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Discussion week 3
- 1. Human Relations inBusiness Week 3 Discussion
- 2. Chapter 7 Managing Stress and Emotions Learning Objectives Understand the stress cycle Recognize the sources of stress for employees Recognize the outcomes of stress Understand how to manage stress in organizational contexts Understand the role emotions play in attitudes and behaviors at work Learn about emotional labor and how to manage it Understand how emotions can affect perceptions of what is ethical © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation Understand cross-cultural differences in stressors
- 3. The Stress Process In Selye’s General Adaptation Stress is the body’s Syndrome (GAS) model, stress reaction to a change that affects an individual in three steps: requires a physical, alarm, resistance and exhaustion. mental, or emotional adjustment or response. Resistance to Stress According to Gallup’s findings, 80% of Americans feel workplace stress at least some of the time. Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
- 4. The Stress Process Alarm Resistance Exhaustion When an When the body When the body outside begins to release has depleted its stressor jolts cortisol and draws stores of sugars the individual, on fats and sugar and fats, and the insisting that to find a way to prolonged release something adjust to the of cortisol has must be done. demands of stress. caused the stressor to significantly weaken the individual.
- 5. Workplace Stressors Role Demands Role Ambiguity Role Conflict Role Overload • Vagueness in • Facing • Having relation to job contradictory insufficient time responsibilities demands at and resources to work complete one’s job
- 6. Workplace Stressors Top 10 Stressful Jobs Information 1. Inner City High School Overload – The Teacher information 2. Police Officer processing demands 3. Miner on an individual’s 4. Air Traffic Controller time to perform 5. Medical Intern interactions and 6. Stockbroker internal calculations 7. Journalist exceed the supply or 8. Customer Service / capacity of time Complaint Worker available for such 9. Secretary processing. 10.Waiter
- 7. How Stressed areYou? Part of the Holmes-Rache Scale: Life Event Points Life Event Points Death of spouse 100 Foreclosure of mortgage or loan 30 Divorce 73 Change in responsibilities at work 29 Chance of Martial separation 65 Son or daughter leaving home 29 Stress Jail term 63 Trouble with in-laws 29 related Death of close family 63 Outstanding personal achievement 28 Points illness member Personal injury or illness 53 Begin or end school 26 <150 30% Marriage 50 Change in living 25 location/condition 150 - Fired or laid off at work 47 Trouble with supervisor 23 299 50% Marital reconciliation 45 Change in work hours or 20 conditions 300+ 80% Retirement 45 Change in schools 20 Pregnancy 40 Change in social activities 18 Change in financial state 38 Change in eating habits 15 Death of close friend 37 Vacation 13 Change to different line of 36 Minor violations of the law 11 work
- 8. Outcomes of Stress Physiological Psychological • Nervousness • Depression • Tension • Anxiety • Headaches • Anger • Irritability • Fatigue
- 9. Work Outcomes Individuals who are able to find the right balance of not too much work challenge which spills into exhaustion and not too little High work challenge which can signal apathy see increases in performance. Low Low High Stress
- 10. Individual Differences in Experienced Stress Type B Type A • Tend to be calm, • High levels of and tend to think speed/impatience, through situations job involvement, as opposed to and hard-driving reacting emotionally
- 11. Individual Approaches to Managing Stress The Corporate Flow Diet Athlete Create a Exercise Social Sleep Support Network Time Management
- 12. Flow 10% of 20% of managers managers are High Focus engage in disengaged at purposeful work work 40% of 30% of managers are Low Focus managers are distracted at procrastinators work Low Energy High Energy A key to flow is engaging at work, yet research shows that most managers do not feel engaged in purposeful work.
- 13. Designing Work ThatFlows Challenge Meaningfulness Competence Choice
- 14. Diet Eating healthy foods suchas fresh fruits and vegetables is a key to stress management. © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation
- 15. Time Management Time managementis defined as the development of tools or techniques that help make us more productive when we work. There are online utilities to help us accomplish this. This is an example of output from a RescueTime user (www.rescuetime.com), which is free to use. Source: Used by permission from RescueTime.
- 16. Organizational Approaches to Managing Stress Make Expectations Clear Give Employees Autonomy Create Fair Work Environments Telecommuting Employee Sabbaticals Employee Assistance Programs
- 17. Organizational Approaches to Managing Stress © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation Telecommuting helps employees avoid traffic jams like this one.
- 18. Discussion • Whose responsibilitydo you think it is to deal with employee stress – the employee or the organization? Why?
- 19. Emotions Desired Event Positive Emotions • Joy • Love • Surprise Undesired Event Negative Emotions • Anger • Fear • Sadness
- 20. Emotional Contagion Frustration Customer carries to argues next with you customer Customer You argue leaves in a back huff
- 21. Emotions Affect Attitudes and Behavior at Work Affective Events Theory (AET) explores how events on the job cause Anger Fear different kinds of people to feel different emotions. Affect driven behavior Sadness Joy occurs when emotions trigger you to respond in a certain way Burnout is ongoing Love Surprise emotional state resulting from dissatisfaction
- 22. Emotional Labor Surface Acting Displaying physical signs, such as smiles, that reflect emotions (without actually feeling the emotions). Deep Acting Pretending to experience emotions. Genuine Acting Displaying emotions that are aligned with emotions that are actually felt.
- 23. Emotional Labor When itcomes to acting, Employee the closer to the middle of Personality the circle that your actions are, the less emotional Genuine labor your job demands. Acting The further away, the more emotional labor the job demands. Deep Acting Surface Acting
- 24. Emotional Intelligence The foursteps of emotional Relationship intelligence build Management upon one another. Social-awareness Self-management Self-awareness
- 25. Emotions And Ethics JoshuaGreen’s Experiment: Scenario 1 Scenario 2 A trolley is racing A trolley is racing down a track, down a track, about to kill five about to kill five people. You have people. You can the ability to steer push a large man the trolley onto onto the tracks, another track, which will save where it will only the other five. kill 1 person. Most felt this was OK – the lesser Most felt the sacrifice was of two evils. emotionally wrong.
- 26. Lack of LeisureTime and Stress around the Globe • 40% of Americans do not plan to take a vacation within the next year. • Americans have 16.5 hours of leisure time per week after their work and household obligations are fulfilled. • Some Japanese employees work an average of 236 hours more per year than their American counterparts and 500 more than employees in France or Germany. • Many Europeans take the month of August off.
- 27. Chapter 8 Communication Learning Objectives Understand the communication process Compare and contrast different types of communication Compare and contrast different communication channels Understand and learn to overcome barriers to effective communication Understand the role listening plays in communication Learn how ethics can play a role in how messages © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation are communicated as well as how they are perceived Learn how verbal and non-verbal communication can carry different meanings among cultures
- 28. Communication is Vitalin Organizations Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior 50-90% of a manager’s time is spent communicating Success on complicated missions at NASA depends on strong Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Orion_briefing_model.jpg communication
- 29. Three Main Functionsof Communication Transmission of Information Coordination of Effort Sharing Emotions and Feelings
- 30. The Process Modelof Communication
- 31. The Sender Originates andEncodes the Message Translates the idea into words The Medium of this encoded Message may be spoken words, written words, or signs The Receiver is the person who receives the Message The Receiver Decodes the Message Assigns meaning to the words
- 32. Due to NOISE,the meaning which the Receiver assigns may not be the meaning which the Sender intended Noise is anything that interferes with or distorts the Message being transferred
- 33. Barriers to EffectiveCommunication Workplace Selective Semantics & Filtering Gossip & Perception Jargon Grapevine Gender Information Emotional Differences in Differences in Overload Disconnects Communication Meaning Lack of Source Biased Familiarity or Language Credibility
- 34. Communication Realities Managers can expect, on average, to do only three minutes of uninterrupted work on any one task before being interrupted by an incoming email, instant message, phone call, co-worker, or other distraction © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation
- 35. Avoiding Biased Language Avoid Consider Using black attorney attorney businessman businessperson chairman chair or chairperson cleaning lady cleaner or maintenance worker male nurse nurse manpower staff or personnel secretary assistant or associate
- 36. Consequences of PoorListening Lower Employee The Receiver’s ability Productivity to listen effectively is equally vital to Missed Sales effective Dissatisfied communication. Customers Lowered Morale Listening takes Increased practice, skill, and concentration. Turnover
- 37. Active Listening Listen for message content Paraphrase Listen for and restate feelings Respond to Note all cues feelings
- 38. Communication Freezers Communication stoppers: criticizing, blaming, ordering, judging, or shaming Things to avoid saying: Telling the other person what to Giving insincere praise do Psychoanalyzing the other Threatening with “or else” person implied Making light of the other Making suggestions or telling the person’s problems by other person what they ought to generalizing do Asking excessive or Attempting to educate the other inappropriate questions person Making light of the problem Judging the other person by kidding negatively
- 39. Verbal Communication andthe Power of Storytelling Stories can help clarify key values and help demonstrate how things are done within an organization Story frequency, strength, and tone are related to higher organizational commitment
- 40. Crucial Conversations Require moreplanning, reflection, and skill e.g., Asking for a raise e.g., Pitching an innovative proposal Stakes are high - Opinions vary - Emotions run strong
- 41. Even More Waysto Improve Your Listening Habits Summarize Prepare and Be Don’t What You’ve Receptive Anticipate Heard Seek Empathize with Focus and Clarification By the Sender’s Don’t Multitask Asking Point of View Questions Focus on the Pay Attention Establish Eye Goal With an to What is Not Contact Open Mind Said
- 42. Written Business Communication The Printed Word Memos Proposals Emails Letters Training manuals Operating policies
- 43. National Commission onWriting Survey Outcomes 67% of salaried employees in Half of responding companies large American companies reported that they take writing state employees have some into consideration when hiring writing responsibility professional employees © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation
- 44. Nonverbal Communication It’s what you don’t say… 55% of in-person 7% of a communication Receiver’s comes from 38% is based on comprehension nonverbal cues paralanguage or of a Message is like facial the tone, pace, and based on the expressions, volume of speech Sender’s actual body stance and words tone of voice
- 45. Body language Eye contact Facial expression Posture Touch Space Factors of Nonverbal Communication
- 46. Don’t Use ThatTone With Me! Changing your tone can dramatically change your meaning. Placement of the emphasis What it might mean… I did not tell John you were late. Someone else told John you were late. I did not tell John you were late. This did not happen. I did not tell John you were late. I may have implied it. I did not tell John you were late. But maybe I told Sharon and José. I did not tell John you were late. I was talking about someone else. I did not tell John you were late. I told him you still are late. I did not tell John you were late. I told him you were attending another meeting.
- 47.
- 48. Information Channel Information Richness Information Richness Face-to-face High conversation Videoconferencing High Telephone conversation High Emails Medium Handheld devices Medium Blogs Medium Written letters and Medium memos Selecting the best Formal written Low communication media is an documents executive skill Spreadsheets Low
- 49. Decisions: Verbal orWritten Communications? Verbal communications are a better way to convey feelings Written communications do a better job of conveying facts
- 50. Guide for Whento Use Written versus Verbal Communication Use Written Communication Use Verbal Communication When: When: conveying facts conveying emotion and feelings the message needs to become the message does not need to be part of a permanent file permanent there is little time urgency there is time urgency you do not need immediate you need feedback feedback the ideas are simple or can be the ideas are complicated made simple with explanations
- 51. Email and Emotions Emotionally-ladenmessages require more thought in the choice of channel and how they are communicated Email communication can convey facts quickly yet it is not a recommended choice for sending emotional information
- 52. Communication flows inmany different directions within an organization
- 53. Frequent communication is relatedto better job performance ratings and organizational performance External Others Superiors 23% 14% Internal Others 17% Who managers spend time communicating with at work Subordinates 46%
- 54. Forms of ExternalCommunication Press Releases Catalogs Advertisements Customer Web pages Letters
- 55. Manage Your CommunicationWisely Do you properly use online communications? Be aware of remarks Is your outgoing that voicemail greeting FREEZE COMMUNICATON professional? Do you scrutinize your social networking Make a conscious effort to reduce Don’t criticize, comments that blame, order, website? stop effective judge or shame communication Have you Googled yourself lately?
- 56. Chapter 10 Conflictand Negotiations Learning Objectives Understand the different types of conflict Understand the causes of conflict Understand the consequences of conflict Understand how to manage conflict effectively Understand the stages of the negotiation process Understand how to avoid common negotiation mistakes © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation Engage in conflict management and negotiation ethically Understand cross-cultural differences in conflict and negotiation
- 57. Conflict Intrapersonal Interpersonal Intergroup Conflict within a Conflict between Conflict that person. It arises two people. takes place when a person is among different uncertain about groups, between what is expected a union and or wanted, or management, or has a sense of between being inadequate companies, such to the task. as companies that supply the same customer.
- 58. Is Conflict AlwaysBad? High Performance Low Low High Conflict The inverted U relationship between performance and conflict.
- 59. Causes of Conflict Task Incompatible Interdependence Goals Limited Personality Resources Differences Organizational Communication Conflict Structure Problems
- 60. Outcomes of Conflict Negative Positive • Increased stress and anxiety • Consideration of a broader among individuals, which range of ideas, resulting in a decreases productivity and better, stronger idea creativity • Surfacing of assumptions that • Feelings of being defeated may be inaccurate and demeaned, which lowers • Increased participation and individuals’ morale and may creativity increase turnover • Clarification of individual • A climate of mistrust, which views that build learning hinders the teamwork and cooperation necessary to get work done
- 61. Is Your Jobat Risk for Workplace Violence? Job Characteristic Example Caring for others either nursing home emotionally or physically Interacting with frustrated retail sales customers Supervising others manager Denying requests others customer make of you service
- 62. Is Your Jobat Risk for Workplace Violence? Job Characteristic Example Dealing with valuables or exchanging banking money Handling weapons law enforcement Working with drugs, alcohol, or those bartending under the influence of them Working nights or weekends gas station attendants
- 63. Ways to ManageConflict Change the Structure Change the Composition of the Team Create a Common Opposing Force Consider Majority Rule Problem Solve
- 64. Level of Cooperation Conflict Handling Styles High Accommodation Collaboration Compromise Avoidance Competition Low Low High Level of Competitiveness
- 65. Conflict Handling Styles • “I don’t think there’s any problem. I feel fine Avoiding about how things are.” • “If it’s important to you, I can go along with Accommodating it.” Compromise • “Maybe we can both agree to give a little.” • “This is what I want, and I am going to fight Competition for it.” • “Let’s look at the bigger picture and find out Collaboration how we can both get what we want.”
- 66. Which Style isBest? There is no single “right way” to deal with conflict. Although many people have a single method they use most frequently, the © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation best conflict handlers will adapt their style to the situation. Body language can unintentionally fuel a conflict.
- 67. Discussion • Do youdeal with conflict differently with friends and family than you do at work? If so, why do you think that is? • Describe a situation in which not having enough conflict can be a problem.
- 68. The Five Phasesof Negotiation Investigation Determine your BATNA Presentation Bargaining Closure
- 69. The Five Phasesof Negotiation © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation All phases of the negotiation process are important. The presentation is the one that normally receives the most attention but the work done before that point is equally important.
- 70. Determining your BATNA Best “If you don’t know where A lternative you’re going, you will probably Toa end up somewhere else.” - Lawrence J. Peter N egotiated A greement
- 71. Negotiation Strategies Distributive Integrative Approach Approach • An approach to • The traditional fixed- negotiation in which pie approach in which both parties look for negotiators see the ways to integrate their situation as a pie that goals under a large they have to divide umbrella. between them.
- 72. Avoiding Common Mistakesin Negotiations Failing to Letting your ego negotiate/accepting get in the way the first offer Having unrealistic Getting overly expectations emotional Letting past negative outcomes affect the present ones
- 73. Tips for NegotiationSuccess Focus on agreement first Be patient Whose reality? Deadlines Be comfortable with silence
- 74. When All ElseFails: Third Party Negotiations Third party Mediation Arbitration negotiations are intended to help avoid a formal trial or hearing. Other Resolution Methods
- 75. When All ElseFails: Third Party Negotiations Mediation Arbitration Arbitration-Mediation • An outside third • A process that • An arbitrator party (the involves bringing in makes a decision mediator) enters a third party, the and places it in a the situation with arbitrator, who has sealed envelope. the goal of the authority to act Both parties then assisting the as a judge and work through parties to reach an make a binding mediation. If they agreement. decision to which cannot reach an both parties must agreement, the adhere. arbitrator’s decision becomes binding.
- 76. When All ElseFails: Third Party Negotiations As a last resort, judges resolve conflicts. The Supreme Court of the USA is the highest court in America and consists of nine justices: Chief Justice Roberts (bottom center) and the 8 associate justices (left to right) Alito, Kennedy, Scalia, Thomas, Sotomayor, Stevens, Ginsburg, and Breyer.
- 77. You Know It’sTime for a Mediator When… Personal The parties differences The parties Obtaining a are unable to are standing have stopped quick find a solution in the way of talking with resolution is themselves a successful one another important solution
- 78. Ethics and Negotiations Be honest Keep your promises Follow the Platinum Rule. Most people know the Golden Rule…the Platinum Rule takes it one step further by, “Treating others the way they want to be treated.”
- 79. Negotiations Around theGlobe Countries have different thresholds for conflict. Low Threshold (prefer Higher Threshold harmony) (conflict is acceptable) Japan America Korea Germany