The document summarizes different political models found among affluent democracies: the social democratic model exemplified by Scandinavian countries like Sweden; the extreme market model of the United States; and the Christian democratic model found in countries like Germany. It discusses the historical development, political institutions, and welfare policies of these different models.
This document provides an overview of different levels of democracy in developing countries through case studies of Nigeria, Brazil, and Iran. Nigeria has a weak democracy with a history of military rule and ethnic divisions weakening its institutions. Brazil has an electoral democracy with strong state capacity but unequal distribution of wealth and power. Iran has an electoral authoritarian system where elections mask the authoritarian control of the unelected Supreme Leader over key decisions and repression of opposition. The document examines the political systems, histories, cultures, and economies of each case study country.
This document provides an overview of communism and post-communism in Russia and China. It discusses the key features of communist rule, including communist party rule and centrally planned economies. It examines how post-communist regimes have faced challenges restructuring these institutional features. Case studies of Russia and China are presented. For Russia, it describes the transition from communist to electoral authoritarian rule and the country's mixed economy. For China, it outlines how the communist regime has adapted by allowing more economic freedom and private enterprise while maintaining one-party rule.
This chapter discusses the linkages between states and societies through various forms of political participation such as political parties, interest groups, social movements, and patron-client relations. It argues that some states can effectively govern despite these demands placed on them, while others experience a crisis of governability in which they struggle to govern effectively. Strong states are generally better able to respond to societal demands and transform them into policy, while weak states become overwhelmed by these demands.
The document discusses reasons for differences in economic development levels among countries. It explores factors such as imperialism, geography, culture, institutions, and leadership that may help explain why some nations became highly developed while others remained less developed. Geography can provide advantages or disadvantages, but alone does not account for all variations. Imperialism may have allowed some powers to exploit others' wealth. Culture and institutions also influenced economic success, but also require deeper explanation for why some countries established market-enabling frameworks while others did not. Overall, the document examines complex historical forces behind global imbalances in economic development.
The document discusses different forms of state intervention in market systems and their impact on society. It provides examples of fiscal policy, monetary policy, regulation, and nationalization used by states to influence economic conditions. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of market systems and debates around balancing state intervention with free markets. Figures and tables are presented analyzing the relationship between different political economies and outcomes like physical well-being, education, and safety. The conclusion discusses finding the right balance between states and markets.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
The document discusses several topics related to democracy including:
- The rise of democracy worldwide in the late 20th century, particularly after the fall of authoritarian regimes.
- The definition and types of democracy, including direct vs representative democracy and presidential vs parliamentary systems.
- Factors that influence transitions to democracy such as waves of democratization over time and domestic/international influences.
- The impact of electoral rules and systems on party politics and governance models in different countries.
- Comparisons of economic development and human capabilities under democratic vs authoritarian governments.
The documents discuss different aspects of political institutions and the state. They examine how states emerged in response to complexity and insecurity. States attempt to pursue interests like revenue collection but can sometimes create negatives. The documents analyze forms of power like cultural, economic and political power. They also compare features of political systems like federalism versus unitary systems and the different branches of government. Research on consensus versus majoritarian democracies found consensus models performed better socially and politically, though not necessarily economically.
This document provides an overview of different levels of democracy in developing countries through case studies of Nigeria, Brazil, and Iran. Nigeria has a weak democracy with a history of military rule and ethnic divisions weakening its institutions. Brazil has an electoral democracy with strong state capacity but unequal distribution of wealth and power. Iran has an electoral authoritarian system where elections mask the authoritarian control of the unelected Supreme Leader over key decisions and repression of opposition. The document examines the political systems, histories, cultures, and economies of each case study country.
This document provides an overview of communism and post-communism in Russia and China. It discusses the key features of communist rule, including communist party rule and centrally planned economies. It examines how post-communist regimes have faced challenges restructuring these institutional features. Case studies of Russia and China are presented. For Russia, it describes the transition from communist to electoral authoritarian rule and the country's mixed economy. For China, it outlines how the communist regime has adapted by allowing more economic freedom and private enterprise while maintaining one-party rule.
This chapter discusses the linkages between states and societies through various forms of political participation such as political parties, interest groups, social movements, and patron-client relations. It argues that some states can effectively govern despite these demands placed on them, while others experience a crisis of governability in which they struggle to govern effectively. Strong states are generally better able to respond to societal demands and transform them into policy, while weak states become overwhelmed by these demands.
The document discusses reasons for differences in economic development levels among countries. It explores factors such as imperialism, geography, culture, institutions, and leadership that may help explain why some nations became highly developed while others remained less developed. Geography can provide advantages or disadvantages, but alone does not account for all variations. Imperialism may have allowed some powers to exploit others' wealth. Culture and institutions also influenced economic success, but also require deeper explanation for why some countries established market-enabling frameworks while others did not. Overall, the document examines complex historical forces behind global imbalances in economic development.
The document discusses different forms of state intervention in market systems and their impact on society. It provides examples of fiscal policy, monetary policy, regulation, and nationalization used by states to influence economic conditions. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of market systems and debates around balancing state intervention with free markets. Figures and tables are presented analyzing the relationship between different political economies and outcomes like physical well-being, education, and safety. The conclusion discusses finding the right balance between states and markets.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
The document discusses several topics related to democracy including:
- The rise of democracy worldwide in the late 20th century, particularly after the fall of authoritarian regimes.
- The definition and types of democracy, including direct vs representative democracy and presidential vs parliamentary systems.
- Factors that influence transitions to democracy such as waves of democratization over time and domestic/international influences.
- The impact of electoral rules and systems on party politics and governance models in different countries.
- Comparisons of economic development and human capabilities under democratic vs authoritarian governments.
The documents discuss different aspects of political institutions and the state. They examine how states emerged in response to complexity and insecurity. States attempt to pursue interests like revenue collection but can sometimes create negatives. The documents analyze forms of power like cultural, economic and political power. They also compare features of political systems like federalism versus unitary systems and the different branches of government. Research on consensus versus majoritarian democracies found consensus models performed better socially and politically, though not necessarily economically.
This document discusses different approaches to defining and measuring what constitutes a "good society". It examines Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross National Happiness (GNH) as two potential measures and identifies flaws in both. Specifically, GNP fails to consider how wealth is distributed or non-monetary activities, while GNH overlooks cultural differences in what satisfies individuals. The document argues capabilities approach, focusing on physical well-being, personal safety, informed decision-making and civil/political rights, provides a better standard for evaluating societies by allowing people freedom to live as they choose. It gives infant mortality rates as an example for measuring physical well-being capabilities across countries.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It begins by introducing the premise that authoritarian regimes persist despite predictions of their demise. It then defines authoritarianism and differentiates authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. The main body describes four types of authoritarian regimes: monarchies, military regimes, single-party regimes, and electoral authoritarian regimes. For each type it provides examples, characteristics, and how they seek legitimacy. It concludes by considering challenges and risks of electoral authoritarian regimes.
American political parties have evolved over time from informal affiliations to established organizations. The US system is largely a two-party structure, with the Democratic and Republican parties dominating. Democrats tend to favor an active government role in citizens' lives and progressive change. Republicans prefer a smaller government focused on individual liberties and tradition. While third parties exist, the winner-take-all electoral system favors the two major parties. Political ideologies and party affiliations develop based on social and personal factors.
A federal system has three key characteristics: 1) authority is retained at the top level of government; 2) there are two levels of government but sovereignty remains with the states/provinces; and 3) the two levels of government have equal jurisdiction. Pluralism holds that interest groups and political parties determine public policy through bargaining and compromise as rational individuals act in their self-interest by joining groups to better represent their views. Interest groups and political parties supplement formal government structures by communicating public opinions and values, though they differ in their level of organization and breadth of issues.
The document discusses the roles and influence of interest groups in the US political system. It defines interest groups as collections of people who work to shape public policy to their benefit on issues they share views on. Interest groups try to influence policymaking and public opinion through both direct lobbying of government officials and indirect grassroots efforts. They employ tactics like contributing to political campaigns, conducting propaganda, and mobilizing their members to contact elected representatives.
This document discusses political participation and trends in democracies. It notes that while voting is crucial, there are also unconventional forms of participation like protests. Recent trends show declines in voting and trust in political institutions. However, this civic malaise may not signify that democracies are in crisis. Democracies are adapting to changing interests and ways citizens get informed and participate, through new forms like interest groups and media. Overall, democracies may be revitalizing rather than declining.
Peacebuilding from below The case of ZimbabweSheunesu Hove
This document summarizes a lecture on peacebuilding from below using the case study of Zimbabwe. It discusses key aspects of local peacebuilding initiatives including addressing social issues like disparities and capacity building. It analyzes Zimbabwe's land reforms and issues around elections and violence. The document also summarizes a local initiative called the Global Political Agreement and discusses the importance of inclusive peacebuilding that involves communities. It notes challenges such as lack of community ownership in the peace process.
This document discusses several topics related to governance, political economy, and emerging opportunities:
- It outlines theories of political economy and challenges to neoliberal economics, discussing alternative frameworks like Donut Economics.
- It describes the structure of US and Texas governments, including concepts like federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances.
- It notes that government and the economy are intertwined and that economic paradigms change in response to new realities, like crises exposing flaws in existing models.
- Finally, it discusses how cultural hegemony and agents of socialization can influence opinions but that emerging technologies and crises may expand policy debates.
Public opinion consists of attitudes held by many people about politics and government. It is shaped by factors like family, education, media, and historical events. Public opinion is measured through elections, polls, and media reporting. Scientific polls sample a representative group to accurately measure views. Major forms of media that influence public opinion are television, newspapers, radio, magazines, and the internet. Television and internet use has grown as sources for political news.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
The document discusses the political environment and risks that multinational companies face when operating abroad. It notes that political climates are complex and can change over time. The document outlines several political risks, such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and creeping expropriation. It also discusses indicators of political instability, attitudes of host nations, and policies of host governments that companies should analyze when evaluating foreign markets.
The document discusses John Locke's political philosophy and theory of social contract. It defines a political society as a community living under one government through consent of the governed and majority rule. Locke believed people voluntarily enter political societies through social consent for protection of natural rights and that government power comes from the consent of the people. The document also discusses key concepts in universal social thought like subsidiarity, supporting roles in society, and solidarity, or unity among members of a community.
This document provides an overview of political environments and systems that multinational enterprises must consider. It discusses key aspects of political systems including public and non-public institutions, internal and external forces, and political processes. It also outlines different political ideologies like liberalism and conservatism. Different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism are compared in terms of their characteristics. Factors that influence political risk for businesses are also examined.
This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
This document discusses interest articulation, which is how citizens and groups express their needs and demands to the government. It can occur through individual actions like voting, contacting officials, or protesting. Groups are also a primary means through which political interests are promoted. Interest groups vary in their structure between pluralist, democratic corporatist, and controlled systems. Factors like education and class influence individuals' likelihood to participate. Groups must access policymakers through legitimate channels to effectively shape policies. Modernization contributes to a growing diversity of interest groups representing varied societal interests.
A multi-party system allows more than two political parties to gain real political power. It differs from a one-party system, where only one party can gain power, and a two-party system, where only two parties are relevant. In a multi-party system, like Germany or Israel, many parties can hope to share power by governing alone or through coalition governments. While a multi-party system promotes inclusive representation and issue-based policy debates, reaching consensus can be difficult with multiple ideological parties.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
This document contrasts the values of Stalin's Soviet Union authoritarianism with liberalism. Authoritarianism is characterized by the rule of man, rigged elections, unregulated political power, lack of civil liberties guarantees, and intolerance of opposition. Liberalism, alternatively, believes in the rule of law, free elections, regulated political power, guaranteed civil liberties, and tolerance of opposition.
This document contains lecture notes on different types of authoritarian regimes for a political science class. It discusses how single individuals or small elites can gain and maintain power without democratic accountability through various strategies like controlling the court system and constitution. The notes cover historical examples like Mugabe and Castro, as well as totalitarian states led by Stalin, Hitler, and Mao. Other regimes discussed include monarchies, military dictatorships, and civilian authoritarian regimes that utilize dominant political parties, personalistic rule, or manipulated elections.
The document provides instructions for accessing and searching the LIRN library database through multiple steps. It explains how to log in to the library, select a database like InfoTrac or ProQuest, perform an advanced search on topics, and retrieve full-text journal articles. The document includes tips for choosing academic journals over other sources and automatically generating APA citations to save time on formatting references. Students are asked to select 5 articles, write 250-word summaries without copying, and upload their completed project to a Dropbox folder.
Authoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdownatrantham
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes including totalitarian states, monarchies, and military and civilian dictatorships. Totalitarian states are characterized by a dominant leader and single ruling party that controls the media and uses violence. Military dictatorships typically seize power through coups and then hold sham elections to maintain control, while cracking down on dissent. Civilian dictatorships are either dominated by a single party or a personalistic leader, and rely on repressing opposition and controlling information. The document examines commonalities and differences between communist and fascist regimes as well as factors that contribute to the rise and persistence of authoritarian rule.
The document provides an overview of a lesson on authoritarian and democratic forms of government. It begins with objectives and a warm-up activity, then introduces authoritarian governments including totalitarian dictatorships, absolute monarchies, and oligarchies. Examples of each type are given along with their advantages and disadvantages. Students will then practice analyzing quotes using the MEAL framework and write a brief comparative response on different forms of government.
This document discusses different approaches to defining and measuring what constitutes a "good society". It examines Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross National Happiness (GNH) as two potential measures and identifies flaws in both. Specifically, GNP fails to consider how wealth is distributed or non-monetary activities, while GNH overlooks cultural differences in what satisfies individuals. The document argues capabilities approach, focusing on physical well-being, personal safety, informed decision-making and civil/political rights, provides a better standard for evaluating societies by allowing people freedom to live as they choose. It gives infant mortality rates as an example for measuring physical well-being capabilities across countries.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It begins by introducing the premise that authoritarian regimes persist despite predictions of their demise. It then defines authoritarianism and differentiates authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. The main body describes four types of authoritarian regimes: monarchies, military regimes, single-party regimes, and electoral authoritarian regimes. For each type it provides examples, characteristics, and how they seek legitimacy. It concludes by considering challenges and risks of electoral authoritarian regimes.
American political parties have evolved over time from informal affiliations to established organizations. The US system is largely a two-party structure, with the Democratic and Republican parties dominating. Democrats tend to favor an active government role in citizens' lives and progressive change. Republicans prefer a smaller government focused on individual liberties and tradition. While third parties exist, the winner-take-all electoral system favors the two major parties. Political ideologies and party affiliations develop based on social and personal factors.
A federal system has three key characteristics: 1) authority is retained at the top level of government; 2) there are two levels of government but sovereignty remains with the states/provinces; and 3) the two levels of government have equal jurisdiction. Pluralism holds that interest groups and political parties determine public policy through bargaining and compromise as rational individuals act in their self-interest by joining groups to better represent their views. Interest groups and political parties supplement formal government structures by communicating public opinions and values, though they differ in their level of organization and breadth of issues.
The document discusses the roles and influence of interest groups in the US political system. It defines interest groups as collections of people who work to shape public policy to their benefit on issues they share views on. Interest groups try to influence policymaking and public opinion through both direct lobbying of government officials and indirect grassroots efforts. They employ tactics like contributing to political campaigns, conducting propaganda, and mobilizing their members to contact elected representatives.
This document discusses political participation and trends in democracies. It notes that while voting is crucial, there are also unconventional forms of participation like protests. Recent trends show declines in voting and trust in political institutions. However, this civic malaise may not signify that democracies are in crisis. Democracies are adapting to changing interests and ways citizens get informed and participate, through new forms like interest groups and media. Overall, democracies may be revitalizing rather than declining.
Peacebuilding from below The case of ZimbabweSheunesu Hove
This document summarizes a lecture on peacebuilding from below using the case study of Zimbabwe. It discusses key aspects of local peacebuilding initiatives including addressing social issues like disparities and capacity building. It analyzes Zimbabwe's land reforms and issues around elections and violence. The document also summarizes a local initiative called the Global Political Agreement and discusses the importance of inclusive peacebuilding that involves communities. It notes challenges such as lack of community ownership in the peace process.
This document discusses several topics related to governance, political economy, and emerging opportunities:
- It outlines theories of political economy and challenges to neoliberal economics, discussing alternative frameworks like Donut Economics.
- It describes the structure of US and Texas governments, including concepts like federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances.
- It notes that government and the economy are intertwined and that economic paradigms change in response to new realities, like crises exposing flaws in existing models.
- Finally, it discusses how cultural hegemony and agents of socialization can influence opinions but that emerging technologies and crises may expand policy debates.
Public opinion consists of attitudes held by many people about politics and government. It is shaped by factors like family, education, media, and historical events. Public opinion is measured through elections, polls, and media reporting. Scientific polls sample a representative group to accurately measure views. Major forms of media that influence public opinion are television, newspapers, radio, magazines, and the internet. Television and internet use has grown as sources for political news.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
The document discusses the political environment and risks that multinational companies face when operating abroad. It notes that political climates are complex and can change over time. The document outlines several political risks, such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and creeping expropriation. It also discusses indicators of political instability, attitudes of host nations, and policies of host governments that companies should analyze when evaluating foreign markets.
The document discusses John Locke's political philosophy and theory of social contract. It defines a political society as a community living under one government through consent of the governed and majority rule. Locke believed people voluntarily enter political societies through social consent for protection of natural rights and that government power comes from the consent of the people. The document also discusses key concepts in universal social thought like subsidiarity, supporting roles in society, and solidarity, or unity among members of a community.
This document provides an overview of political environments and systems that multinational enterprises must consider. It discusses key aspects of political systems including public and non-public institutions, internal and external forces, and political processes. It also outlines different political ideologies like liberalism and conservatism. Different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism are compared in terms of their characteristics. Factors that influence political risk for businesses are also examined.
This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
This document discusses interest articulation, which is how citizens and groups express their needs and demands to the government. It can occur through individual actions like voting, contacting officials, or protesting. Groups are also a primary means through which political interests are promoted. Interest groups vary in their structure between pluralist, democratic corporatist, and controlled systems. Factors like education and class influence individuals' likelihood to participate. Groups must access policymakers through legitimate channels to effectively shape policies. Modernization contributes to a growing diversity of interest groups representing varied societal interests.
A multi-party system allows more than two political parties to gain real political power. It differs from a one-party system, where only one party can gain power, and a two-party system, where only two parties are relevant. In a multi-party system, like Germany or Israel, many parties can hope to share power by governing alone or through coalition governments. While a multi-party system promotes inclusive representation and issue-based policy debates, reaching consensus can be difficult with multiple ideological parties.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
This document contrasts the values of Stalin's Soviet Union authoritarianism with liberalism. Authoritarianism is characterized by the rule of man, rigged elections, unregulated political power, lack of civil liberties guarantees, and intolerance of opposition. Liberalism, alternatively, believes in the rule of law, free elections, regulated political power, guaranteed civil liberties, and tolerance of opposition.
This document contains lecture notes on different types of authoritarian regimes for a political science class. It discusses how single individuals or small elites can gain and maintain power without democratic accountability through various strategies like controlling the court system and constitution. The notes cover historical examples like Mugabe and Castro, as well as totalitarian states led by Stalin, Hitler, and Mao. Other regimes discussed include monarchies, military dictatorships, and civilian authoritarian regimes that utilize dominant political parties, personalistic rule, or manipulated elections.
The document provides instructions for accessing and searching the LIRN library database through multiple steps. It explains how to log in to the library, select a database like InfoTrac or ProQuest, perform an advanced search on topics, and retrieve full-text journal articles. The document includes tips for choosing academic journals over other sources and automatically generating APA citations to save time on formatting references. Students are asked to select 5 articles, write 250-word summaries without copying, and upload their completed project to a Dropbox folder.
Authoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdownatrantham
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes including totalitarian states, monarchies, and military and civilian dictatorships. Totalitarian states are characterized by a dominant leader and single ruling party that controls the media and uses violence. Military dictatorships typically seize power through coups and then hold sham elections to maintain control, while cracking down on dissent. Civilian dictatorships are either dominated by a single party or a personalistic leader, and rely on repressing opposition and controlling information. The document examines commonalities and differences between communist and fascist regimes as well as factors that contribute to the rise and persistence of authoritarian rule.
The document provides an overview of a lesson on authoritarian and democratic forms of government. It begins with objectives and a warm-up activity, then introduces authoritarian governments including totalitarian dictatorships, absolute monarchies, and oligarchies. Examples of each type are given along with their advantages and disadvantages. Students will then practice analyzing quotes using the MEAL framework and write a brief comparative response on different forms of government.
The document outlines the framework and objectives for building and implementing a business scorecard for Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality's (EMM) performance management system. The scorecard system aims to align EMM's efforts with its mission, vision, and strategy. It describes the key components of EMM's performance management system including performance strategies, initiatives, measures, and implementation. The document provides details on strategy mapping and developing performance measures to help determine if the right things are being done and if things are being done right.
This document discusses different forms of authoritarian governments, including dictatorships, monarchies, oligarchies, and military juntas. It notes that authoritarian governments typically concentrate political power within a small elite group, often powerful families, and do not allow opposition parties. They use propaganda, controlled participation, and force including terror to maintain power and direct popular discontent.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes and how dictators maintain power. It begins by asking students to imagine themselves as a new dictator and how they would gain and maintain power in the face of threats. It then covers several types of authoritarian regimes including monarchies, military regimes, and civilian regimes. For each type, it discusses who rules, how they rise to power, and strategies for maintaining control and legitimacy without democratic accountability.
Presentation to the Nordic Young Christian Democrats (KDUN) in Oslo, October 5th 2013. - I was challenged to share my reflections on Christian Democracy and Conservatism, two ideologies that form idea basis for many of the most dominant political parties in Europe. More on the same subject can be found in this booklet where I contributed with an essay about the development of Christian Democracy in Europe and the Nordics (primarily Norway and Sweden): www.civita.no/assets/2011/04/pdf-100-Tre-essays-om-kristendemokrati-001.pdf
Indian democracy faces several challenges despite over 65 years of successful elections and governance transitions. While India has developed economically and socially, there are still prevalent inequalities and unfulfilled expectations that cause some sections of society to feel excluded from the democratic process. A true democracy is not just about elections but also fulfilling the social and economic aspirations of citizens. Some of the challenges faced include socioeconomic conditions like lack of equal pay and unequal access to development opportunities, indicating India has yet to fully establish social democracy in addition to its political democracy. The lesson aims to understand these challenges and identify corrective measures to strengthen Indian democracy.
This document discusses performance management. It begins by identifying the major determinants of individual performance and the three general purposes of performance management as improving employee performance, developing people for promotional opportunities, and meeting employee needs for feedback.
It then identifies five criteria for effective performance management systems: strategic congruence, validity, reliability, acceptability, and specificity. Four approaches to performance measurement are discussed: comparative, attribute, behavioral, and results-oriented. Specific techniques used in each approach and how they compare to the criteria are also examined.
The document provides information on choosing effective approaches and sources for performance information for different situations, as well as distinguishing types of rating errors and how to minimize them in evaluations. It discusses understanding the
The document outlines several challenges faced by Indian democracy, including casteism, communalism, regionalism, poverty, unemployment, and caste discrimination. It then discusses the fundamental challenges of transitioning to democracy, institutionalizing democratic government, expanding democratic principles universally, and deepening democracy by strengthening democratic institutions and increasing citizen participation. Suggestions are made for democratic reforms to help overcome these challenges through new laws and policies implemented by political actors.
This document outlines the philosophy and structure of a proposed school called Essentialism. The school will take a teacher-centered approach to promote education through core subjects like ELA, math, history and science. Students will receive 5-7 periods per week for these core classes. In addition to academics, the school aims to build student character. It will have four classrooms per grade and enforce rules around homework, uniforms and behavior. The overall goal is to prepare students for standardized tests and success through a rigorous academic curriculum and emphasis on strong character.
This document discusses challenges to democracy and potential reforms. It outlines three broad challenges - foundational, expansion, and deepening democracy. Specific challenges in India include social inequalities, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Potential reforms proposed include introducing new laws to encourage good political practices, analyzing laws for unintended consequences, and focusing on strengthening democratic practices over just changing rules. Measures to deepen democracy discussed are providing education for all citizens, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring freedom of the press.
The document discusses three types of challenges to democracy: foundation challenges involving establishing democracy over non-democratic rule; expansion challenges involving giving greater power to local governments and minority groups; and deepening democracy challenges involving strengthening participatory institutions and reducing the control of the powerful over decision making. It also discusses ways to reform Indian politics through carefully crafted laws that empower citizens and encourage transparency, such as the Right to Information Act, in order to strengthen democratic practices and political participation.
This document provides an overview of democracy as a form of government. It defines democracy as a system where government is formed by the people through elected representatives. It discusses the principles of democracy such as free elections, rule of law, and majority rule. It then outlines some of the key reasons why democracy can lead to country development, including decentralized power, rise of political and economic institutions, and spread of education. The document also discusses some criticisms of democracy and lists both the merits and demerits of the democratic system of government. Finally, it provides some examples of countries that follow democratic principles.
The document provides an overview of Six Sigma, including:
1) It defines Six Sigma as a methodology for continuous improvement and creating high quality products and processes using statistical tools.
2) It discusses the origins and growth of Six Sigma at Motorola and GE in the 1980s-1990s.
3) It describes the DMAIC methodology used for process improvement projects and the roles of Master Black Belts, Black Belts, and Green Belts in a Six Sigma organization.
The document discusses different political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism as well as the two-party system in the United States. It examines core beliefs of each ideology around the role of government and economics. The political landscape in the U.S. is also analyzed by looking at how states tend to vote more liberally or conservatively based on regional differences and the populations in urban versus rural areas.
The document discusses different forms and examples of power sharing in democracies. It provides details on power sharing in India, including its federal system with a relatively centralized national government that controls key functions like defense, foreign policy, and taxation, while also allowing state governments power. Power sharing can be horizontal among different branches of government, vertical between national and subnational/state levels of government, and among various social, religious, and linguistic groups to accommodate diversity and prevent alienation. This distribution of political power among various entities and groups is seen as prudent to reduce conflicts and increase stability and better outcomes, and is in the spirit of democracy by giving people a voice in governance.
This document provides an overview of political economy and the welfare state. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Political economy examines how political and economic forces interact and influence policy decisions.
- Institutions like rules and norms shape how economic and social actors behave.
- The welfare state aims to promote well-being through public services, income redistribution, and social protections funded by progressive taxation.
- Different types of welfare states include social democratic models that emphasize universal benefits and Christian democratic models based on insurance systems.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in comparative politics. It discusses three major forces transforming political systems: democratization, socioeconomic modernization, and globalization. Some of the challenges that states face in these areas include building a shared national identity, fostering economic development, and advancing representative democracy. The document also outlines the positive and negative impacts of globalization. It describes the roles of government in community building and economic growth, as well as situations where government actions may hinder citizens.
The presentation is about small states in Europe, how to define them, their main challenges as regional actors and the strategies to follow for an active participation in the European integration project.
Globalization : Concept & Factors affecting globalization & Restraining
International Business : Reasons for expansion
Concepts : International Trade, International Marketing, International Investment, International Management & Global Business
New Trade Theory : Internal and External Economics of Scale
International Political System and Ideologies
Types of Govt., Economies System, Political System
Principles of International Law
Culture Orientation in International Business
Here is a 1,000 word essay assessing the relationship between sociology and social policy:
Sociology and social policy have a complex relationship. On the one hand, sociological research aims to understand society and social problems, which could potentially inform social policy. However, there are debates around whether and how sociology should influence policy. This essay will assess different perspectives on the relationship between sociology and social policy.
Those who argue sociology should directly influence social policy, like Giddens, believe sociological research has practical benefits. By uncovering facts about social issues like poverty, and providing theoretical explanations, sociology can raise awareness and influence reforms. For example, Townsend's research on poverty in the UK in the 1970
Here is a 1,000 word essay assessing the relationship between sociology and social policy:
Sociology and social policy have a complex relationship. On the one hand, sociological research aims to understand society and social problems, which could potentially inform social policy. However, there are debates around whether and how sociology should influence policy. This essay will assess different perspectives on the relationship between sociology and social policy.
Those who argue sociology should directly influence social policy, like Giddens, believe sociological research has practical benefits. By uncovering facts about social issues like poverty, and providing theoretical explanations, sociology can raise awareness and influence reforms. For example, Townsend's research on poverty in the UK in the 1970
This document discusses social class and its relationship to public policy in the United States. It begins by defining social class based on factors like education, income, and wealth. It then examines how social class affects life outcomes related to health, crime victimization, home ownership, and happiness. The document also analyzes how government policies around taxes, education funding, health care, unions, and voting rights can impact social mobility and inequality between classes. Overall, it argues that social stratification exists in the U.S. and that public policy both reflects and perpetuates differences in social and economic opportunities across classes.
- Capitalism is in crisis due to internal contradictions that have led to economic, environmental, social and political crises. Neoliberalism responded to and took advantage of this crisis.
- Anti-capitalism must aim to replace capitalism with an alternative that has "a human face" which will require a formidable struggle against powerful vested interests. Workers' power comes from their ability to organize, strike, and form political alliances, not a class compromise with capitalists.
- The left is in a political and ideological crisis, having failed to curb the power of financial capital or offer real alternatives. Unions must develop concrete alternatives, new social alliances, and prepare for confrontation to push solutions that redistribute wealth from
The document discusses the evolution of conservatism in the UK from traditional conservatism to the new right and authoritarian conservatism. It then summarizes David Cameron's strategy of moving the Conservative Party towards the political center by taking more liberal stances on social issues, the environment, and public spending while downplaying Europe to make the party more appealing to mainstream voters. However, this strategy risks ignoring the beliefs of conservative party members and voters suspicious of abandoning traditional ideology, as Cameron was unable to win an outright election victory.
The document discusses political environments facing businesses operating abroad. It notes that political systems provide the context for economic activity and differ between countries in their orientation toward individualism vs collectivism. Democracies grant citizens power through voting and come in various forms like parliamentary and representative. Totalitarian systems concentrate power in the state and demand unquestioning support of ideology. Political risk for businesses includes systematic, procedural, distributive, and catastrophic risks from changes in foreign political systems and conditions.
The document discusses four major economic systems - communist, capitalist, socialist, and Scandinavian social democracy/mixed systems. It provides details on the key characteristics, examples of countries that implemented each system, and debates their advantages and disadvantages. The communist system is described as having the government own all production and allocate resources, while the capitalist system is based on private ownership and free markets. The document notes that pure socialist systems have failed to incentivize workers and allocate resources efficiently. It describes the Scandinavian mixed model as combining free markets with extensive social welfare programs funded by high taxes, and debates whether this model could work in other nations.
This document discusses political ideologies and compares the platforms of liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism. It provides samples of core beliefs and policy positions for each ideology, including views on taxes, the role of government, social issues, and the environment. Students engaged in activities to explore their own values and compare them to the different party platforms. They were assigned a reflection comparing whether they believe government should be smaller or larger, supported by examples from the reading.
Political parties in the United States are decentralized organizations with national, state, and local components. At the national level, each party has a national committee led by a chairperson that oversees the national convention, campaign committees, and fundraising efforts. While the President nominally leads their party, control is diffuse. Parties must satisfy a wide range of voters due to federalism and the decentralized nature of the American political system.
The document discusses the concept and history of welfare states. It defines a welfare state as a system where the government takes primary responsibility for citizens' social and economic welfare. The foundations of modern welfare states began in the 1940s after WWII. The document then analyzes different models of welfare states and the declining support for welfare in countries like the US and UK due to rising costs and conservative reforms. It also discusses challenges facing welfare states due to aging populations and the Nepali context of widespread poverty.
Political parties play several key roles in American democracy. They nominate candidates, help present options to voters, and link the people to their government. The two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, have dominated U.S. politics for over 150 years due to factors such as the single-member district electoral system and election laws that favor the major parties. While other countries often have multi-party systems, America's "two-party system" has endured due to ideological consensus among the public and parties occupying the political center.
conomic Environment refers to all those economic factors, which have a bearing on the functioning of a business. Business depends on the economic environment for all the needed inputs. It also depends on the economic environment to sell the finished goods. Naturally, the dependence of business on the economic environment is total and is not surprising because, as it is rightly said, business is one unit of the total economy.
Economic environment influences the business to a great extent. It refers to all those economic factors which affect the functioning of a business unit. Dependence of business on economic environment is total — i.e. for input and also to sell the finished goods. Trained economists supplying the Macro economic forecast and research are found in major companies in manufacturing, commerce and finance which prove the importance of economic environment in business. The following factors constitute economic environment of business:
(a) Economic system
(b) Economic planning
(c) Industry
(d) Agriculture
(e) Infrastructure
(f) Financial & fiscal sectors
(g) Removal of regional imbalances
(h) Price & distribution controls
(i) Economic reforms
(j) Human resource and
(k) Per capita income and national income
Credits : Christ uni.
This document discusses the Christian Right movement in American politics. It explores why people support or join the movement, examining personality and group membership explanations. While the movement aims to defend conservative Christian values, opponents argue it seeks to impose its interpretation of biblical law on others. The document also analyzes the Christian Right agenda on issues like abortion, education, gay rights, and whether the US is a Christian nation. It considers arguments that the movement both enhances and undermines American democracy.
This document discusses several key Christian Right organizations in the US, including Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and Concerned Women for America. It also discusses other related groups and how the Christian Right aims to influence politics through supporting candidates, mobilizing voters, and advocating for issues at the local, state and national levels through various tactics like initiatives and lobbying efforts. The Christian Right primarily partners with the Republican party and seeks to advance its agenda through the presidency, congress, courts and other levels of government.
This document discusses the origins and history of the Christian Right movement in the United States from the early 20th century to the present. It outlines the emergence of fundamentalism and Pentecostalism as the two religious movements that formed the base of support. It then examines the political activism of fundamentalists on issues like anti-evolutionism and anticommunism. It analyzes the rise of prominent Christian Right organizations like the Moral Majority and the changing constituencies they attempt to appeal to over time.
The document provides an overview of the Christian Right movement in American politics. It discusses what the Christian Right is, including that it aims to mobilize conservative Christians into political action. It outlines some of the major organizations that are part of the Christian Right. The document also discusses the controversies around the movement, including objections to its goals of imposing conservative Christian values and the debate around the separation of church and state in American politics.
The chapter discusses the future possibilities and dilemmas facing the Christian Right movement in American politics. It explores whether the movement can expand its constituency while maintaining its enthusiasm. It also examines the challenges of pursuing moderate vs. radical positions and working solely within the Republican party or taking a non-partisan approach. Younger evangelicals may be less willing to engage in politics compared to older generations. The long term impact and sustainability of the Christian Right movement remains uncertain.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch8PoliSciDep
More than two-thirds of Supreme Court establishment clause cases concern religion and public education. The cases fall into two phases: from 1948-1987, the Court applied a strict separation of church and state using logic. Beginning in 1981 and escalating after 1990, the Court used a new "equal access" logic. The document then discusses key separationist cases from this earlier phase such as McCollum v. Board of Education and key equal access cases from the later phase such as Widmar v. Vincent and Good News Club v. Milford Central School.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch7PoliSciDep
This document discusses the various approaches the Supreme Court has taken in Establishment Clause cases regarding the separation of church and state. It outlines seven approaches: separationism, accommodationism, neutrality, endorsement, coercion, equal treatment, and history/tradition. Separationism aimed to prohibit religious symbols and texts in schools, while accommodationism allowed some government support of religion. Neutrality made neutrality the operative principle. Endorsement and coercion focused on not endorsing or coercing religious belief. Equal treatment allowed government support if all groups were treated equally. History/tradition sometimes upheld practices based on long tradition.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch6PoliSciDep
This document summarizes the history of free exercise of religion in America from the 14th Amendment to modern day. It discusses how authority over religious liberty shifted from states to federal courts after the 14th Amendment. It then outlines the Supreme Court's standards of review (rational basis, intermediate, strict scrutiny) used to resolve conflicts between government power and free exercise rights. Key cases addressing polygamy, conscientious objection, and free exercise exemptions are also summarized.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch9PoliSciDep
The Supreme Court's jurisprudence around government and religious education has gone through three phases: an initial accommodationist phase from 1908-1971 where the Court allowed some government support of religious schools; a strict separationist phase from 1971-1986 where the Court prohibited nearly all government aid to religious schools; and a current equal treatment phase since 1986 where the Court has upheld some programs that provide equal benefits to religious and non-religious students.
This document discusses religious organizations and the law under the American constitutional system. It summarizes that the First Amendment protects both free exercise of religion and prohibits establishment of religion. There are three key areas of constitutional consideration: free exercise, establishment, and separation of church and state. Religious groups organize themselves both internally according to beliefs and through legal structures to receive benefits. Disputes over religious property led to Supreme Court cases establishing groups must be treated equally under law but also differently due to religious nature.
The Supreme Court heard four cases in 1961 challenging state rules protecting the Christian Sabbath day. In all four cases, the Court found no violation of the First Amendment. However, these rulings were criticized for failing to acknowledge the Christian origins of Sunday laws or accommodate the religious freedom claims of Jewish merchants.
In 1983, the Court upheld the constitutionality of legislative chaplains in Marsh v. Chambers, ignoring its previous Lemon test. The Court appealed to the unique history of chaplains in the U.S. Subsequent rulings on religious symbols also used or ignored the Lemon test depending on the specific facts and history of the symbol.
This document summarizes the Supreme Court's jurisprudence around government and religious education into three phases: 1) Accommodationist from 1908-1971 where the Court allowed some government support for religious schools; 2) Strict Separationist from 1971-1986 where the Court prohibited most government aid to religious schools using the Lemon test; and 3) Equal Treatment from 1986-2004 where the Court upheld certain programs that provided equal benefits to religious and non-religious students. The document outlines key cases from each era that established the prevailing legal standards.
More than two-thirds of Supreme Court establishment clause cases concern religion and public education. The cases fall into two phases: 1948-1987, where the Court applied a strict separation of religion and public schools; and 1981-present, where the Court used an "equal access" logic. Under separationism, the Court barred religion from public schools, but concerns over students' religious expression and education about religion drove the development of equal access cases allowing religious groups same access to facilities as other groups.
The document discusses the various approaches the Supreme Court has taken in Establishment Clause cases regarding the separation of church and state. It outlines seven approaches: 1) Separationism 2) Accommodationism 3) Neutrality 4) Endorsement 5) No Coercion 6) Strict Neutrality 7) Equal Treatment/Evenhanded Neutrality. For each approach, it provides a brief overview of the logic and examples of associated Supreme Court cases.
The passage discusses the evolution of free exercise jurisprudence in the United States from the late 19th century to present day. It describes how (1) the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the First Amendment's religion clauses, shifting authority over religious liberty from states to federal courts; (2) the Supreme Court has used varying levels of scrutiny (rational basis, intermediate, strict) to resolve conflicts between religious exercise and government power; and (3) through several landmark cases, the Court has both expanded and contracted the scope of protection afforded by the Free Exercise Clause.
For the first 150 years of the American republic, states primarily governed religious rights and liberties, as Congress failed to pass national laws on the topic. Most state constitutions protected liberty of conscience and free exercise of religion. While states sought to maintain religious pluralism and equality among groups, they also patronized a common public Christianity. The frontier provided an outlet for religious diversity. Starting in the 1920s, the Supreme Court began reviewing some state laws related to religion based on a standard of fundamental religious liberty.
The document discusses the role of religion in the early Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention. It notes that while the Continental Congress dealt primarily with military and diplomatic issues, it did pass some resolutions related to religion. The Constitution was largely silent on religion, assuming those matters were for states and individuals. During ratification, the lack of religious protections was controversial, leading to the drafting of the First Amendment's religion clauses to address establishment and free exercise. Debates around interpreting the final language of these clauses allow for different understandings of their scope and meaning.
The document discusses the essential rights and liberties of religion that were foundational to the American constitutional experiment according to founders. It identifies six such principles: liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious pluralism, religious equality, separation of church and state, and disestablishment of religion at least at the national level. These principles worked interdependently to protect against repressive religious establishments while guaranteeing religious freedom for all.
The document discusses four views that were critical to the American constitutional formation on religious liberty: the Puritan view, Evangelical view, Enlightenment view, and Civic Republican view. These four views rejected the traditional Anglican establishment and commonly supported the separation of church and state, freedom from state control over religious institutions, and religion as an unalienable natural right.
The document discusses the historical context surrounding religion and the American constitutional experiment. It outlines the influences on the American founders from the Bible, martyred prophets of religious liberty, European theologians and philosophers, and historical examples. It then examines the relationship between church and state from the first millennium AD through the Protestant Reformation, which broke the unity of Western Christendom and laid the foundation for religious pluralism. Finally, it discusses how competing religious views in Europe were projected onto the colonial settlements in America, with some colonies like Maryland and Pennsylvania experimenting with religious tolerance.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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2. • Sweden, the U.S., and Germany represent different types of
political models found among affluent democracies.
• Political model: countries that share similar institutions, politics,
and policies. Certain types cluster.
• Ex: Democracies in which social democratic parties are dominant
(politics) also tend to have proportional representation electoral
systems (institutions) and be high welfare state spenders (policy).
• Select group of affluent countries: France, Germany and Britain,
the U.S. and Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
• All democracies that are fairly wealthy and have higher per
capita GDP; have moved the furthest along the postindustrial
occupational structure (growth of white-collar, service,
professional, and managerial sector jobs)
Developed Countries & the Good
Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
3. • Three primary models found among
Western countries:
1. Social democratic – Sweden example
2. Extreme market – U.S.
3. Christian democratic political – Germany
Developed Countries & the Good
Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
4. • First emerged in the 19th century to represent the political interests of
a growing and newly-enfranchised working class.
• Many had Marxist origins
• Many shed these ideas in favor of socialism, which could be achieved via
the ballot box and a working class majority.
• Parties dropped revolutionary rhetoric and proposed reforms and
incremental improvements that would lessen the worst aspects of
capitalism.
• Social democratic model best exemplified by Scandinavian countries
of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
• Strong working class; thoroughly capitalist.
• But public sector employment is high, with over 20 percent of the
workforce employed by the state; they deliver an array of welfare state
services.
Social Democracy
Pearson Publishing 2011
5. Social democratic welfare state is
distinctive in many respects:
Critics contend that social democracy
needs to be rethought because of:
•
Eligibility for welfare state
programs is universal.
•
•
The welfare state is
comprehensive; cradle to grave.
•
It is a generous system.
•
•
•
Also provides an extensive array
of services such as health care, day
care, elder care, job training and
after-school programs.
•
Redistributive: reduces inequality
between the rich and the poor.
•
Impact of these: detach a citizen’s
quality of life from their job.
Social Democracy
Pearson Publishing 2011
•
High taxes, large welfare states,
deficit spending.
Undermine the work ethic.
High taxes punish entrepreneurial
risk-taking.
Decline of unions and industry
subverts the working class base of
the party.
6. • Social democracy has been resilient in response to changes.
•
Economists do not find lack of capital or competitiveness or skilled people in these
countries.
• Benefits: allow large workforce of women.
• Highest labor force participation rates among all affluent societies.
• Less fearful of economic change as costs are shared across society not only on
certain workers.
• So less resistant to technological innovation and moving resources from
declining sectors to rising new industries in response to shifting markets.
• Welfare state helps moderate wage demands by offering compensating benefits in
place of higher wages that might hurt competitiveness, and active labor market
policies that offer retraining, job placement, and relocation assistance to unemployed
workers.
• RESULT: highly competitive economies alongside large and redistributive welfare
states.
•
In 2009, the World Economic Forum, a group of world business and political leaders, ranked
Sweden fourth, Denmark fifth, and Norway the fourteenth most competitive economies in the
world.
Social Democracy
Pearson Publishing 2011
7. • Sweden has 9
million people
• 1 million more
than the
population of New
York City
• Country is about
the size of
California
•
Mainstream press has lampooned
Sweden as the country of sex,
suicide, socialism, and spirits.
Working class most successfully
organized.
•
•
•
•
Labor unions; Swedish Social Democratic
Party (SAP)
Industrialization did not begin 1880s,
but it was speedy.
Democracy also got a late start; not
until the end of WWI.
Sweden: Historical Background
Pearson Publishing 2011
8. • Lijphart categorizes Sweden as a “consensual
democracy”
• Political institutions promote “inclusiveness, bargaining and
compromise.”
• Sharing of power – coalition governments are the norm & inclusiveness
of the policy-making process.
• Role of interest groups; views of nongovernmental parties.
• Proportional representation electoral rules ensure that parties with only
modest support win some parliamentary seats.
• Sweden is a parliamentary democracy.
• Riksdag – unicameral legislature; elections every four years (unless
parliament is dissolved, which is rare) – 29 multimember election
districts.
• Strong committee system; strong oversight
• Parliamentary Ombudsman: investigates state agencies for malfeasance.
Sweden: The State
Pearson Publishing 2011
9. • The executive branch dominates policy-making in Sweden, as
it does in all parliamentary democracies.
• Process more inclusive and permeable.
• Tempered by limited form of judicial review.
• Swedish Federalism
• Unitary state, with political power concentrated at the national
level.
• Cabinet appoints the governor to each of the 24 regional,
provincial units.
• Recently the autonomy of regional and local governments has
increased.
• More decentralization
Sweden: The State
Pearson Publishing 2011
10. • Following democratization, the
SAP emerged as the single largest
party in the 1920s.
•
•
•
No significant success until it
dropped the image of a worker’s
party and moved to the “people’s
home”
No to socializing production but
rather to socialize distribution.
This brought success and dominance
for a significant period of time with
some fluctuations.
• Today the Social Democratic vote
fluctuates around 40%
•
•
Concentrated among women, public
sector employees, and a declining
blue collar proletariat.
Must depend on the cooperation of
other parties to govern.
• Most of the change within the
Swedish party system has
occurred among the non-socialist
or right-wing bloc of parties.
•
•
Agrarian Party > Centre Party
Rising fortunes of the Moderate
(critic of tax and spend) and
Christian Democratic Parties
(defends family values)
• Change without change.
•
•
•
•
Emergence of new parties, loss of
support to Social Democrats and
Centre Parties.
Class voting has declined.
Party system no longer defined by
the traditional left-right cleavage of
class divisions.
Social Democrats still dominant
although they had their worst
showing in the 2006 election.
Sweden: The State & Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
12. • Swedish Culture: individualism and statism are respected
and perceived as augmenting each other.
• No serfdom in history thus the belief that individualism,
democracy and freedom are birthrights.
• Legacies can only be achieved through the state, not against it.
• State creates an egalitarian community that protects its members
from the injustice of social inequality and liberates them from
degrading ties of dependency.
• Equalitarian: Swedes less tolerant of wage differentials
between high and low earners than citizens in other countries.
Also approve of government’s efforts to reduce it.
• Value consensus and pragmatism
• Considered a high trust society
• Issues that are emerging: “minority culture of distrust”
Sweden: Political Culture
Pearson Publishing 2011
13. • About 50% of all Swedish citizens are said to derive their income from
the state as either:
• Clients who depend on welfare state programs, or
• Public sector workers who deliver them.
• This gives many an incentive to vote for the Social Democrats; protect their
benefits or their jobs.
• Welfare state originally designed in 1930s to eliminate poverty.
• Transformed in the 1960s to “provide a lifelong middle class standard of
living for all” and redistribute income.
• 1990s Sweden experienced the sharpest recession in its history.
• Economy contracted by 6 percent, unemployment soared from 2 to 12
percent, with the result of a severe budget deficit.
• Required state to trim; became less redistributive.
• More privatization and markets introduced; school choice.
Sweden: Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
14. • Economy is thoroughly capitalist even though it supports a large
welfare state.
• Means of production privately owned and the market rules.
• Model of capitalism based on three precepts:
• Full employment
• Centralized wage bargaining
• Wage solidarity
• This model fell on hard times in the 1990s: major recessionadjustments such as sector level bargaining
• Current Swedish Model may only be a shadow of itself, but it
produces very similar results.
Sweden: Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
15. • Found in former British colonies of Canada, Ireland and the United
States.
• Politically left-wing parties are either completely absent or have been
outsiders in the political process.
• Class identification is very weak; socialist parties have not fared well
due to this.
• Other cleavages in these societies crosscut and weaken class
identification.
• Business has been politically dominant.
• Electoral system is afflicted with low voter turnout (working class
dropped out leaving core of wealthy voters).
• Politicians appeal to this core and ignore the demands of peripheral,
working-class voters.
Extreme Market Democracy
Pearson Publishing 2011
16. • The politics of extreme market democracies distinguishes them from
other Anglo-American democracies such as Britain, Australia, and
New Zealand.
• Share a similar policy profile, but these other countries have
viable Labour Parties that are absent in extreme market
democracies; class is a more significant cleavage.
• Price of a cup of coffee: $3 in Sweden; $1.50 in the U.S. or
less because higher taxes and wages make a cup of coffee
cost more in Sweden than in the U.S.
• However, cost of affordable coffee comes in the form of a
lower standard of living for coffee servers and fewer public
services in the U.S.
Extreme Market Democracy
Pearson Publishing 2011
17. • More likely to leave the production and allocation of goods to
the market more so than other affluent democracies.
• Public sector relatively small.
• Rank low in terms of welfare effort – spend less than 20% of
GDP.
• Targeted at poor.
• Relatively stingy benefit levels.
• Have some institutional variety.
• Federal and unitary systems.
• Interest group structure is similar.
• Union density is low.
Extreme Market Democracy
Pearson Publishing 2011
18. • Nowhere else
is the gap
between the
power of
businesses
versus labor
as large.
• Why? Host of factors:
•
•
•
•
•
Success of American capitalism
seduced workers.
Ethnic and racial tensions
divided workers.
Capitalist values of competition
and individualism distracted
them.
Repression intimidated them.
Some success for workers:
•
New Deal
United States: Historical Background
Pearson Publishing 2011
19. • U.S. has a federal system with power divided vertically
between national and state governments.
• The Constitution also divides power horizontally among the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches to create a system
of checks and balances.
• Founders believed in democracy, but wanted to avoid what
they regarded as its egalitarian consequences: endangerment of
property owners to preserve their property and use it as they
please (Dahl).
• Majority rule difficult when in order to control government a
group must win three different contests: nationally at the
presidential level, at the level of the states in the Senate, and
by district based on population in the House of
Representatives.
United States: The State
Pearson Publishing 2011
20. • President is the “energy center” of the federal government,
setting its agenda and providing leadership to it.
• Have two roles: head of state and head of government.
• Must deal with Congress, interest groups
• Congress: bicameral
• House of Representatives – # districts in state based on population; serve
two year terms
• Senate – 2 from each state; six year terms
• Policy process very involved; many veto-points at which bills can be
defeated.
• Judiciary
• Must depend on the other branches to implement their decisions
• But very influential. Federal judges serve for lifetime tenure; insulated
from political pressure; power of judicial review (gives them authority to
nullify and overturn laws as incompatible with the Constitution).
United States: The State
Pearson Publishing 2011
21. • New Deal made the Democratic
Party into the majority.
•
• Republican Party gained
momentum and changed direction
•
•
•
• Medicare added
• Unions grew
•
Was the ruling party from 1932 to
1994.
Welfare state matured
•
Through the 1960s, worker’s
standards of living rose and
inequality declined.
• New Deal began to unravel in the
1960s
•
•
•
Civil rights
Cultural issues: abortion, feminism
Policy failure: did not deal with
unemployment and inflation
Turned right and moved south
First evident at the presidential
level
1994 congressional elections
• Unclear whether Democratic
sweep of 2008 means a new
period of Democratic Party rule
•
May simply reflect the failed
policies of Republican President
George W. Bush
United States: The State & Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
23. • The two parties are almost equal in strength, but their
differences are profound.
• They have become internally more cohesive; very limited
differences among members within the party, BUT
• Externally, they are very polarized. This means the
differences between the two major parties are stark.
• The moderate center has disappeared.
• Consequently, American politics is more ideological,
with more party discipline, and it is now harder to forge
bipartisan compromises.
United States: The State & Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
25. • The American state was designed by people who were deeply
suspicious and skeptical of it.
• Created fragmented government with checks and balances to
produce limited government.
• Liberal capitalism was unchallenged because the U.S. never had a
feudal past that nourished alternatives such as socialism and
fascism.
• In the U.S. there is consensus over the liberal democratic
model, so basic principles rarely compete.
• Arguments do arise over the interpretation of common liberal
democratic values.
• Americans are strong individualists.
• Independence and self-reliance; responsible for own life
• Political equality and democracy
United States: Political Culture
Pearson Publishing 2011
26. • Class differences in political participation are greater in the U.S. than
in other affluent democracies.
• Playing field of politics very tilted in the favor of those with means.
• Reflected in public policy: collects less in taxes and spends less as a
proportion of GDP than almost any other rich democracy.
• Business enjoys autonomy in U.S. compared to other western
democracies
• Less collective bargaining; state regulations governing the workplace are
minimal and not vigorously enforced.
• Letting markets rule has encouraged innovation and wealth.
• Negative result is that there is more inequality and greater volatility than
in other affluent democracies.
United States: Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
27. • Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany are countries that follow the
Christian democratic model.
• Christian democratic parties often largest though not dominant party; size
and location in the middle of the political spectrum make them frequent
partners in any ruling coalition.
•
•
•
•
First arose in the 19th century when state attempted to take over education and
family policy that churches believed properly belonged to them.
Today not so linked to churches. Mostly secular parties and present themselves
more as defenders of Christian values more than Church dogma.
Seek to moderate class cleavages at the same time they defend class
differences.
Safeguard strength of the family and moral authority of the Church from threats
posed to them by divisive class conflict, an intrusive market and an
encroaching state.
Pearson Publishing 2011
28. • Christian democracy
believes in capitalism but
does not like its inegalitarian
effects.
• Supports welfare state and
unions.
• Tend to be high tax and
spend states due to their
welfare support.
• Do not offer the array of
collective services that
social democrats do.
• Rather they provide transfer
payments in order to
provide income security to
families.
• Distrustful of too much state
intervention.
Pearson Publishing 2011
• Parliamentary democracies
• Some variation among the states: Netherlands has
no judicial review; Belgium and Austria only mild
forms of it.
• German Federal Constitutional Court can nullify
laws it finds unconstitutional
• Germany is a federal sate in which powers are
reserved to the lander, or states, which elect their
own officials and raise their own revenue. Belgium
also high degree of federalism.
• Corporatism is most important feature:
• Groups are organized into a limited number of
hierarchical associations and recognized by the
state and participate in the policy making
process.
29. • Volatile history
• Span of 100 years:
victory, defeat,
scarcity, prosperity,
fascism, communist
party dictatorship, and
parliamentary
democracy.
• Borders in flux
• Now biggest country in
Europe
• 82 million people
• Fourth largest economy
• Late start politically: Otto Von Bismarck united
small independent principalities into modern
German state in 1871.
• Agrarian feudal society
• Rapid transformation
• WWI = defeat in greatest mass slaughter
brought an end to the Second Reich
• Weimer Republican – first democracy but a
troubled one
•
•
•
Political and economic problems
Nazi Party; Hitler, 1932
WWII – German armies invaded Poland in 1939
•
•
•
•
At first success – occupied much of Europe
May 1945 – Russian, Britain and America forced surrender
Occupation of the Allies; four zones; reduced to two during
Cold War
East and West Germany
Germany: Historical Background
Pearson Publishing 2011
31. • Semi-sovereign character attributed to:
• Federal character in which authority is divided between the central
government and 16 federal states, or lander.
• The states raise their own taxes and elect their own governments but select
members to the Bundesrat, the upper house of the national legislature,
which has veto powers over bills that affect their jurisdictions.
• European Union has some authority in some policy arenas
• Trade, environmental policy, and border controls
• European Central Bank
•
Monetary policy
• Fiscal policy constrained by EU agreements
• Laws are subject to judicial review by the European Court of Justice
• Role of interest groups as constraints
• Role of bicameralism
• Bundesrat, upper chamber; Bundestag, lower chamber, selects government
• Divided government becoming more prevalent
• Ruling coalitions less stable and predictable
Germany: The State
Pearson Publishing 2011
32. • Elections to the Bundestag occur every four years.
• Early elections can occur following no-confidence votes.
• Citizens cast two ballots in electing deputies to the lower house.
•
•
One for party they favor and one for candidate of the party they favor among a
list of choices.
Proportional representation; must win at least 5 % of the vote before being
awarded representation.
• Head of state is the president
• Ceremonial functions and selects a party leader to form a government.
• Head of government is the chancellor
• Commands majority support in the Bundestag
• Most powerful position in the German political system; but less powerful than
other chief executives; powers are limited by coalition treaties they negotiate
with their partners in government and by ministers they appoint.
• Generally stable
• Has problems: immigration, balancing the budget, reviving the economy
• May be difficult to attain consensus and incremental solutions
Germany: The State
Pearson Publishing 2011
33. • East Germany versus West Germany
• Planned economy and communism versus capitalist democracy
• SPD Social Democratic Party
• Rise to power
• Unification – East Germany incorporated into FRG as five new
federal states.
• Accelerated dealignment of the party system; new party
emerged: Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), to attract voters
from disgruntled East Germans
• 1998- CDU-FDP ruling government led by H. Kohl was defeated
by a coalition of the SDP and the Greens.
• Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder (1998-2005)
• 2005 close race between CDU and SPD
• Angela Merkel of CDU became Chancellor – allied with FDP to
form government
Germany: The State & Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
34. • Reconstructed culture after a past that had
glorified militarism, nationalism and antiSemitism.
• Contrition
• Imposition
• Based on new principles: demilitarization,
post-nationalistic, supporters of European
unity, pro-democracy, unification, immigration
Germany: Political Culture
Pearson Publishing 2011
35. • Post-WWII revival steady and fast economic
growth
• High wages; low inflation and generous welfare
benefits
• Renowned as a producer of high-quality manufactured
goods; until recent economic global downturn,
Germany exported more goods on a per capita basis
than any country in the world.
• MODEL: social market economy
• As little state intervention as possible and as much
state intervention as necessary
• Role of government: to promote cooperation among its
different actors.
Germany: Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
36. • German Model of the social market economy delivered it
all: high quality products, high wages, high fringe
benefits, high levels of worker representation, and high
levels of time off work.
• Model rested upon consensus and coordination of well organized
and powerful private actors, including employer associations,
unions, and banks that the state helped bring together.
• Growth rates began to decline in 1980s and 1990s. Almost no
growth since 2000.
• Created labor market issues.
• Models advantages now considered part of problem – erosion of
support for the model.
• More assertive in foreign policy, but economic problems
have weakened the “soft power” it might have wielded.
Germany : Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
37. Problem
Methods and Hypothesis
• Why did the unions create
leftist parties in Britain, want
nothing to do with them in the
United States (using picket
lines rather than the ballot
box), and get radicalized
(unions and socialism) by them
in Germany?
• Marks goes back to the late 19th
and early 20th century to
compare union strategies at the
national level in these three
states.
• Hypothesizes that unions that
could control their labor
market would choose
collective bargaining over
electoral activity and unions
that faced hostile legal
environments would be
radicalized by it.
Comparative Political Analysis:
Why do Unions Pursue Different Strategies in Response to Similar
Challenges?
Pearson Publishing 2011
38. Operationalization
Results
•
•
• Marks found that skilled unions in
the AFL pursued their interest
through collective bargaining.
• Where the labor market included
unskilled workers as well as
unskilled workers in large voting
blocs, unions would instead try to
make gains through politics – British
Unions did through the Labour
Party.
• Unions in a hostile legal
environment that constrained
organizing adopted a socialist
orientation as they did in Germany.
Dependent variable is union strategy.
Influenced by two independent
variables: organizational strength of
unions (how encompassing they
were) and the legal framework
(regulatory legislation of union
activity and workers’ political rights
to strike, and voting rights) in which
they operate.
Comparative Political Analysis:
Why do Unions Pursue Different Strategies in Response to Similar
Challenges?
Pearson Publishing 2011
39. Physical Well-being
Informed-Decision Making
• Poverty rates will provide a better,
more discriminating and accurate
measure.
• Poverty line for family in four in
2008 in the U.S. was $22,025 –
adjust measure for comparison.
• Sweden and Germany perform
better than the U.S.
• Only measuring income; do not
include public services or welfare
benefits, which are greater in
Sweden and Germany.
• Literacy rates are 99 percent in each
of the three states.
• Use International Adult Literacy
Survey as a more discerning
measure.
•
Five levels with III, IV, and V being the
higher literacy levels.
• Proportion of citizens whose
average scores placed them in level
one or two, which are the lowest
levels.
• Sweden had far fewer citizens (only
23%) in the lower levels than the
U.S. and Germany, whose
percentages in the lower literacy
levels were relatively close and
roughly double that of Sweden.
Comparing Capabilities Among Sweden, the U.S. & Germany: A
more difficult task needing more subtle measures
Pearson Publishing 2011
42. Safety
Civil/Political Rights
• Sweden, the U.S. and
Germany do not suffer from
political violence and civil
war.
• But physical safety is still
an issue.
• Homicide rate data show
that Germany and Sweden
perform similarly and the
U.S. clearly performed
worst according to this
measure.
• Need to examine the quality
of rights given they all have
these rights.
• Measuring the quality of
democracy is difficult.
• U.N. Human Development
Report: 5 criteria
• On four no difference found
among our case studies; only
difference on Voice and
Accountability
• Sweden, Germany, then U.S.
Democracy, Authoritarianism, & the Good Society:
How do they compare on capabilities?
Pearson Publishing 2011
45. • Some political models are better able to create conditions
that enhance the capability of their citizens more than
others.
• Social democracy, in the form of Sweden, generally
performed better than the other models.
• Christian democracy did better at meeting the physical
needs of their citizens.
• Extreme market democracies came in last according to
the author’s criteria and tests utilized.
Conclusion: Political Models & the Good
Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
46. • How would you operationalize the four criteria we
use to assess regime performance? Using your
measures, which countries enhance the capabilities
of their citizens most and come closest to the
standard of the Good Society?
• Do you think the different regimes among western
democracies are converging, becoming more alike, in
any of the areas we investigated: politics, political
institutions, political culture, or political economy?
Or have their differences in all of these arenas
remained profound?
Critical Thinking Questions
Pearson Publishing 2011
47. • What would have had to be different for the United
States to end up like Germany or Sweden?
• What do you believe is the greatest challenge social
democratic, liberal democratic, and Christian
democratic regimes face today? In what respect are
their challenges similar to each other or specific to
each model?
• What do you see as the strengths and weaknesses of
each political model?
Critical Thinking Questions
Pearson Publishing 2011