Chapter 4PrefixesCopyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders,.docx

Chapter 4
Prefixes
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Learning ObjectivesDefine basic prefixes used in the medical
language.Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and
other word elements.Learn about the Rh condition as an
example of an antigen-antibody reaction.
*
Chapter 4
Lesson 4.1

*
a-, an no, not, without
ab- away from
ad- toward
ana- up, apart
ante- before, forward
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
Refer to page 109-110 for terms using these prefixes.
anti- against
auto- self, own
bi- two

brady- slow
cata- down
con- with, together
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.
contra- against, opposite
de- down, lack of
dia- through, complete
dys- bad, painful, difficult
ec-, ecto out, outside
en-, endo- in, within
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

epi- upon, on, above
eu- good, normal
ex- out, away from
hemi- half
hyper- excessive, above
hypo- deficient, under
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
in- not
in- into, within
infra- beneath
inter- between
intra- into, within
macro- large
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND

TERMINOLOGY
*
mal- bad
meta- beyond, change
micro- small
neo- new
pan- all
para- abnormal, beside, near
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
per- through

peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
post- after, behind
pre- before, in front of
pro- before, forwrad
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
pseudo- false
re- back, again
retro- behind, backwards
sub- under
supra- above, upper
syn-, sym- together, with
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

tachy- fast
trans- across, through
ultra- beyond, excel
uni- one
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the
body? (Watch spelling!)
A. Adducter
B. Abductor
C. Adductor
D. Abducter
*

Correct Answer is C, Adductor (answer A is misspelled. B
means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is
misspelled.
2. Which term means painful breathing?
A. dyspnea
B. dysplasia
C. apnea
D. cephalgia
QUICK QUIZ:
*
Correct Answer is A, dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea
means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have
a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix
and a suffix.)
Inc. All rights reserved.Adrenal glands: endocrine glands
located above each kidney
Antibiotic: destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
such as bacteria
*What is the function of adrenal glands?What is adrenaline?
What is another name for the term?What was the first
antibiotic? (penicillin)What are some examples of autoimmune

diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)
*
*
Antibody/ Antigen
Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the body, that
stimulates the production of antibodies.
Antibodies: Protein substances made by white blood cells
(specifically lymphocytes) in response to the presence of
foreign antigens.
*Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacteriumImmune

reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibodyWhat is a
common name for an immune reaction against normally non-
threatening antigens?
Rh Condition (cont’d.)Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody
condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood
factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and
that of the fetus (Rh positive).
*Discuss how Rh condition occurs. First pregnancy with Rh+
baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitizedSecond
pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of
the newborn (HDN)Symptom of HDN: JaundiceHow can the
condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune
globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery,
miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)
Rh Condition (cont.)
*

QUICK QUIZ:
3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell?
A. platelets
B. leukocytes
C. thrombocytes
D. erythrocytes
*
Correct Answer is B, leukocytes or white blood cells. See page
116 in 8th edition for more information.
Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its
own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.
Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a structure or organ that
an infant is born with
Inc. All rights reserved.Contralateral: The opposite side of the
body.

Dialysis: Removing harmful waste products from the body with
an artificial kidney machine (dialysis machine).
*What are some examples of congenital anomalies?What are
some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?Give some
examples that demonstrate contralateral.What term means the
same side? (ipsilateral)
Inc. All rights reserved.Ectopic pregnancy: An abnormal
pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually
in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the
abdominal cavity.
*See page 118 for more details
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the
____________?
A. Peritoneal cavity
B. Right ovary
C. Left ovary
D. Fallopian Tube

*
Correct Answer is D, fallopian tube. See page 118 for more
detail.
Parathyroid glands: Four endocrine glands located on the dorsal
side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the
thyroid gland.
Prolapse: To fall or slide forward, often used to describe an
organ, such as a prolapsed uterus.
*What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Inc. All rights reserved.Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from
one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another
organism.
Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur
together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.
Symbiosis: Two organisms living together in close association,
either for mutual benefit or not.
*Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture
insulin outside the body.What is polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)?List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and
fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the
symptoms.What is parasitism?

Symphysis: A joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a
layer of fibrocartilage.
Transurethral: When an instrument passes through the urethra.
*What are some examples of symphysis?
*
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound
waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.
*Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.What is an
echocardiogram?

Pronunciationā as in āpeē as in ēvenī as in īceō as in ōpenū as
in ūnită as in ăppleĕ as in ĕveryĭ as in ĭnterestŏ as in pŏtŭ as in
ŭnder
*
Pronunciation (cont’d.)Examplesantigen
contralateralmalaise prolapse
ĂN-tĭ-jĕncŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ălmăl- ĀZPRŌ-lăps
*Have students pronounce each term.Which syllable is accented
(stressed) in each of these terms?
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Correct Answer is C, Adductor (answer A is misspelled. B
means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is
misspelled.
*
Correct Answer is A, dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea
means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have
a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix
and a suffix.)
*
*
*Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacteriumImmune
reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibodyWhat is a
common name for an immune reaction against normally non-
threatening antigens?

*Discuss how Rh condition occurs. First pregnancy with Rh+
baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitizedSecond
pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of
the newborn (HDN)Symptom of HDN: JaundiceHow can the
condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune
globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery,
miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)
*
*
Correct Answer is B, leukocytes or white blood cells. See page
116 in 8th edition for more information.
*What are some examples of congenital anomalies?What are
some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?Give some
examples that demonstrate contralateral.What term means the
same side? (ipsilateral)
*See page 118 for more details
*
Correct Answer is D, fallopian tube. See page 118 for more
detail.
*What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
*Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture
insulin outside the body.What is polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)?List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and
fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the
symptoms.What is parasitism?
*What are some examples of symphysis?
*
*Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.What is an
echocardiogram?
*

*Have students pronounce each term.Which syllable is accented
(stressed) in each of these terms?
Chapter 3
Suffixes
*
Learning ObjectivesDefine new suffixes and review those
presented in previous chapters.Gain practice in word analysis by
using these suffixes with combining forms to build and
understand terms.Identify the functions of the different types of
blood cells in the body.
*

Chapter 3
Lesson 3.1
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
NOUN SUFFIXES
-algia pain
-cele hernia
-centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid
-coccus berry-shaped bacterium
-cyte cell
Suffix Meaning
*
Refer to page 76 for terms using these suffixes

HERNIA
Protrusion of an organ through the cavity that normally contains
it
*
See page 82 for more information.
A Hernia is Protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an
organ through the cavity that normally contains it.
CYSTOCELE
when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the
vaginal wall.
RECTOCELE
protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina
AMNIOCENTESISWithdrawal of the fluid that surrounds the
embryo for culture and karyotyping
*
When is an amniocentesis usually performed?
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus: Bacteria that grow in chains

or clusters
*
What is the difference between streptococcus and
staphylococcus?
What is an abscess?
What are the different types of hernias?
When is an amniocentesis usually performed?
NOUN SUFFIXES
-dynia pain
-ectomy excision, removal
-emia blood condition
-genesis condition of producing, forming
-gram record
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
Refer to page 76-77 for terms using these suffixes

NOUN SUFFIXES
-graph instrument for recording
-graphy process of recording
-itis inflammation
-logy study of
-lysis breakdown, destruction,
separation
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
NOUN SUFFIXES
-malacia softening
-megaly enlargement
-oma tumor, mass, collection of fluid
-opsy to view (under a microscope)
-osis condition, usually abnormal
Suffix Meaning

SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
NOUN SUFFIXES
-pathy disease condition
-penia deficiency
-phobia fear
-plasia development, formation, growth
-plasty surgical repair
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means fear of heights?
A. Acromegaly
B. Hydrophobia
C. Acrophobia
D. Agoraphobia
*
Correct Answer is C, Acrophobia
NOUN SUFFIXES
-ptosis drooping, sagging, prolapse
-sclerosis hardening
-scope instrument for visual examination
-scopy process of visual examination
-stasis stopping, controlling
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

*
NOUN SUFFIXES
-stomy opening to form a mouth (stoma)
-therapy treatment
-tomy incision, cutting into
-trophy development, nourishment
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

*
SHORTER NOUN SUFFIXES
-er one who
-ia condition
-ist specialist
-ole little, small
-ule little, small
-um, ium structure, tissue
-us structure, substance
-y condition, process
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

*
QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which is the smallest of blood vessels?
A. Arteries
B. Venules
C. Capillaries
D. Arterioles
*
Correct Answer is C, capillaries are the tiniest of blood vessels.
See page 88 appendix P for more information.
ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
-ac, iac pertaining to

-al pertaining to
-ar, ary pertaining to
-eal pertaining to
-genic pertaining to producing, produced by or in
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*
ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
-ic, ical pertaining to
-oid resembling
-ose pertaining to, full of
-ous pertaining to
-tic pertaining to
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
*

Build Terms with Suffixes and Combining Forms Combining
Forms +
Suffix
arthr/itis
blephar/o/ptosis
isch/emia
oste/o/genic
staphyl/o/cocciMeaning
Inflammation of joint
drooping eyelid
loss of normal blood flow
produced by bone tissue
berry-shaped bacteria that grow in clusters
*
What is Streptococcus?
What are other berry-shaped bacteria?
Inc. All rights reserved.Anemia: Reduction in the number of
erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in the circulating
bloodIschemia: Loss of normal blood flow to a part of the
bodyTonsillitis: Infected and inflamed tonsils (lymphatic tissue

in the back of the throat)
*
What is the literal meaning of anemia?
How are anemias classified?
What is aplastic anemia?
What happens to tissue that becomes ischemic?
Inc. All rights reserved.Acromegaly: An endocrine disorder
marked by excessive amount of growth hormone after the
completion of pubertySplenomegaly: Enlargement of the
spleenLeukocytosis: An elevation in the numbers of normal
white blood cells in response to an infection
*
What usually causes the excessive amount of growth hormone
found in acromegaly?
What is the spleen composed of, and what is its function?
What is the difference between leukocytosis and leukemia?
What do their suffixes mean?
Inc. All rights reserved.Achondroplasia: A type of dwarfism
characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and
normal intelligenceBlepharoptosis: Drooping

eyelidsLaparoscopy: Visual examination of the abdomen using a
laparoscope
*
Laparoscope – a lighted telescopic instrument
What causes achondroplasia?
How is the suffix -ptosis pronounced?
What are the specific uses of laparoscopy?
*
Inc. All rights reserved.Arteriole: Small arteries (arteries carry
blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the organs)Adenoids:
Lymphatic tissue in the pharynx near the nose and nasal
passages
*
What is the literal meaning of adenoids?

What may happen if adenoids become enlarged?
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of tonsils? (watch spelling!)
A. Tonsilitis
B. Tonsillitis
C. Tonsillectomy
D. Tonsilectomy
*
Correct Answer is B, tonsillitis. Although the term tonsil has
only one “l”, the combining form has a double letter “l”.
“ITIS” means inflammation. Choice A is incorrect because it
has only one “l”.
Blood Cell Types
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
ThrombocytesRed Blood cells
White Blood cells

Clotting cells
*
What is hemoglobin? What purpose does it serve?
Blood Cell Types
1. Erythrocytes
Red Blood CellsMade in bone marrowCarry oxygen from lungs
to all body cellsHemoglobin: blood protein
*
What is hemoglobin? What purpose does it serve?
Blood Cell Types (cont’d.)
2. LeukocytesWhite blood cellsFive different kinds of

leukocytes, divided into two
categoriesGranulocytesMononuclear leukocytes
*
What is the distinction between granulocytes and mononuclear
leukocytes?
An easy way to remember the names of the five leukocytes is:
Never (neutrophil) Let (lymphocyte) Monkeys (monocyte) Eat
(eosinophil) Bananas (basophil).
Granulocytes – three types EosinophilsBasophilsNeutrophils
*
Formed in the blood marrow
Eosinophils – active and elevated in allergic conditions such as
asthma
Basophils – play a role in inflammation
Neutrophils – important disease-fighting cells
What do the prefixes for each type reflect?
What are some other names for neutrophils?

Mononuclear Leukocytes – two types LymphocytesMonocytes
*
Lymphocytes – fight disease by producing antibodies that
destroy foreign bodies
Monocytes – engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils
have attacked foreign cells
What are two types of lymphocytes?
What are macrophages?
3. Thrombocytes Also known as plateletsTiny fragments of
blood cells that are formed in the marrowNecessary for blood
clotting
*
TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS

*
TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS
*
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which type of blood cells are necessary for clotting?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Granulocytes
C. Monocytes
D. Thrombocytes
*
Correct Answer is D, thrombocytes, which are actually tiny
fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and necessary for
blood clotting.

Pronunciationā as in āpeē as in ēvenī as in īceō as in ōpenū as
in ūnit
ă as in ăppleĕ as in ĕveryĭ as in ĭnterestŏ as in pŏtŭ as in ŭnder
*
Pronunciation (cont’d.)
Examples:
acute ă-KŪT
basophil BĀ-sō-fĭl
ischemia ĭs-KĒ-mē-ă
paracentesis pă-ră-cĕn-TĒ-sĭs
*
Are all students clear on the differences in short and long vowel
sounds?

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