cultures.
2. As business becomes more global and multinational corporations proliferate, the chances of ethical conflict increase.
II. Global Values
1. There have been numerous attempts to establish a set of global or universal ethical standards.
1. Many of these efforts show a pattern of shared values, such as truthfulness, integrity, fairness, and equality, which suggest a universal set of ethics that can be applied to business across the globe.
2. The shared values assume that we all have basic rights and res.
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
2. 9-2 “The World has become small and completely interdependent”, Wendell L. Wilkie Republican Presidential Nominee defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940
3. Ethics and Globalization Business transactions in different countries in different languages and different cultures inevitably force North American companies to revisit ethical principles Less-Developed Nation – Country that lacks the economic, social, and technological infrastructure of a developed nation Developed Nation – Country that enjoys a high standard of living as measured by economic, social, and technological criteria 9-3 9-3
4. What is ‘Globalization’? The expansion of international trade to a point where national markets have been overtaken by regional trade blocs (Latin America, Europe, Africa) leading eventually to a global marketplace. 9-4 9-4
5. ‘Globalization’ in ‘less-developed’ nations: For the ‘less-developed’ nations, the concept of globalization has a different meaning: “Among countries, the big losers are in Africa, south of the Sahara. They are not losing, however, because they are being crushed by globalization…They are losing because they are being ignored by globalization. [T}hey are not in the global economy. No one in the business community wants anything to do with countries where illiteracy is high, where modern infrastructure (telecommunications, reliable electrical power) does not exist, and where social chaos reigns. Such countries are neither potential markets nor potential production bases.” Economist Lester Thurow 9-5 9-5
6. Ethical Relativism Grey area in which your ethical principles are defined by the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment Policies and procedures can be hard to follow when your customers don’t have comparable policies in their own organizations 9-6
7. Global Code of Ethics Do no intentional harm. Produce more good than harm for the host country. Contribute to the host country’s development. 9-7 9-7
8. Global Code of Ethics cont’d. Respect the human rights of their employees. Respect the local culture; work with it, not against it. Pay their fair share of taxes. 9-8 9-8
9. Global Code of Ethics cont’d Cooperate with the local government to develop and enforce just background institutions. Majority control of a firm includes the ethical responsibility of attending to the actions and failures of the firm. 9-9
10. Global Code of Ethics cont’d Multinationals that build hazardous plants are obliged to ensure that the plants are safe and operated safely. Multinationals are responsible for redesigning the transfer of hazardous technologies so that such technologies can be safely administered in host countries. 9-10
11. Enforcing Global Ethics THE UN GLOBAL COMPACT: “The Global Compact is not a regulatory instrument – it does not “police”, enforce or measure the behavior or actions of companies. Rather, the Global Compact relies on public accountability, transparency and the enlightened self-interest of companies, labor and civil society to initiate and share substantive action in pursuing the principles upon which the Global Compact is based.” 9-11 9-11
12. The U.N. Global Compact Human Rights: 1. Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights. 2. Businesses should make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Labor Standards: 3. Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining. 4. Businesses should uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor. 5. Businesses should uphold the effective abolition of child labor. 6. Businesses should uphold the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. 9-12 9-12
13. The U.N. Global Compact cont’d Environment: 7. Businesses should support a precautionar approach to environmental challenges. 8.Businesses should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility. 9. Businesses should encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Anti-corruption: 10. Businesses should work against all forms of corruption, including extortion and bribery. 9-13 9-13
14. Enforcing Global Ethics THE OECD GUIDELINES FOR MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES: Originally adopted as part of a larger Declaration on International Investments and Multinational Enterprises in 1976, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises represent a more governmental approach to the same issues featured in the UN’s non-governmental Global Compact. 9-14 9-14
15. OECD Guidelines I. Concepts and Principles: sets out the principles which underlie the Guidelines, such as their voluntary character, their application world-wide and the fact that they reflect good practice for all enterprises. II. General Policies: contains the first specific recommendations, including provisions on human rights, sustainable development, supply chain responsibility, and local capacity building, and more generally calls on enterprises to take full account of established policies in the countries in which they operate. III. Disclosure: recommends disclosure on all material matters regarding the enterprise 9-15 9-15
16. OECD Guidelines cont’d. IV. Employment and Industrial Relations: addresses major aspects of corporate behavior in this area including child and forced labor, non-discrimination and the right to bona fide employee representation and constructive negotiations. V. Environment: encourages enterprises to raise their performance in protecting the environment, including performance with respect to health and safety impacts. Features of this chapter include recommendations concerning environmental management systems and the desirability of precaution where there are threats of serious damage to the environment. 9-16 9-16
17. OECD Guidelines cont’d. VI. Combating Bribery: covers both public and private bribery and addresses passive and active corruption. VII. Consumer Interests: recommends that enterprises, when dealing with consumers, act in accordance with fair business, marketing and advertising practices, respect consumer privacy, and take all reasonable steps to ensure the safety and quality of goods or services provided. 9-17 9-17
18. OECD Guidelines cont’d. VIII. Science and Technology: aims to promote the diffusion by multinational enterprises of the fruits of research and development activities among the countries where they operate, thereby contributing to the innovative capacities of host countries. IX. Competition: emphasizes the importance of an open and competitive business climate. X. Taxation: calls on enterprises to respect both the letter and spirit of tax laws and to co-operate with tax authorities. 9-18 9-18