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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-1
Chapter-7Chapter-7
Decision Making
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-2
Learning Outcomes
• Describe eight steps in decision-making process
• Explain the four ways managers make decisions
• Classify decisions and decision-making conditions
• Classify decisions and decision-making conditions
• Identify effective decision-making techniques
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-3
Decision Making
• Decision - making a choice from two or more
alternatives.
• Problem - an obstacle that makes it difficult to
achieve a desired goal or purpose.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-4
The Decision Making Process
1. Identifying a problem and decision criteria
and allocating weights to the criteria
2. Developing, analyzing, and selecting an
alternative that can resolve the problem
3. Implementing the selected alternative
4. Evaluating the decision’s effectiveness
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-5
Exhibit 6-1: Decision-Making Process
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-6
Step 1: Identifying a Problem
• Characteristics of Problems
– A problem becomes a problem when a manager
becomes aware of it.
– There is pressure to solve the problem.
– The manager must have the authority,
information, or resources needed to solve the
problem.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-7
Step 2: Identifying Decision Criteria
• Decision criteria are factors that are important
(relevant) to resolving the problem, such as:
– Costs that will be incurred (investments required)
– Risks likely to be encountered (chance of failure)
– Outcomes that are desired (growth of the firm)
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-8
Exhibit 6-2: Important Decision Criteria
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-9
Step 3: Allocating Weights to the Criteria
• Decision criteria are not of equal importance:
– Assigning a weight to each item places the items
in the correct priority order of their importance in
the decision-making process.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-10
Step 4: Developing Alternatives
• Identifying viable alternatives
– Alternatives are listed (without evaluation) that
can resolve the problem.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-11
Exhibit 6-3: Possible Alternatives
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-12
Step 5: Analyzing Alternatives
• Appraising each alternative’s strengths and
weaknesses
–An alternative’s appraisal is based on its
ability to resolve the issues related to the
criteria and criteria weight.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-13
Exhibit 6-4: Evaluation of Alternatives
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-14
Step 6: Selecting an Alternative
• Choosing the best alternative
– The alternative with the highest total weight is
chosen.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-15
Step 7: Implementing the Alternative
• Putting the chosen alternative into action
- Conveying the decision to and gaining
commitment from those who will carry out the
alternative
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-16
Step 8: Evaluating Decision Effectiveness
• The soundness of the decision is judged by its
outcomes.
– How effectively was the problem resolved by
outcomes resulting from the chosen alternatives?
– If the problem was not resolved, what went
wrong?
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-17
Exhibit 6-5: Decisions Managers May Make
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-18
Decision-Making Biases and Errors
• Heuristics - using “rules of thumb” to simplify
decision making.
• Overconfidence Bias - holding unrealistically
positive views of oneself and one’s
performance.
• Immediate Gratification Bias - choosing
alternatives that offer immediate rewards and
avoid immediate costs.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-19
Decision-Making Biases and Errors (cont.)
• Anchoring Effect - fixating on initial
information and ignoring subsequent
information.
• Selective Perception Bias - selecting,
organizing and interpreting events based on
the decision maker’s biased perceptions.
• Confirmation Bias - seeking out information
that reaffirms past choices while discounting
contradictory information.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-20
Decision-Making Biases and Errors (cont.)
• Framing Bias - selecting and highlighting certain
aspects of a situation while ignoring other aspects.
• Availability Bias - losing decision-making objectivity
by focusing on the most recent events.
• Representation Bias - drawing analogies and seeing
identical situations when none exist.
• Randomness Bias - creating unfounded meaning out
of random events.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-21
Decision-Making Biases and Errors (cont.)
• Sunk Costs Errors - forgetting that current
actions cannot influence past events and
relate only to future consequences.
• Self-Serving Bias - taking quick credit for
successes and blaming outside factors for
failures.
• Hindsight Bias - mistakenly believing that an
event could have been predicted once the
actual outcome is known (after-the-fact).
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-22
Exhibit 6-11: Common Decision-Making Biases

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Chapter 7-decision-making

  • 1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-1 Chapter-7Chapter-7 Decision Making
  • 2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-2 Learning Outcomes • Describe eight steps in decision-making process • Explain the four ways managers make decisions • Classify decisions and decision-making conditions • Classify decisions and decision-making conditions • Identify effective decision-making techniques
  • 3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-3 Decision Making • Decision - making a choice from two or more alternatives. • Problem - an obstacle that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal or purpose.
  • 4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-4 The Decision Making Process 1. Identifying a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights to the criteria 2. Developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem 3. Implementing the selected alternative 4. Evaluating the decision’s effectiveness
  • 5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-5 Exhibit 6-1: Decision-Making Process
  • 6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-6 Step 1: Identifying a Problem • Characteristics of Problems – A problem becomes a problem when a manager becomes aware of it. – There is pressure to solve the problem. – The manager must have the authority, information, or resources needed to solve the problem.
  • 7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-7 Step 2: Identifying Decision Criteria • Decision criteria are factors that are important (relevant) to resolving the problem, such as: – Costs that will be incurred (investments required) – Risks likely to be encountered (chance of failure) – Outcomes that are desired (growth of the firm)
  • 8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-8 Exhibit 6-2: Important Decision Criteria
  • 9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-9 Step 3: Allocating Weights to the Criteria • Decision criteria are not of equal importance: – Assigning a weight to each item places the items in the correct priority order of their importance in the decision-making process.
  • 10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-10 Step 4: Developing Alternatives • Identifying viable alternatives – Alternatives are listed (without evaluation) that can resolve the problem.
  • 11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-11 Exhibit 6-3: Possible Alternatives
  • 12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-12 Step 5: Analyzing Alternatives • Appraising each alternative’s strengths and weaknesses –An alternative’s appraisal is based on its ability to resolve the issues related to the criteria and criteria weight.
  • 13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-13 Exhibit 6-4: Evaluation of Alternatives
  • 14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-14 Step 6: Selecting an Alternative • Choosing the best alternative – The alternative with the highest total weight is chosen.
  • 15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-15 Step 7: Implementing the Alternative • Putting the chosen alternative into action - Conveying the decision to and gaining commitment from those who will carry out the alternative
  • 16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-16 Step 8: Evaluating Decision Effectiveness • The soundness of the decision is judged by its outcomes. – How effectively was the problem resolved by outcomes resulting from the chosen alternatives? – If the problem was not resolved, what went wrong?
  • 17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-17 Exhibit 6-5: Decisions Managers May Make
  • 18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-18 Decision-Making Biases and Errors • Heuristics - using “rules of thumb” to simplify decision making. • Overconfidence Bias - holding unrealistically positive views of oneself and one’s performance. • Immediate Gratification Bias - choosing alternatives that offer immediate rewards and avoid immediate costs.
  • 19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-19 Decision-Making Biases and Errors (cont.) • Anchoring Effect - fixating on initial information and ignoring subsequent information. • Selective Perception Bias - selecting, organizing and interpreting events based on the decision maker’s biased perceptions. • Confirmation Bias - seeking out information that reaffirms past choices while discounting contradictory information.
  • 20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-20 Decision-Making Biases and Errors (cont.) • Framing Bias - selecting and highlighting certain aspects of a situation while ignoring other aspects. • Availability Bias - losing decision-making objectivity by focusing on the most recent events. • Representation Bias - drawing analogies and seeing identical situations when none exist. • Randomness Bias - creating unfounded meaning out of random events.
  • 21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-21 Decision-Making Biases and Errors (cont.) • Sunk Costs Errors - forgetting that current actions cannot influence past events and relate only to future consequences. • Self-Serving Bias - taking quick credit for successes and blaming outside factors for failures. • Hindsight Bias - mistakenly believing that an event could have been predicted once the actual outcome is known (after-the-fact).
  • 22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallManagement, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7-22 Exhibit 6-11: Common Decision-Making Biases