The document discusses different forms of state intervention in market systems and their impact on society. It provides examples of fiscal policy, monetary policy, regulation, and nationalization used by states to influence economic conditions. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of market systems and debates around balancing state intervention with free markets. Figures and tables are presented analyzing the relationship between different political economies and outcomes like physical well-being, education, and safety. The conclusion discusses finding the right balance between states and markets.
The document discusses several topics related to democracy including:
- The rise of democracy worldwide in the late 20th century, particularly after the fall of authoritarian regimes.
- The definition and types of democracy, including direct vs representative democracy and presidential vs parliamentary systems.
- Factors that influence transitions to democracy such as waves of democratization over time and domestic/international influences.
- The impact of electoral rules and systems on party politics and governance models in different countries.
- Comparisons of economic development and human capabilities under democratic vs authoritarian governments.
The document discusses reasons for differences in economic development levels among countries. It explores factors such as imperialism, geography, culture, institutions, and leadership that may help explain why some nations became highly developed while others remained less developed. Geography can provide advantages or disadvantages, but alone does not account for all variations. Imperialism may have allowed some powers to exploit others' wealth. Culture and institutions also influenced economic success, but also require deeper explanation for why some countries established market-enabling frameworks while others did not. Overall, the document examines complex historical forces behind global imbalances in economic development.
This document provides an overview of different levels of democracy in developing countries through case studies of Nigeria, Brazil, and Iran. Nigeria has a weak democracy with a history of military rule and ethnic divisions weakening its institutions. Brazil has an electoral democracy with strong state capacity but unequal distribution of wealth and power. Iran has an electoral authoritarian system where elections mask the authoritarian control of the unelected Supreme Leader over key decisions and repression of opposition. The document examines the political systems, histories, cultures, and economies of each case study country.
The document summarizes different political models found among affluent democracies: the social democratic model exemplified by Scandinavian countries like Sweden; the extreme market model of the United States; and the Christian democratic model found in countries like Germany. It discusses the historical development, political institutions, and welfare policies of these different models.
The documents discuss different aspects of political institutions and the state. They examine how states emerged in response to complexity and insecurity. States attempt to pursue interests like revenue collection but can sometimes create negatives. The documents analyze forms of power like cultural, economic and political power. They also compare features of political systems like federalism versus unitary systems and the different branches of government. Research on consensus versus majoritarian democracies found consensus models performed better socially and politically, though not necessarily economically.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
This chapter discusses the linkages between states and societies through various forms of political participation such as political parties, interest groups, social movements, and patron-client relations. It argues that some states can effectively govern despite these demands placed on them, while others experience a crisis of governability in which they struggle to govern effectively. Strong states are generally better able to respond to societal demands and transform them into policy, while weak states become overwhelmed by these demands.
This document discusses different approaches to defining and measuring what constitutes a "good society". It examines Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross National Happiness (GNH) as two potential measures and identifies flaws in both. Specifically, GNP fails to consider how wealth is distributed or non-monetary activities, while GNH overlooks cultural differences in what satisfies individuals. The document argues capabilities approach, focusing on physical well-being, personal safety, informed decision-making and civil/political rights, provides a better standard for evaluating societies by allowing people freedom to live as they choose. It gives infant mortality rates as an example for measuring physical well-being capabilities across countries.
The document discusses several topics related to democracy including:
- The rise of democracy worldwide in the late 20th century, particularly after the fall of authoritarian regimes.
- The definition and types of democracy, including direct vs representative democracy and presidential vs parliamentary systems.
- Factors that influence transitions to democracy such as waves of democratization over time and domestic/international influences.
- The impact of electoral rules and systems on party politics and governance models in different countries.
- Comparisons of economic development and human capabilities under democratic vs authoritarian governments.
The document discusses reasons for differences in economic development levels among countries. It explores factors such as imperialism, geography, culture, institutions, and leadership that may help explain why some nations became highly developed while others remained less developed. Geography can provide advantages or disadvantages, but alone does not account for all variations. Imperialism may have allowed some powers to exploit others' wealth. Culture and institutions also influenced economic success, but also require deeper explanation for why some countries established market-enabling frameworks while others did not. Overall, the document examines complex historical forces behind global imbalances in economic development.
This document provides an overview of different levels of democracy in developing countries through case studies of Nigeria, Brazil, and Iran. Nigeria has a weak democracy with a history of military rule and ethnic divisions weakening its institutions. Brazil has an electoral democracy with strong state capacity but unequal distribution of wealth and power. Iran has an electoral authoritarian system where elections mask the authoritarian control of the unelected Supreme Leader over key decisions and repression of opposition. The document examines the political systems, histories, cultures, and economies of each case study country.
The document summarizes different political models found among affluent democracies: the social democratic model exemplified by Scandinavian countries like Sweden; the extreme market model of the United States; and the Christian democratic model found in countries like Germany. It discusses the historical development, political institutions, and welfare policies of these different models.
The documents discuss different aspects of political institutions and the state. They examine how states emerged in response to complexity and insecurity. States attempt to pursue interests like revenue collection but can sometimes create negatives. The documents analyze forms of power like cultural, economic and political power. They also compare features of political systems like federalism versus unitary systems and the different branches of government. Research on consensus versus majoritarian democracies found consensus models performed better socially and politically, though not necessarily economically.
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
This chapter discusses the linkages between states and societies through various forms of political participation such as political parties, interest groups, social movements, and patron-client relations. It argues that some states can effectively govern despite these demands placed on them, while others experience a crisis of governability in which they struggle to govern effectively. Strong states are generally better able to respond to societal demands and transform them into policy, while weak states become overwhelmed by these demands.
This document discusses different approaches to defining and measuring what constitutes a "good society". It examines Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross National Happiness (GNH) as two potential measures and identifies flaws in both. Specifically, GNP fails to consider how wealth is distributed or non-monetary activities, while GNH overlooks cultural differences in what satisfies individuals. The document argues capabilities approach, focusing on physical well-being, personal safety, informed decision-making and civil/political rights, provides a better standard for evaluating societies by allowing people freedom to live as they choose. It gives infant mortality rates as an example for measuring physical well-being capabilities across countries.
This document provides an overview of communism and post-communism in Russia and China. It discusses the key features of communist rule, including communist party rule and centrally planned economies. It examines how post-communist regimes have faced challenges restructuring these institutional features. Case studies of Russia and China are presented. For Russia, it describes the transition from communist to electoral authoritarian rule and the country's mixed economy. For China, it outlines how the communist regime has adapted by allowing more economic freedom and private enterprise while maintaining one-party rule.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It begins by introducing the premise that authoritarian regimes persist despite predictions of their demise. It then defines authoritarianism and differentiates authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. The main body describes four types of authoritarian regimes: monarchies, military regimes, single-party regimes, and electoral authoritarian regimes. For each type it provides examples, characteristics, and how they seek legitimacy. It concludes by considering challenges and risks of electoral authoritarian regimes.
This document discusses several topics related to governance, political economy, and emerging opportunities:
- It outlines theories of political economy and challenges to neoliberal economics, discussing alternative frameworks like Donut Economics.
- It describes the structure of US and Texas governments, including concepts like federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances.
- It notes that government and the economy are intertwined and that economic paradigms change in response to new realities, like crises exposing flaws in existing models.
- Finally, it discusses how cultural hegemony and agents of socialization can influence opinions but that emerging technologies and crises may expand policy debates.
Peacebuilding from below The case of ZimbabweSheunesu Hove
This document summarizes a lecture on peacebuilding from below using the case study of Zimbabwe. It discusses key aspects of local peacebuilding initiatives including addressing social issues like disparities and capacity building. It analyzes Zimbabwe's land reforms and issues around elections and violence. The document also summarizes a local initiative called the Global Political Agreement and discusses the importance of inclusive peacebuilding that involves communities. It notes challenges such as lack of community ownership in the peace process.
The document discusses the roles and influence of interest groups in the US political system. It defines interest groups as collections of people who work to shape public policy to their benefit on issues they share views on. Interest groups try to influence policymaking and public opinion through both direct lobbying of government officials and indirect grassroots efforts. They employ tactics like contributing to political campaigns, conducting propaganda, and mobilizing their members to contact elected representatives.
The document discusses the political environment and risks that multinational companies face when operating abroad. It notes that political climates are complex and can change over time. The document outlines several political risks, such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and creeping expropriation. It also discusses indicators of political instability, attitudes of host nations, and policies of host governments that companies should analyze when evaluating foreign markets.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
Public opinion consists of attitudes held by many people about politics and government. It is shaped by factors like family, education, media, and historical events. Public opinion is measured through elections, polls, and media reporting. Scientific polls sample a representative group to accurately measure views. Major forms of media that influence public opinion are television, newspapers, radio, magazines, and the internet. Television and internet use has grown as sources for political news.
This document summarizes a chapter about interest groups in American politics. It defines interest groups and discusses how they form and sustain themselves. It identifies two main types of interest groups - economic groups that represent business interests and policy groups that advocate for ideological positions. The document then outlines different techniques interest groups use to influence policy, such as lobbying, grassroots organizing, and campaign finance. It also discusses debates around the role of interest groups in deliberative democracy and citizen participation.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
This document provides an overview of political environments and systems that multinational enterprises must consider. It discusses key aspects of political systems including public and non-public institutions, internal and external forces, and political processes. It also outlines different political ideologies like liberalism and conservatism. Different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism are compared in terms of their characteristics. Factors that influence political risk for businesses are also examined.
This document defines and provides examples of various types of economic institutions:
- Economic institutions include banks, government organizations, and investment funds that deal with money management and distribution of goods/services.
- Reciprocity in social psychology refers to repaying favors to maintain relationships. Non-state institutions include private banks and corporations not controlled by government. Market transactions involve exchange of goods/services but exclude some and include some non-market production to measure economic output. Transnational advocacy groups are networks united around issues crossing multiple countries. Development agencies and international organizations promote cooperation among members.
The document discusses American economic policy, including its history and key elements like fiscal policy, monetary policy, and regulatory policy. Fiscal policy involves taxes, spending, and the budget, while monetary policy is managed by the Federal Reserve to influence interest rates and money supply. Regulatory policy oversees financial markets and international trade. Economic goals include growth, low unemployment and inflation. Deliberating optimal policy involves weighing tradeoffs among economic and political perspectives.
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
The document discusses John Locke's political philosophy and theory of social contract. It defines a political society as a community living under one government through consent of the governed and majority rule. Locke believed people voluntarily enter political societies through social consent for protection of natural rights and that government power comes from the consent of the people. The document also discusses key concepts in universal social thought like subsidiarity, supporting roles in society, and solidarity, or unity among members of a community.
INT’L COOPERATION POLICY SEMINAR (Prof. Hirotsune KIMURA)
June 26th, 2002
Chapter 9: The Desarrollista State in Brazil and Mexico
Tri Widodo W. Utomo (M1-DICOS)
This document discusses the political and legal environments that international businesses must navigate. It defines key concepts like political systems, ideologies, and forms of government. Totalitarianism and its various forms are explained. Characteristics of democratic governments are provided. The document also covers types of political risk, host government actions, establishing political strategies, and different legal systems. Regulatory changes are outlined regarding how companies can alter, avoid, accede to, or ally with government actions.
The document discusses the political and legal environments facing international business. It defines political systems and legal systems, outlines different types of political and legal systems around the world, and examines trends in these systems. It also profiles the concepts of political risk and intellectual property rights, and how they relate to conducting business internationally.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
International business involves commercial transactions between parties in different countries to achieve profit. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated world economy through the globalization of markets and production. Key drivers of globalization include declining trade barriers, foreign investment barriers, technological advances in communication and transportation, and changing world economic demographics. However, there is debate around the impacts of globalization on issues such as jobs, income inequality, labor and environmental standards, and national sovereignty.
This document provides an overview of communism and post-communism in Russia and China. It discusses the key features of communist rule, including communist party rule and centrally planned economies. It examines how post-communist regimes have faced challenges restructuring these institutional features. Case studies of Russia and China are presented. For Russia, it describes the transition from communist to electoral authoritarian rule and the country's mixed economy. For China, it outlines how the communist regime has adapted by allowing more economic freedom and private enterprise while maintaining one-party rule.
This document discusses different types of authoritarian regimes. It begins by introducing the premise that authoritarian regimes persist despite predictions of their demise. It then defines authoritarianism and differentiates authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. The main body describes four types of authoritarian regimes: monarchies, military regimes, single-party regimes, and electoral authoritarian regimes. For each type it provides examples, characteristics, and how they seek legitimacy. It concludes by considering challenges and risks of electoral authoritarian regimes.
This document discusses several topics related to governance, political economy, and emerging opportunities:
- It outlines theories of political economy and challenges to neoliberal economics, discussing alternative frameworks like Donut Economics.
- It describes the structure of US and Texas governments, including concepts like federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances.
- It notes that government and the economy are intertwined and that economic paradigms change in response to new realities, like crises exposing flaws in existing models.
- Finally, it discusses how cultural hegemony and agents of socialization can influence opinions but that emerging technologies and crises may expand policy debates.
Peacebuilding from below The case of ZimbabweSheunesu Hove
This document summarizes a lecture on peacebuilding from below using the case study of Zimbabwe. It discusses key aspects of local peacebuilding initiatives including addressing social issues like disparities and capacity building. It analyzes Zimbabwe's land reforms and issues around elections and violence. The document also summarizes a local initiative called the Global Political Agreement and discusses the importance of inclusive peacebuilding that involves communities. It notes challenges such as lack of community ownership in the peace process.
The document discusses the roles and influence of interest groups in the US political system. It defines interest groups as collections of people who work to shape public policy to their benefit on issues they share views on. Interest groups try to influence policymaking and public opinion through both direct lobbying of government officials and indirect grassroots efforts. They employ tactics like contributing to political campaigns, conducting propaganda, and mobilizing their members to contact elected representatives.
The document discusses the political environment and risks that multinational companies face when operating abroad. It notes that political climates are complex and can change over time. The document outlines several political risks, such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and creeping expropriation. It also discusses indicators of political instability, attitudes of host nations, and policies of host governments that companies should analyze when evaluating foreign markets.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
Public opinion consists of attitudes held by many people about politics and government. It is shaped by factors like family, education, media, and historical events. Public opinion is measured through elections, polls, and media reporting. Scientific polls sample a representative group to accurately measure views. Major forms of media that influence public opinion are television, newspapers, radio, magazines, and the internet. Television and internet use has grown as sources for political news.
This document summarizes a chapter about interest groups in American politics. It defines interest groups and discusses how they form and sustain themselves. It identifies two main types of interest groups - economic groups that represent business interests and policy groups that advocate for ideological positions. The document then outlines different techniques interest groups use to influence policy, such as lobbying, grassroots organizing, and campaign finance. It also discusses debates around the role of interest groups in deliberative democracy and citizen participation.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
This document provides an overview of political environments and systems that multinational enterprises must consider. It discusses key aspects of political systems including public and non-public institutions, internal and external forces, and political processes. It also outlines different political ideologies like liberalism and conservatism. Different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism are compared in terms of their characteristics. Factors that influence political risk for businesses are also examined.
This document defines and provides examples of various types of economic institutions:
- Economic institutions include banks, government organizations, and investment funds that deal with money management and distribution of goods/services.
- Reciprocity in social psychology refers to repaying favors to maintain relationships. Non-state institutions include private banks and corporations not controlled by government. Market transactions involve exchange of goods/services but exclude some and include some non-market production to measure economic output. Transnational advocacy groups are networks united around issues crossing multiple countries. Development agencies and international organizations promote cooperation among members.
The document discusses American economic policy, including its history and key elements like fiscal policy, monetary policy, and regulatory policy. Fiscal policy involves taxes, spending, and the budget, while monetary policy is managed by the Federal Reserve to influence interest rates and money supply. Regulatory policy oversees financial markets and international trade. Economic goals include growth, low unemployment and inflation. Deliberating optimal policy involves weighing tradeoffs among economic and political perspectives.
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
The document discusses John Locke's political philosophy and theory of social contract. It defines a political society as a community living under one government through consent of the governed and majority rule. Locke believed people voluntarily enter political societies through social consent for protection of natural rights and that government power comes from the consent of the people. The document also discusses key concepts in universal social thought like subsidiarity, supporting roles in society, and solidarity, or unity among members of a community.
INT’L COOPERATION POLICY SEMINAR (Prof. Hirotsune KIMURA)
June 26th, 2002
Chapter 9: The Desarrollista State in Brazil and Mexico
Tri Widodo W. Utomo (M1-DICOS)
This document discusses the political and legal environments that international businesses must navigate. It defines key concepts like political systems, ideologies, and forms of government. Totalitarianism and its various forms are explained. Characteristics of democratic governments are provided. The document also covers types of political risk, host government actions, establishing political strategies, and different legal systems. Regulatory changes are outlined regarding how companies can alter, avoid, accede to, or ally with government actions.
The document discusses the political and legal environments facing international business. It defines political systems and legal systems, outlines different types of political and legal systems around the world, and examines trends in these systems. It also profiles the concepts of political risk and intellectual property rights, and how they relate to conducting business internationally.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
International business involves commercial transactions between parties in different countries to achieve profit. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated world economy through the globalization of markets and production. Key drivers of globalization include declining trade barriers, foreign investment barriers, technological advances in communication and transportation, and changing world economic demographics. However, there is debate around the impacts of globalization on issues such as jobs, income inequality, labor and environmental standards, and national sovereignty.
business policy and competitive policy Ayush Parekh
This document provides an overview of the global political environment and how it impacts international business. It discusses the forces driving globalization and the resulting political turbulence. Emerging markets present both opportunities and risks for businesses due to political instability. The types of political systems around the world are described, from democratic to totalitarian. The document also examines how governments intervene in trade through various policies and regulations. Finally, it defines political risk for businesses operating globally as the risk of loss due to events stemming from political instability.
Slides_01.ppt Globalization by Charles W. HillChilumbaBwalya2
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization. It defines globalization as the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Key aspects discussed include the globalization of markets and production, the role of global institutions in regulating trade and finance, and factors driving globalization like declining trade barriers and technological advances. Both opportunities and challenges of globalization for firms and societies are addressed.
Examines the phenomenon as well its impacts and possible ways of moving forward. Used for my presentation to Parliamentarians and invited guests in Bucharest, Romania, in the wonderful Palace of the Parliament in October 2015. There was a good discussion!
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization including:
1. It defines globalization as the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy, with two facets being the globalization of markets and the globalization of production.
2. It discusses the emergence of global institutions like the WTO, IMF, World Bank, and UN that help manage and regulate the global marketplace.
3. The main drivers of globalization are identified as the decline in trade and investment barriers since WWII and technological changes that have reduced communication and transportation costs.
4. There have been significant changes in the global economic landscape over the past 50 years including rising economic output in developing countries and a shift in
The document discusses several elements of clear thinking about economic progress and the role of government. It argues that while government can promote progress by protecting rights and providing public goods, political allocation of resources is less efficient than market allocation. Special interest groups will use the democratic political process to benefit themselves at the expense of taxpayers. Unless constrained, legislators will run deficits and overspend. Government slows progress when it favors some groups over others. The net gain to recipients of government transfers is often less than the amount received due to unintended consequences. Central planning replaces efficient markets with inefficient politics. Competition is important for improving government as well as markets. Constitutional rules are needed to align political and economic incentives to promote progress.
The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of globalization. It begins by explaining mainstream economic views of globalization as increasing international trade and integration of markets. It also discusses emerging views that see globalization's impacts as reaching beyond economics to transform political, social and cultural institutions as well. Globalization is described as occurring through various dimensions including changes in firms and production processes, the rise of global governance systems, and social and environmental movements. The challenges it poses for government policymaking are noted. Overall, the summary captures that the document presents a wide-ranging overview of concepts and debates surrounding the multidimensional nature and impacts of globalization.
The document discusses key elements of a country's economic environment that impact business operations. It identifies factors such as gross national income, gross domestic product, per capita income, growth rates, purchasing power, human development index, inflation, employment, debt, income distribution, poverty, labor costs, and productivity. It also explains different economic systems including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategy decisions.
This document discusses measuring inequality and redistribution across advanced economies. It begins by explaining how inequality is typically measured using the Gini coefficient, with higher scores indicating higher inequality. Graphs show Gini coefficient scores for OECD countries in the mid-2000s, with the US and UK having among the highest inequality and Scandinavian countries the lowest. The document then discusses other measures of inequality within and between different income groups. It examines factors that influence inequality levels between countries like the strength of labor organizations, economic openness, and welfare institutions and traditions.
This document discusses measuring inequality and redistribution across advanced economies. It begins by explaining how inequality is typically measured using the Gini coefficient, with higher scores indicating higher inequality. Graphs show Gini coefficient scores for OECD countries in the mid-2000s, with the US and UK having among the highest inequality. The document also examines inequality within countries using income deciles and discusses factors that can influence inequality levels between nations, such as the strength of organized labor, economic openness, and welfare institutions.
what is globalization
,
globalization of markets
,
globalization of production
,
global institutions
,
drivers of globalization
,
managing in the global marketplace
,
the changing demographics of the global economy
,
changing world output & world trade picture
,
globalization & the world’s poor
,
global economy of 21st century
,
the changing world order
,
globalization
,
labor policies and the environment
This document provides an introduction to international economics. It discusses that international economics deals with economic interactions between independent nations, and analyzes issues like the gains from trade, patterns of trade, trade policies, balance of payments, exchange rates, and international policy coordination. It notes that international trade focuses on real transactions of goods while international monetary analysis examines financial transactions and exchange rates. The overall topic will cover international trade theory and policy as well as exchange rates and international macroeconomic policy.
Globalization : Concept & Factors affecting globalization & Restraining
International Business : Reasons for expansion
Concepts : International Trade, International Marketing, International Investment, International Management & Global Business
New Trade Theory : Internal and External Economics of Scale
International Political System and Ideologies
Types of Govt., Economies System, Political System
Principles of International Law
Culture Orientation in International Business
This document discusses institutions and economic development. It summarizes the evolution of thinking around institutions and development, from the Washington Consensus era to the rise of New Institutional Economics and its limitations. More recent frameworks like Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of inclusive vs extractive institutions and North, Wallis, and Weingast's theory of open vs limited access orders are described. The document argues that informal institutions like "deals" between elites and economic actors better explain economic growth and stagnation in most developing countries compared to formal institutional indicators. Shifts between different "deals environments" like disordered to ordered can trigger growth accelerations, while maintaining openness is key for sustained growth, but difficult due to elite resistance.
The document discusses several aspects of the changing global economic environment since World War II. It notes that global markets have emerged and displaced local competitors. Economic integration has increased from 10% to 50% over the 20th century, particularly in Europe and North America. The automobile industry was once composed of local brands but is now highly globalized. Other changes discussed include increased capital movement, changing relationships between productivity and employment, and the emergence of a dominant world economy.
This document discusses the impact of globalization on labor markets. It notes that since the 1940s, barriers to international trade have reduced, integrating labor markets around the world. While consumers benefit from greater choice, workers face increased insecurity as jobs become more mobile. The growth of free market capitalism and trade liberalization has shifted control over economic policies from nations to markets. Globalization affects countries differently depending on factors like education levels and economic development. While it can increase productivity and growth, it also risks worsening inequality and lowering wages for less skilled workers.
Chapter 5 How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213Do.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213
Do some research on the items in the table below and see if you see a pattern with the various country’s economies:
1. What is the G7?
2. What is the E7?
G7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NOTE: When you find the GDP (Gross National Product) note the year – you may not have 2018 statistics. That is okay –find the latest data available. You may need to search for the Ranking of Ease of Doing Business – and then find the countries that make up the G7 or the E7.
NEXT PAGE!
E7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. Compare the 2 groups of countries – explain your findings.
Globalization Effects on Country Institutions, People and Business
Chapter 3
Key Points for the Chapter
Economic development comprises positive economic growth and entails changes in a country’s political, economic, and cultural institutions, as well as in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Economic development requires resources from public and private sectors, both internal and external.
Technology transfers by international corporations comprise manufacturing technologies, management organizations, and marketing know-how.
Intro: The Economic Development Process
Economic development is the progress countries make in living standards as they experience positive economic growth and the changes occurring in societal and cultural institutions and values as nations move toward more advanced stages of industrialization.
Economic progress demonstrates human progress, and more pragmatically, it keeps politicians in power, companies busy, and consumers (and voters) optimistic about the future.
Technology Transfers
International trade, investments, and global media have opened world markets up to a variety of modernizing influences.
In general terms, technology transfers occur as corporations enter new markets with products, technologies, lifestyles, and business methods developed in their home and other international markets.
Technology transfers first affect urban segments of developing countries where there are developed infrastructures and pocket of economically significant customers.
As media become commercialization and distribution channels are built into rural areas, greater proportions of developing-country populations come into contact with modernization influences.
4
Positive Effects
Positive effects occur as societies are exposed to broad varieties of products that make lives easier.
Convenience products such as packaged foods, and consumer durables such as refrigerators, radios, televisions, and stoves have positive effects on consumer lifestyles.
New technologies in manufacturing and distribution make products cheaper and more widely available. They provide employment opportunities for lo.
The document describes three main types of economies: market economies, command economies, and mixed economies. In a market economy, decisions are made through supply and demand with no government intervention. Command economies have central government control over major economic decisions. Most countries today utilize mixed economies that combine elements of market and command economies, with some government regulations but private ownership. The document also discusses the transition of former communist countries from command to market economies in the late 20th century and challenges facing developing countries.
This document discusses the Christian Right movement in American politics. It explores why people support or join the movement, examining personality and group membership explanations. While the movement aims to defend conservative Christian values, opponents argue it seeks to impose its interpretation of biblical law on others. The document also analyzes the Christian Right agenda on issues like abortion, education, gay rights, and whether the US is a Christian nation. It considers arguments that the movement both enhances and undermines American democracy.
This document discusses several key Christian Right organizations in the US, including Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and Concerned Women for America. It also discusses other related groups and how the Christian Right aims to influence politics through supporting candidates, mobilizing voters, and advocating for issues at the local, state and national levels through various tactics like initiatives and lobbying efforts. The Christian Right primarily partners with the Republican party and seeks to advance its agenda through the presidency, congress, courts and other levels of government.
This document discusses the origins and history of the Christian Right movement in the United States from the early 20th century to the present. It outlines the emergence of fundamentalism and Pentecostalism as the two religious movements that formed the base of support. It then examines the political activism of fundamentalists on issues like anti-evolutionism and anticommunism. It analyzes the rise of prominent Christian Right organizations like the Moral Majority and the changing constituencies they attempt to appeal to over time.
The document provides an overview of the Christian Right movement in American politics. It discusses what the Christian Right is, including that it aims to mobilize conservative Christians into political action. It outlines some of the major organizations that are part of the Christian Right. The document also discusses the controversies around the movement, including objections to its goals of imposing conservative Christian values and the debate around the separation of church and state in American politics.
The chapter discusses the future possibilities and dilemmas facing the Christian Right movement in American politics. It explores whether the movement can expand its constituency while maintaining its enthusiasm. It also examines the challenges of pursuing moderate vs. radical positions and working solely within the Republican party or taking a non-partisan approach. Younger evangelicals may be less willing to engage in politics compared to older generations. The long term impact and sustainability of the Christian Right movement remains uncertain.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch8PoliSciDep
More than two-thirds of Supreme Court establishment clause cases concern religion and public education. The cases fall into two phases: from 1948-1987, the Court applied a strict separation of church and state using logic. Beginning in 1981 and escalating after 1990, the Court used a new "equal access" logic. The document then discusses key separationist cases from this earlier phase such as McCollum v. Board of Education and key equal access cases from the later phase such as Widmar v. Vincent and Good News Club v. Milford Central School.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch7PoliSciDep
This document discusses the various approaches the Supreme Court has taken in Establishment Clause cases regarding the separation of church and state. It outlines seven approaches: separationism, accommodationism, neutrality, endorsement, coercion, equal treatment, and history/tradition. Separationism aimed to prohibit religious symbols and texts in schools, while accommodationism allowed some government support of religion. Neutrality made neutrality the operative principle. Endorsement and coercion focused on not endorsing or coercing religious belief. Equal treatment allowed government support if all groups were treated equally. History/tradition sometimes upheld practices based on long tradition.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch6PoliSciDep
This document summarizes the history of free exercise of religion in America from the 14th Amendment to modern day. It discusses how authority over religious liberty shifted from states to federal courts after the 14th Amendment. It then outlines the Supreme Court's standards of review (rational basis, intermediate, strict scrutiny) used to resolve conflicts between government power and free exercise rights. Key cases addressing polygamy, conscientious objection, and free exercise exemptions are also summarized.
Religion and the american constitutional experiment ch9PoliSciDep
The Supreme Court's jurisprudence around government and religious education has gone through three phases: an initial accommodationist phase from 1908-1971 where the Court allowed some government support of religious schools; a strict separationist phase from 1971-1986 where the Court prohibited nearly all government aid to religious schools; and a current equal treatment phase since 1986 where the Court has upheld some programs that provide equal benefits to religious and non-religious students.
This document discusses religious organizations and the law under the American constitutional system. It summarizes that the First Amendment protects both free exercise of religion and prohibits establishment of religion. There are three key areas of constitutional consideration: free exercise, establishment, and separation of church and state. Religious groups organize themselves both internally according to beliefs and through legal structures to receive benefits. Disputes over religious property led to Supreme Court cases establishing groups must be treated equally under law but also differently due to religious nature.
The Supreme Court heard four cases in 1961 challenging state rules protecting the Christian Sabbath day. In all four cases, the Court found no violation of the First Amendment. However, these rulings were criticized for failing to acknowledge the Christian origins of Sunday laws or accommodate the religious freedom claims of Jewish merchants.
In 1983, the Court upheld the constitutionality of legislative chaplains in Marsh v. Chambers, ignoring its previous Lemon test. The Court appealed to the unique history of chaplains in the U.S. Subsequent rulings on religious symbols also used or ignored the Lemon test depending on the specific facts and history of the symbol.
This document summarizes the Supreme Court's jurisprudence around government and religious education into three phases: 1) Accommodationist from 1908-1971 where the Court allowed some government support for religious schools; 2) Strict Separationist from 1971-1986 where the Court prohibited most government aid to religious schools using the Lemon test; and 3) Equal Treatment from 1986-2004 where the Court upheld certain programs that provided equal benefits to religious and non-religious students. The document outlines key cases from each era that established the prevailing legal standards.
More than two-thirds of Supreme Court establishment clause cases concern religion and public education. The cases fall into two phases: 1948-1987, where the Court applied a strict separation of religion and public schools; and 1981-present, where the Court used an "equal access" logic. Under separationism, the Court barred religion from public schools, but concerns over students' religious expression and education about religion drove the development of equal access cases allowing religious groups same access to facilities as other groups.
The document discusses the various approaches the Supreme Court has taken in Establishment Clause cases regarding the separation of church and state. It outlines seven approaches: 1) Separationism 2) Accommodationism 3) Neutrality 4) Endorsement 5) No Coercion 6) Strict Neutrality 7) Equal Treatment/Evenhanded Neutrality. For each approach, it provides a brief overview of the logic and examples of associated Supreme Court cases.
The passage discusses the evolution of free exercise jurisprudence in the United States from the late 19th century to present day. It describes how (1) the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the First Amendment's religion clauses, shifting authority over religious liberty from states to federal courts; (2) the Supreme Court has used varying levels of scrutiny (rational basis, intermediate, strict) to resolve conflicts between religious exercise and government power; and (3) through several landmark cases, the Court has both expanded and contracted the scope of protection afforded by the Free Exercise Clause.
For the first 150 years of the American republic, states primarily governed religious rights and liberties, as Congress failed to pass national laws on the topic. Most state constitutions protected liberty of conscience and free exercise of religion. While states sought to maintain religious pluralism and equality among groups, they also patronized a common public Christianity. The frontier provided an outlet for religious diversity. Starting in the 1920s, the Supreme Court began reviewing some state laws related to religion based on a standard of fundamental religious liberty.
The document discusses the role of religion in the early Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention. It notes that while the Continental Congress dealt primarily with military and diplomatic issues, it did pass some resolutions related to religion. The Constitution was largely silent on religion, assuming those matters were for states and individuals. During ratification, the lack of religious protections was controversial, leading to the drafting of the First Amendment's religion clauses to address establishment and free exercise. Debates around interpreting the final language of these clauses allow for different understandings of their scope and meaning.
The document discusses the essential rights and liberties of religion that were foundational to the American constitutional experiment according to founders. It identifies six such principles: liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious pluralism, religious equality, separation of church and state, and disestablishment of religion at least at the national level. These principles worked interdependently to protect against repressive religious establishments while guaranteeing religious freedom for all.
The document discusses four views that were critical to the American constitutional formation on religious liberty: the Puritan view, Evangelical view, Enlightenment view, and Civic Republican view. These four views rejected the traditional Anglican establishment and commonly supported the separation of church and state, freedom from state control over religious institutions, and religion as an unalienable natural right.
The document discusses the historical context surrounding religion and the American constitutional experiment. It outlines the influences on the American founders from the Bible, martyred prophets of religious liberty, European theologians and philosophers, and historical examples. It then examines the relationship between church and state from the first millennium AD through the Protestant Reformation, which broke the unity of Western Christendom and laid the foundation for religious pluralism. Finally, it discusses how competing religious views in Europe were projected onto the colonial settlements in America, with some colonies like Maryland and Pennsylvania experimenting with religious tolerance.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. • The good society depends upon institutional arrangements that
enhance people’s capabilities.
• Soviet Union – too much state intervention.
• Post-Communist Russia – too little state intervention.
• So how much state activity is enough to produce the good
society?
• Applies most often with regard to the economy.
• Milton Friedman: two ways to coordinate the economic activity
of millions – central planning by the government or the voluntary
cooperation of individuals via the marketplace.
• So what balance between states and markets most enhances
people’s capability and contributes to the good society?
Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
3. • Political economist Charles Lindblom – markets have
always been with us, but market systems have not.
• Today, almost all countries use market systems to
organize and coordinate production.
• Market system: refers to an economy in which production
for profit is intended for and coordinated through private
exchanges between buyers and sellers.
• Shift in Europe difficult from subsistence production to
market.
• Trade throughout the world has increased. Many
countries invest directly in countries other than their own.
Political Economy
Pearson Publishing 2011
4. • The market
system has
become more
extensive &
more
intensive.
• States determine how extensive markets
are.
• They can discourage foreign trade by placing
taxes on imports or encourage it by keeping the
playing field even between domestic and
international goods.
• Strict border control on currency or free flow.
• Treaties or international organizations that
encourage exchange.
• Encourage or discourage foreign investment.
• All of these rules can also either promote or
inhibit the extensive growth of markets.
• States determine how intensive markets
are.
• Restrict what can be sold.
• Role of competing pressures between those who
benefit from intensive and extensive markets and
those who do not.
Institutions and Power
Pearson Publishing 2011
5. • Commodity production in which goods are produced for
sale.
• Productive assets are privately owned and employed to
earn profits for their owners.
• Prices are not administered but set through supply and
demand.
In Brief: Market Systems
Pearson Publishing 2011
6. • In market systems, production is coordinated through the
mutual interactions of those who are buying and selling
according to Lindblom.
• Supply and demand.
• People respond to shifts in the markets, but no one controls
it.
• But markets require states to function and CANNOT exist
without them.
• For example market systems need states to create a common
currency to facilitate trade and exchange; to enforce contracts;
and to supply public goods, such as transportation networks
and police protection, that markets cannot furnish themselves.
States & Markets
Pearson Publishing 2011
7. • Imagine playing Monopoly with no rules.
• Institutions matter: France versus Britain in the
18th century in the area of commerce.
• The balance between political and market forces
within a country, its political economy, is critical
in determining whether it will meet the minimal
conditions of a good society.
States & Markets
Pearson Publishing 2011
8. Advantages
Disadvantages
• Extraordinarily dynamic,
promoting development of
new products and more
efficient methods of
production and technology.
• Enormously productive.
• Enhances the prospects of
democracy and political
rights.
• Highly volatile – boom and
bust.
• Housing market plunge
• Recession
• Tend to generate
extraordinary inequality
• Create harmful spillover
effects (externalities)
• Global warming
• pollution
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Market Systems
Pearson Publishing 2011
9. • Advantages
• Promotes efficiency and
productivity
• Promotes innovation
• More conducive to
democracy than
command economies
• Disadvantages
• Promotes inequality
• Subject to volatile and
destructive swings
between recession and
prosperity
• Social costs of
production are ignored
In Brief: Advantages & Disadvantages
of Market Systems
Pearson Publishing 2011
10. • States do more to assist market systems than simply
reassure participants that others will play fair.
• Steer economies to certain goals- counteracting the three
drawbacks discussed earlier.
• Welfare system to counteract inequality.
• Create regulations to minimize harmful spillover effects.
• Use budgetary powers and control over the money supply to
steady the swings in the business cycle.
• But the degree to which states should intervene is often
the focus of debate and conflict.
The Shifting Balance Between
States and Markets
Pearson Publishing 2011
11. • States intervention became the new gospel across the globe,
however, the tide shifted in the 1970s.
• Recessions of the 1970s – new leaders such as President Ronald
Reagan (U.S.) and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (GB)
argued that state intervention was the cause of this economic
downturn.
• Political failures; need for market restoration.
•
•
•
•
Welfare state had undermined the work ethic.
Regulations had constrained entrepreneurial energies.
Taxes had diverted too much income.
Public enterprises were inefficient.
• Management of the economy changed to reflect this new
consensus.
• Global recession of 2007 cast doubt on the model.
The Shifting Balance Between
States and Markets
Pearson Publishing 2011
12. • India became independent
in 1947.
• Leaders embarked on
policy of state intervention
in the economy.
• socialist inclinations and
ambitions to create a
strong state with which
citizens could identify.
• Abandoned statist
economic policies in
1980s.
• Privatization
• Deregulation
• Consequence of shift from state to
market:
• Foreign trade and direct investment
grew dramatically, as did GDP.
• Income has risen for all groups,
including the poor.
• Middle class has grown dramatically.
• However, they have failed to have
much of an impact on rural residents.
• Question:
• How can market reforms have such
unequal effects, leaving out the bulk
of the population in the countryside
engaged in agriculture, yet maintain
popular support in a democracy such
as India?
The Good Society In Depth: India
– From States to Markets
Pearson Publishing 2011
13. • Globalization refers to the
increasing flow of money, people,
skills, ideas, and goods across
borders, or in other terms, the
extensive development of markets.
• Global production chains:
•
Many countries involved in the
production of a single product such
as a Barbie doll, or an iPod.
• Today we have a tremendous
increase in volume of international
exchange.
• Part of this is the result of
technology.
•
• Part of it comes from the
“Washington Consensus” on
market based growth and
neoliberalism – idea is to balance
budgets by cutting spending,
open markets, sell off
nationalized industries to private
investors.
•
•
•
Globalization
Pearson Publishing 2011
More intercontinental flights
Had support of large multinational
corporations, and international
agencies.
World Bank & the IMF
Critics: hurt the poor, increased
unemployment, drove out small
business, weakened democracy
14. Detractors of
globalization
argue that it
creates a
“race to the
bottom”.
•
Each country competes to have the lowest
wages, lowest taxes, and fewest regulations
in order to attract foreign investors.
Record of countries that followed the
Washington consensus strategy has been
uneven.
•
•
•
•
Chile succeeded whereas most other Latin
American countries did not.
World Bank concedes that the one-size-fitsall prescription of balanced budgets, open
markets, and privatization did not work.
Globalization has varied outcomes because
it is refracted through different institutions
and governing coalitions as well.
Globalization
Pearson Publishing 2011
15. Problem
Methods & Hypotheses
• Mosley & Uno ask whether
globalization contributes to
or compromises workers’
rights in developing
countries?
• Is it a race to the bottom or
does it offer a climb to the
top?
• They hypothesize that the
impact of globalization on
workers depends on the way
countries participate in
global production networks.
• Workers will benefit when
countries attract foreign
direct investment but they
will suffer when countries
engage in more trade.
Comparative Political Analysis:
Does Globalization Help or Hurt Workers in the Developing World?
Pearson Publishing 2011
16. Operationalizing Concepts
Results
1.
• Statistical analysis confirmed their
hypothesis: The higher the level of
FDI as a percentage of GDP, the
greater the respect for labor rights.
• Conversely, trade openness was shown
to be detrimental to workers.
• So it appears that globalization’s effect
on workers’ rights depends on the
specific ways in which countries are
integrated into the global economy.
2.
3.
Workers rights, the dependent
variable, captured by counting the
number of labor rights violations
that countries committed from 1985
to 2002 as recorded by the U.S. State
Department, the International Labor
Organization, and the International
Confederation of Free Trade Union.
Foreign direct investment is
operationalized by looking at
annual changes in FDI and the
overall level of FDI as a percent of
GDP.
Operationalize trade by looking at
the ratio of imports and exports to
GDP
Comparative Political Analysis:
Does Globalization Help or Hurt Workers in the Developing World?
Pearson Publishing 2011
17. • States try to influence economic conditions through fiscal
policy.
• This involves juggling their budgets, their overall levels of
revenues and expenditures.
• Often set by the executive branch:
• Can run a budget deficit, which puts money into circulation
that increases demand for goods, which, in turn, encourages
businesses to invest and put people to work.
• Can run a surplus, taking in more money than they spend. This
withdraws money from circulation, which depresses spending
and discourages investment, thereby reducing inflationary
pressures in the economy.
Forms of State Intervention: Fiscal Policy
Pearson Publishing 2011
18. • States differ greatly in the proportion of their economy
devoted to taxes and state expenditures.
• U.S. – citizens complain about high taxes and too much
government spending but actually have a lighter tax burden
than citizens in other rich democracies, and the American
government is relatively lean. (See Table 5.1)
• Only Australia, Ireland, Japan, and Switzerland recorded
lower state spending as a percentage of their economies
than the U.S.
• At the opposite end is Sweden, where state revenues and
spending amount to more than half of GDP.
Forms of State Intervention: Fiscal Policy
Pearson Publishing 2011
19. • Another means by which
states influence economic
conditions: monetary
policy
• Manipulation of interest
rates/regulating how much
it costs to borrow money.
• High interest rates tend to
discourage borrowing and
spending; used to counteract
tendencies toward inflation.
• Low interest rates encourage
borrowing and spending by
making loans cheap.
• Interest rates are largely
determined by central
banks.
• Central banks issue
currency and manage its
value in foreign
exchange.
• May be insulated from
politics and states have
little control over them.
• Ex.: Federal Reserve in U.S.;
European Central Bank even
more insulated.
• Other countries have a great
deal of influence.
• China’s People’s Bank
Forms of State Intervention: Monetary Policy
Pearson Publishing 2011
20. • States manipulate budgets and central banks manage
interest rates, but states can also issue regulations that set
explicit rules of behavior that firms must follow.
• Some states are very regulatory.
• The number of procedures and days it takes to start a new
business is a standard measure used to compare the
thickness of the regulatory environment from country to
country.
• GERMANY: 45 days and 9 separate interactions to obtain
licenses and permits to start a business.
• BRAZIL: 152 days and 17 steps.
• US: 5 days and 5 steps.
• U.S. economy is actually one of the least regulated in the world.
Forms of State Intervention: Regulatory Policy
Pearson Publishing 2011
21. • States try to influence economic activity by nationalizing industries
in which states own and control public enterprises.
• Nationalized industries permit the state to control strategic assets
through which it can influence the economy.
• Examples: oil industries in Mexico, Venezuela, & Saudi Arabia
• Can also help inject social criteria into the economy
• China: inefficient industries are often subsidized because they provide
jobs and services to millions who would be poor and jobless without
them.
• States differ in the degree to which they nationalize industry.
• Socialist countries (Cuba, North Korea) own & control all means of
production. Few in number now.
• More countries have privatized once state-owned industries.
Forms of State Intervention: Nationalization
Pearson Publishing 2011
22. States have many tools
to utilize in order to
influence the economy
beyond fiscal policy,
monetary policy,
regulation and
nationalization.
Mix varies from
country to country.
• Where markets play a greater role
we expect to find that:
1.
2.
3.
4.
States do not redirect as much of
the country’s income through taxes
and expenditures.
States do not exert much influence
upon central banks that set interest
rates.
State regulations are not as copious
or intrusive upon managers.
Public enterprises contribute little
to GDP.
• The opposite is the case where states
play a powerful role in determining
who gets what.
• Continuum of most market- oriented
to the most state-directed.
Forms of State Intervention: Nationalization
Pearson Publishing 2011
24. o Do countries in which market systems prevail do a better
job of enhancing people’s capability than countries with
heavy state intervention?
o Physical well-being?
o Figure 5.2: countries that received top scores from the
Fraser Institute were also the countries in which infant
mortality rates are low.
o Market systems do a better job at meeting the physical
needs of citizens than more state-directed economies.
Markets and the Good Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
26. o Informed Decision-making
o According to Figure 5.3, the average literacy rate for
countries in the top quintile (top fifth) of market-based
societies was 96.1 percent; in the fourth quintile it was 92.2,
the third was 89.6 and so on.
o The average literacy rates for countries in the bottom
quintile, which included countries with the most statedirected economies was 62.3%.
Markets and the Good Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
28. o Safety
o Warfare poses the greatest threat to citizens’ safety and
wars are far more likely to occur within states than between
them.
o Type of political economy a country has is virtually
irrelevant in determining its risk of war.
o Safety can also be assessed via homicide rates
o Figure 5.4: the average homicide rate does rise as we move
from the highest to the lowest quintile of market economies.
o Correlation, but not a strong relationship. Very different
murder rates among countries, even among those with the same
economic systems.
Markets and the Good Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
30. o Democracy
o Fraser Institute rankings (market friendly states) find robust
democracies in the top quartile and repressive dictatorships
at the bottom.
o Some striking anomalies: Hong Kong, Singapore, Israel,
Egypt
o Market friendly states do not guarantee liberal democracy,
but there are no liberal democracies without them.
o Organizing economies along market lines does improve
people’s capabilities, but not consistently so.
Markets and the Good Society
Pearson Publishing 2011
32. • Markets are not a panacea.
• They must be supplemented in order to increase people’s
capabilities.
• Important: develop a balance between states and markets
that promotes the best qualities of markets, such as
innovation and productivity, while avoiding their worst
effects – instability and inequality.
Conclusion
Pearson Publishing 2011
33. • Why do countries differ in their balance between states
and markets? What factors determine why some countries
depend more on markets while others depend more on
states?
• What sort of activities should be left to the marketplace
and what should be insulated from it? What criteria
should determine where it is appropriate and where it is
inappropriate for markets to operate?
Critical Thinking Questions
Pearson Publishing 2011
34. • Why have some developing countries benefited from globalization
while others have been victimized by it?
• Many central banks that set monetary policy and influence interest
rates are independent of government and, in effect, unaccountable to
the people their policies affect. Should central banks be more
democratically accountable?
• The authors noted that although there are no democracies that are not
also capitalist, many capitalist economies operate within
authoritarian political systems. Why is it the case that democracy
seems to require capitalism but capitalism does not seem to require
democracy?
Critical Thinking Questions
Pearson Publishing 2011