Chapter 8Female Reproductive SystemCopyright © 2008,.docx

Chapter 8
Female Reproductive System
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Learning ObjectivesName the organs of the female reproductive
system, their locations, and combining forms.Explain how these
organs and their hormones function in the processes of
menstruation and pregnancy.Identify abnormal conditions of the
female reproductive system and of the newborn child.
*

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)Describe important laboratory
tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics,
and recognize related abbreviations.Apply your new knowledge
to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as
medical reports and records.
*
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.1
*
INTRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction Union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm
cellOvum and Sperm cells are called gameteEach Gamete
contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

*
INTRODUCTION
Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.Female gonads are the
ovaries; male gonads are the testes.
*
FertilizationAn ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the
fallopian tube.Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are
present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then
divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an
embryo and then a fetus).
INTRODUCTION

*
QUICK QUIZ:
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells,
called a….
Embryo
Fetus
Follicle
Zygote
*
CORRECT Answer is D--zygote
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMLabel the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system,
lateral view.

*
Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian
tobule, 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6.Bartholin glands,
7. clitoris, 8.perineum (see slide 9 for answers)
Organs of the Female Reproductive SystemOvariesFallopian
tubesUterusCul-de-SacVaginaBartholin glandsClitorisPerineum
Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
*
Inc. All rights reserved.Label the diagramOrgans of the female
reproductive system
anterior view

ORGANS OF THE
*
See next slide for answers.
Organs of the Female Reproductive System- Anterior
ViewOvaryUtero – Ovarian ligamentOvarian
FolliclesOvumCorpus LuteumFallopian tubeFimbriaeUterus:
Fundus and CorpusEndometriumMyometriumUterine
SerosaCervixVagina
Inc. All rights reserved.Organs of the female reproductive
system
anterior view
ORGANS OF THE

*
Refer to page 254 in text
The Breast
sagittal view
ORGANS OF THE
*
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?
The Breast
sagittal view
ORGANS OF THE
*

What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?
MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLEDay 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial
cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body
Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.
The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube
Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
uterus lining builds up.
*
Describe the menstrual cycle.
What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

*
Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of
progesterone and estrogen?
At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?
PREGNANCYIf fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the
uterine endometriumPlacenta forms within the uterine
wallAmnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavityNutrients,
oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and motherPlacenta
produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
*
What is the placenta derived from?
What are the chorion and the amnion?
What is amniotic fluid?
A, Implantation in the uterus.

B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
*
See next slide for labels
A, Implantation in the uterus.
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
*
QUICK QUIZ:
Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of
the uterus…..
A. adreniline
B. estrogen

C. Progesterone
D. hCG
*
CORRECT Answer is C---progesterone
QUICK QUIZ:
3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?
adreniline
hCG
progesteron
estrogen
*
CORRECT Answer is B—hGC human chorionic gonadotropin
PREGNANCYProgesterone maintains placenta
developmentUterus expands as fetus growsNormal delivery fetal
position in cephalic presentation (head first)

*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?
PREGNANCY
THREE PHASES of Labor
Dilation of the cervix
Birth of the infant
Delivery of the placenta
*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?
A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.

*
HORMONAL INTERACTIONSPituitary secretes: Follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LHDuring pregnancy With
oral contraceptives
*
What is negative feedback?
How do oral contraceptives work?
Hormonal Interactions (cont’d.)Menopause Gradual ending of
the menstrual cycle Normally begins between 45 and
55Estrogen levels fall Option for Estrogen replacement therapy
(careful consideration of risks required)
*
How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?
How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?

What are the risks of either method?
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.2
*
VOCABULARYadnexa uteriamnionareolaBartholin
glandscervix
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
Inc. All rights reserved.chorionclitoriscoituscorpus luteumcul-
de-sac
VOCABULARY

*
Inc. All rights reserved.embryoendometriumestrogenfallopian
tubefertilizationfetus
VOCABULARY
*
Inc. All rights reserved.fimbriaefollicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)gametegenitaliagestationgonad
VOCABULARY
*

Inc. All rights reserved.gynecologyhuman chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)hymenlabialactiferous ducts
VOCABULARY
*
Inc. All rights reserved.luteinizing hormone (LH)mammary
papillamenarchemenopausemenstruation
VOCABULARY
*
Inc. All rights
reserved.myometriumneonatologyobstetricsorificeovarian
follicleovary
VOCABULARY
*

Inc. All rights
reserved.ovulationovumparturitionperineumpituitary gland
VOCABULARY
*
Inc. All rights
reserved.placentapregnancyprogesteronepubertyuterine serosa
VOCABULARY
*
Inc. All rights reserved.uterusvaginavulva zygote
VOCABULARY

*
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of
the uterus?
A. Endometrium
B. Fallopian tube
C. Chorion
D. Amnion
*
CORRECT Answer is A, endometrium
COMBINING FORMS
amni/o amnioncervic/o cervix, neckchori/o
chorionchorion/o chorioncolp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND
PREFIXES

*
COMBINING FORMS
culd/o cul-de-sacepisi/o vulvagalact/o
milkgynec/o woman, femalehyster/o uterus,
womb
PREFIXES
*
COMBINING FORMS
lact/o milkmamm/o breastmast/o
breastmen/o menses, menstruationmetr/o
uterus

PREFIXES
*
COMBINING FORMS
my/o musclemyom/o muscle tumornat/i
birthobstetr/o pregnancyo/o egg
PREFIXES
*
COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o ovaryov/o eggovari/o ovaryovul/o
eggperine/o perineum

PREFIXES
*
COMBINING FORMS
phor/o to bearsalping/o fallopian tubesuter/o
uterusvagin/o vaginavulv/o vulva
PREFIXES
*
SUFFIXES
-arche beginning-cyesis pregnancy-gravida
pregnancy-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning

PREFIXES
*
SUFFIXES
-rrhea discharge-salpinx uterine tube-tocia
labor, birth-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning
PREFIXES
*
PREFIXES
dys- painfulendo- withinin- inintra-
withinmulti- many

Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES
*
PREFIXES
nulli- no, not, nonepre- beforeprimi-
firstretro- backward
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES
*
QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means removal of the breast?
A. hysterectomy

B. mastectomy
C. mastitis
D. mammoplasty
*
CORRECT Answer is B---mastectomy. Mammoplasty means
surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation
of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.
PATHOLOGY: UterusCarcinoma of the cervix
Malignant cells within the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometrium
Malignant tumor of the uterus
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
*
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
PATHOLOGY: UterusFibroidsBenign tumors of the

uterusFigure shows location of uterine ibroids.
*
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
What is conization?
How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?
Pathology: Gynecological and BreastBreastCarcinoma of the
breastFibrocystic disease
*
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
PATHOLOGY:
OvariesOvarian carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary

Fallopian TubesPelvic inflammatory disease
Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis
*
Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of
the breast.
Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal cardinoma of the
breast.
*
Chapter 8

Lesson 8.3
*
PATHOLOGY: PregnancyAbruptio placentaePremature
separation of the implanted placentaChoriocarcinomaMalignant
tumor of the placentaEctopic pregnancyMisplaced implantation
of eggPlacenta previaPreeclampsia
*
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the
baby?
PATHOLOGY: NeonatalDown syndromeErythroblastosis
fetalisHyaline membrane diseaseHydrocephalusMeconium
aspiration syndromsPyloric stenosis

*
PATHOLOGY: NeonatalAPGAR SCORING CHARTAssessment
of newbornScoring 1 to 5 mins after birth
*
Clinical Tests and Procedures
Clinical testsPap smearPregnancy test
ProceduresX-rays:
mammographyGynecological procedures:
cauterization,
cryosurgery,
Dilatation and CurettageProcedures during pregnancy:
amniocentesis
*
For what tests is a speculum used?

What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive
organs?
What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?
Clinical Procedures
Gynecological proceduresConizationRemoval of a cone-shaped
section of the cervix.Figure shows LEEP for cone biospsy
*
See page 276 for text reference
Clinical Procedures
Gynecological procedures
Laparoscopic
oophorectomyA, Ovary placed in plastic bag.B,
Extracted through the laparoscope
*
See page 276 for text reference

Clinical Tests and Procedures
Procedures
Procedures during pregnancyAmniocentesis
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.
*
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
amni/o _________cephal/o
_________cervic/o _________chori/o,
chorion/o _________colp/o _________
*
Answers on next slide
COMBINING FORMS

amni/o amnioncephal/o headcervic/o
cervix, neckchori/o, chorion/o chorioncolp/o
vagina
REVIEW SHEET
*
COMBINING FORMS
culd/o _________episi/o _________galact/o
_________ gynec/o _________hyster/o
_________
REVIEW SHEET
*
COMBINING FORMS

culd/o cul-de-sacepisi/o vulvagalact/o
milkgynec/o woman, femalehyster/o uterus,
womb
REVIEW SHEET
*
COMBINING FORMS
lact/o _________ mamm/o _________mast/o
_________men/o _________metr/o
_________
REVIEW SHEET
*

COMBINING FORMS
lact/o milkmamm/o breastmast/o
breastmen/o menses, menstruationmetr/o
uterus
REVIEW SHEET
*
COMBINING FORMS
my/o _________ myom/o _________nat/i
_________obstetr/o _________ olig/o
_________o/o _________
REVIEW SHEET
*

COMBINING FORMS
my/o musclemyom/o muscle tumornat/i
birthobstetr/o midwifeolig/o scantyo/o
egg
REVIEW SHEET
*
COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o _________ov/o _________ ovari/o
_________ ovul/o _________perine/o
_________
REVIEW SHEET
*

COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o ovaryov/o eggovari/o ovaryovul/o
eggperine/o perineum
REVIEW SHEET
*
COMBINING FORMS
phor/o _________py/o _________ salping/o
_________uter/o _________ vagin/o
_________vulv/o _________
REVIEW SHEET
*

COMBINING FORMS
phor/o to bearpy/o pussalping/o
fallopian tubesuter/o uterusvagin/o
vaginavulv/o vulva
REVIEW SHEET
*
SUFFIXES
-arche _________ -cele _________ -cyesis
_________ -ectasis _________-ectomy
_________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

SUFFIXES
-arche beginning-cele hernia-cyesis
pregnancy-ectasis stretching, dilation-ectomy
removal, excision
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
SUFFIXES
-flexion _________ -genesis _________-gravida
_________-itis _________-pareunia
_________-parous _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

SUFFIXES
-flexion flexible-genesis producing; forming-
gravida pregnancy-itis inflammation-pareunia
sexual intercourse-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
SUFFIXES
-plasia _________ -plasty _________-ptosis
_________-rrhagia _________-rrhaphy
_________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

SUFFIXES
-plasia development, formation -plasty
surgical repair-ptosis dropping, sagging-rrhagia
bursting forth (blood)-rrhaphy suture
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
SUFFIXES
-rrhea _________-salpinx _________-scopy
_________-stenosis _________-stomy
_________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

SUFFIXES
-rrhea discharge-salpinx uterine tube-scopy
visual examination-stenosis tightening-stomy
new opening
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
SUFFIXES
-tocia _________-tomy _________-tresia
_________ -version _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

SUFFIXES
-tocia labor, birth-tomy process of cutting-
tresia opening-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
PREFIXES
bi- _________ dys- _________endo-
_________in- _________intra-
_________multi- _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

PREFIXES
bi- twodys- painfulendo- withinin-
inintra- withinmulti- many
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
PREFIXES
nulli- _________oxy- _________peri-
_________pre- _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

PREFIXES
nulli- no, not, noneoxy- swift, sharpperi-
surroundingpre- before
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
PREFIXES
primi- _________ pseudo- _________ retro-
_________ uni- _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*

PREFIXES
primi- firstpseudo- falseretro-
backwarduni- one
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
*
Chapter 7
Urinary System
*
Learning ObjectivesName the organs of the urinary system and
describe their locations and functions.
Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting
the urinary system.
Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a

diagnostic test.
Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary
system’s terminology.
*
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)List and explain some clinical
procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to
the urinary system. Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports
and records.
*
Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1

*
IntroductionNitrogenous wastesurea creatinine uric acid
Kidneys Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urineMaintain proper
balance of
Water
Eletrolytes
Acids
*
Why is nitrogenous waste excreted from the body in a soluble
rather than gaseous form?
By what medium does urea travel to the kidneys?
Introduction (cont’d.)
Kidneys also secrete
Hormones Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting
blood pressure
Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell
production in bone marrow

*
Kidneys also adjust amount of water and electrolytes for proper
muscle and nerve function.
Are there other important functions performed by the kidneys?
Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
*
Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4
in the figure.
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
What function is performed by the ureters?
What function is performed by the urinary bladder?
What function is performed by the urethra?
Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

*
Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4
in the figure.
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
What function is performed by the ureters?
What function is performed by the urinary bladder?
What function is performed by the urethra?
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)
Female
Urinary System
*
How does the female urinary system differ from the male
urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?
Female
Urinary System
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)

*
How does the female urinary system differ from the male
urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is micturition?
Nitrogenous waste
Urination; voiding
Outer section of the kidney
Triangular area in the bladder
*
Correct answer is B, urination; voiding
How Kidneys Produce UrineBlood enters kidneys through right
and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
*

The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and
glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.
What is a glomerulus?
There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of
each kidney.
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the
kidneys’ function?
How Kidneys Produce UrineBlood enters kidneys through right
and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
*
The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and
glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.
What is a glomerulus?
There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of
each kidney.
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the
kidneys’ function?
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)

Glomerulus and Bowman CapsuleBlood passes through
glomeruliBowman capsule surrounds each glomerulusRenal
tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
*
What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal
tubule perform in the production of urine?
Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?
What is the process of reabsorption?
What is secretion?
What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances
become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)
Glomerulus and Bowman CapsuleBlood passes through
glomeruliBowman capsule surrounds each glomerulusRenal
tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
*
What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal
tubule perform in the production of urine?
Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?
What is the process of reabsorption?
What is secretion?
What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances
become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)

Three steps in the formation of urineGlomerular
filtrationTubular reabsorptionTubular secretion
*
What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the
formation of urine?
The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a
nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)
Three steps in the formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
*
What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the
formation of urine?
The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a
nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
*
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
*
QUICK QUIZ:
Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000

100,000
*
Correct answer is C, 1 million
All collecting tubules lead to the
renal pelvis
Calyces or calices
are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
*
Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same
organs.
Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or
calices.
Where do all connecting tubules lead?
The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.
To which organ does the ureter lead?

All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
*
Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same
organs.
Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or
calices.
Where do all connecting tubules lead?
The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.
To which organ does the ureter lead?
Process of forming and expelling urine
*
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
What triggers the need to urinate?
Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.

Process of forming and expelling urine
*
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
What triggers the need to urinate?
Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.
Vocabulary
arteriole
Bowman capsule
calyx or calix
*
Refer to p. 216 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

arteriole
Bowman capsule
calyx or calixSmall artery.
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Vocabulary
*
Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.
catheter
cortex
creatinine
Vocabulary

*
catheter
cortex
creatinineTube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region
Waste product of muscle metabolism
Vocabulary
*
electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)

Vocabulary
*
Refer to p. 216 and 217 for definitions.
electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)
A chemical element that carries an electrical charge when
dissolved in water.
A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red
blood cells by bone marrow.
Vocabulary
*
Refer to p. 216 and 217 for more detailed definitions.

filtration
glomerulus
hilum
Vocabulary
*
filtration
glomerulus
hilumPassive process whereby some substances pass through a
filter or other material.
Tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney.
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and
nerves enter and leave.
Vocabulary

*
kidney
meatus
medulla
Vocabulary
*
Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
kidney
meatus
medulla

One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity.
Opening or canal
Inner region
Vocabulary
*
micturition
nephron
nitrogenous waste
Vocabulary
*

micturition
nephron
nitrogenous wasteUrination.
The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption,
and secretion take place.
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Vocabulary
*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
Vocabulary
*

potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal arteryAn electrolyte important to body processes.
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into
the bloodstream.
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
Vocabulary
*
Inc. All rights reserved. renal pelvis
renal tubule
renal vein
Vocabulary

*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
renal pelvis
renal tubule
renal veinCentral collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after
filtration.
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and
toward the heart.
Vocabulary
*
Inc. All rights reserved.renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
Vocabulary

*
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?
renin
sodium (Na+)
trigoneAn enzymatic hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted
by the kidney.
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys.
Triangular area in the urinary bladder in which ureters enter and
the urethra exits.
Vocabulary
*

Inc. All rights reserved.urea
ureter
urethra
Vocabulary
*
urea
ureter
urethraMajor nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine.
Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the
body.
Vocabulary

*
Inc. All rights reserved.uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
voiding
Vocabulary
*
uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
voiding
A nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.
Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Process of expelling urine.

Emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or
micturition.
Vocabulary
*
STRUCTURES
cali/o , calic/o _________
cyst/o _________
glomerul/o _________
meat/o _________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
*
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define
other terms not listed in the slide?

STRUCTURES
cali/o , calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
*
STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis ________________
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In
acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal
hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).

*
STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the
urinary bladder
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In
acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal
hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
*
STRUCTURES

nephr/o ___________
pyel/o ___________
ren/o ____________
trigon/o ____________
*
STRUCTURES
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone

*
STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone)
as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the
kidney.
*
STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid
(water) in the kidney.

Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone)
as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the
kidney.
*
STRUCTURES
ureter/o __________
urethr/o __________
vesic/o __________

*
STRUCTURES
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
*
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS

albumin/o ________
azot/o ________
bacteri/o ________
dips/o ________
*
albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst

*
ket/o, keton/o __________
lith/o __________
noct/o __________
olig/o __________
-poietin __________
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
*

ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
-poietin substance that forms
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
*

py/o __________
-tripsy __________
ur/o __________
urin/o __________
-uria __________
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
*
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
urin/o urine
-uria urination; urine condition
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning

*
Urinalysis
Tests included in a Urinalysis
Color
Appearance
pH
Protein
Glucose
*
Colorless urine = large amount of water in urine. Smoky-red or
brown indicates presence of blood in urine.
Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic).
Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the
glomerular membrane.
Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes.

Urinalysis (cont’d.)
Tests included in a Urinalysis
Specific gravity
Ketone bodies
Sediment
Phenylketonuria
Bilirubin
*
Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals.
Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat.
Sediment are abnormal particles.
Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in
infants. PKU test measures this.
Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown.
QUICK QUIZ:
In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. Presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. Amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the
urine

*
Correct Answer is D, specific gravity compares the density of
urine with that of water.
Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2
*
Pathologic Conditions
Kidneyglomerulonephritisinterstitial
nephritisnephrolithiasisnephrotic syndromepolycystic kidneys
(PKD)
*
See pp. 225-226.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to
infection and can lead to hypertension and renal failure if
untreated.

What is interstitial nephritis?
What procedure might a physician recommend for a patient with
nephrolithiasis?
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by
excessive protein in the urine.
Polycystic kidneys are a hereditary condition of progressive
growth of cysts.
Kidneypolycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKD--The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic
kidneys weight 20 times more than their usual weight.
*
See pp. 225-226.
untreated.
nephrolithiasis?
growth of cysts.

Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Kidneypyelonephritis renal cell carcinomarenal failurerenal
hypertensionWilms tumor
*
See p. 229.
Pyelonephritis is the inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal
medulla and is the most common type of kidney infection.
Renal cell carcinoma is adult cancer of the kidney—2% of all
adult cancers.
What occurs during renal failure?
How does renal hypertension differ from essential
hypertension?
Wilms tumor is a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in
childhood and is an example of an eponym.
KidneyRenal cell
carcinoma
(hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood.

*
See pp. 226 for more detail.
untreated.
nephrolithiasis?
growth of cysts.
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Urinary bladder Bladder cancer
Associated conditions Diabetes insipidusDiabetes mellitus
*
Bladder cancer is the most common form of malignancy in the
urinary system.
What risk factors are associated with bladder cancer?
Diabetes insipidus: inadequate secretion or resistance of the
kidney to antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes mellitus: inadequate secretion or improper utilization

of insulin
How does each of these conditions affect the kidneys?
QUICK QUIZ:
A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is:
Anuria
Nocturia
Diuresis
Hematuria
*
Correct answer is nocturia.
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Laboratory testsblood urea nitrogen (BUN)creatinine clearance
test
*
Which procedure tests for uremia?
Which test measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from
the blood?
What is azotemia?

What role do the kidneys play in BUN levels?
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
X-Ray Studies CT scan kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB)
renal angiography retrograde pyelogram (RP) voiding
cystourethrogram (VCUG)
*
How do these x-rays differ?
Which tests require contrast material?
Why is it important to measure the size of the kidneys (KUB)?
Which tests require urinary catheterization?
Why would someone have RP instead of IVP?
Inc. All rights reserved.CT-Computed Tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney.
*
See page 228 for more detailed description.

VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM(VCUG)showing a normal
female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material,
followed by x-ray imaging.
*
See page 228-229 for more detailed description.
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Ultrasound Examinationultrasonography: imaging urinary tract
structures using high frequency sound waves
Radioactive Studiesradioisotope scan: image of kidney after
injecting a radioisotope (that concentrates in the kidney) into
the bloodstream
*
What is hydronephrosis?
What might cause the kidney to be enlarged?
What can be diagnosed in the urinary system using sound
waves?

CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Magnetic imagingmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI): using
magnetic field and radio waves to produce images in all three
planes of the body
*
How is an MRI of the kidney performed?
Other Clinical Procedurescystoscopydialysislithotripsy renal
angioplastyrenal biopsyrenal transplantationurinary
catheterization
*
Cystoscopy allows for visual examination through a hollow
metal tube.
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal
dialysis?
What procedure might be required to remove kidney stones?
Describe the process of catheterization.

Hemodialysis (HD)
*
How is a cytoscopy performed?
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
*
CAPD can be performed continuously by the patient without
artificial support.
What other peritoneal dialysis procedures may be performed?
Abbreviations
ADH_______________ARF _______________BILI
_______________BUN _______________ CAPD
_______________Cath _______________CCPD

_______________CKD _______________
*
Which abbreviations stand for disorders, which are
measurements, and which are procedures?
ADHantidiuretic hormoneARF acute renal failureBILI
bilirubinBUN blood urea nitrogenCAPD continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysisCath catheter;
catheterizationCCPD continuous cycling peritoneal
dialysisCKD chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
*
Which abbreviations stand for disorders, which are
measurements, and which are procedures?
Inc. All rights reserved.CL-
_____________________CRF
_____________________C & S
_____________________cysto
_____________________ESRD
_____________________HCO3-

_____________________HD
_____________________IC
_____________________
*
Which items are pathologies, and which are treatments?
Inc. All rights reserved.CL- chloride, a kidney
excretionCRF chronic renal failureC&S culture and
sensitivity testingcysto cystoscopic examinationESRD end-
stage renal diseaseHCO3-bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved
by the kidneyHD hemodialysisIC
interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of
the bladder wall
*
Which items are pathologies, and which are treatments?
Inc. All rights reserved.K+ __________________KUB
__________________Na+
__________________PD __________________pH
__________________PKU __________________sp gr

__________________UA __________________UTI
__________________VCUG __________________
*
Ask students to identify the category of metabolite, treatment,
condition, or test.
Inc. All rights reserved.K+ potassium, an
electrolyteKUB kidney ureter and bladderNa+ sodium,
an electrolytePD peritoneal dialysispH symbol
for degree of acidity or alkalinityPKU phenylketonuriasp gr
specific gravityUA urinalysisUTI urinary tract
infectionVCUG voiding cystourethrogram
*
Ask students to identify the category of metabolite, treatment,
condition, or test.
QUICK QUIZ:
The abbreviation RP is associated with which of the following?

A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes removed from
patient’s blood
D. An electrolyte secreted by renal tubules
*
CORRECT Answer is B abbreviation is for retrograde
pyelogram
Incorrect answer A. is CAPD, continous ambulatory periotoneal
dialysis
Incorrect Answer C is HD, hemodialysis
Incorrect Answer D is K+ potassium
REVIEW SHEET
albumino/o ____________
angi/o ____________
azot/o ____________
bacteri/o ____________
cali/o, calic/o ____________
cyst/o ____________

*
albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
REVIEW SHEET
*
dips/o ____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o ____________
hydr/o ____________
isch/o ____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms

*
dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*
lith/o ____________
meat/o ____________
necr/o ____________
nephr/o ____________
noct/o ____________

ogli/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*
lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
necr/o death
nephr/o kidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*
py/o __________

pyel/o __________
ren/o __________
trigon/o __________
ur/o __________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*
py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*

ureter/o ____________
urethro ____________
urin/o ____________
vesic/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
*

-ectasis ______________
-ectomy ______________
-emia ______________
-esis ______________
-gram ______________
-lithiasis ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
*
-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
*

-lithotomy ____________________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
-ole ______________
-osis ______________
-pathy ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
*
-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES

*
-plasty _________________
-poietin _______________
-ptosis _______________
-rrhea _______________
-sclerosis _______________
-stomy ___________________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
*
-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)

REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
*
-tomy _____________
-tripsy ___________
-uria ___________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
*
-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination
REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES
*
a-, an- _____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys- _____________
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
*
a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful
REVIEW SHEET

PREFIXES
*
en- __________
peri- __________
poly- __________
retro- __________
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
*
en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back
REVIEW SHEET

PREFIXES
*
The combining form dips/o means:
Stone
Scanty
Thirst
Water
QUICK QUIZ:
*
C Thirst is the correct answer
Which combining form means pus?
pyel/o
lith/o
ogli/o
py/o
QUICK QUIZ:

*
D, py/o is the correct answer
8. The combining form isch/o means:
Scanty
To hold back; back
Night
Trigon
QUICK QUIZ:
*
B To hold back or back is the correct answer

Chapter 8Female Reproductive SystemCopyright © 2008,.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Chapter 8Female Reproductive SystemCopyright © 2008,.docx

Similar to Chapter 8Female Reproductive SystemCopyright © 2008,.docx (20)

More from tiffanyd4

More from tiffanyd4 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 8Female Reproductive SystemCopyright © 2008,.docx