This chapter discusses the expansion of liberal policies under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson in the 1960s, including Kennedy's "New Frontier" agenda and Johnson's "Great Society" programs. It also examines the growing civil rights movement and protests against racial inequality, as well as the escalating US involvement in the Vietnam War, which contributed to rising domestic unrest and opposition. The chapter explores the political and social turmoil of 1968, including the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy, and concludes with Richard Nixon's election in the wake of these crises.

1. Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
Brinkley, The Unfinished
Nation, 4/e

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Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
 Expanding the Liberal State
 John Kennedy
 Kennedy Elected
The Election of 1960

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Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
 Expanding the Liberal State
 John Kennedy
 Kennedy Elected
 The “New Frontier”
John F. Kennedy
(Library of Congress)
“And so, my fellow Americans:
ask not what your country can do
for you--ask what you can do for
your country.”
-John F. Kennedy

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 Expanding the Liberal State
 Lyndon Johnson
 “Great Society”
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
Lyndon Johnson
(Library of Congress)

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 Expanding the Liberal State
 The Assault on Poverty
 Medicare and Medicaid
 Failure of the OEO
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 Expanding the Liberal State
 Cities, Schools, and Immigration
 Federal Aid to Education
 Immigration Act of 1965
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 Expanding the Liberal State
 Legacies of the Great Society
 Achievements of the Great Society
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
The Johnson Treatment

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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 Expanding Protests
 SNCC
Ronald Martin, Robert Patterson, and Mark
Martin stage sit-down strike after being
refused service at an F.W. Woolworth
luncheon counter, Greensboro, N.C. 1960.
(Library of Congress)
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

9. Copyright ©2004 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 Expanding Protests
 SNCC
 “Freedom Rides”
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
Background Map: 1961 Freedom Rides
[New York]: Associated Press
Newsfeature, [1962].
(Library of Congress)

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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 A National Commitment
 March on Washington
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and
live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these
truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.’ “
Martin Luther King, Jr.

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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 The Battle for Voting Rights
 “Freedom Summer”
 Voting Rights Act Approved
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 The Changing Movement
 “Affirmative Action”
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 Urban Violence
 Riots
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Battle for Racial Equality
 Black Power
 Racial Distinctiveness Emphasized
 Black Panthers
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
“Nobody can give you freedom.
Nobody can give you equality or
justice or anything. If you're a
man, you take it.”
- Malcolm X

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 “Flexible Response and the Cold War”
 Diversifying Foreign Policy
 “Alliance for Progress”
 Bay of Pigs
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
The US in Latin America,
1954-2001

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 “Flexible Response and the Cold War”
 Confrontations with the Soviet Union
 Berlin Wall
 Cuban Missile Crisis
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
“Communist domination in this
hemisphere can never be negotiated”
John F. Kennedy

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 “Flexible Response” and the Cold War
 Johnson and the World
 Intervention in the Dominican Republic
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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31-18
 The Agony of Vietnam
 America and Diem
 Growing Support for Diem
 Diem Assassinated
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Agony of Vietnam
 From Aid to Intervention
 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
“Resolved…That the Congress approves and supports the
determination of the President, as Commander in Chief,
to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack
against the forces of the United States and to prevent
further aggression.”
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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 The Agony of Vietnam
 The Quagmire
 “Attrition” Strategy
 “Pacification”
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Agony of Vietnam
 The War at Home
 Growing Antiwar Movement
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
"Hey, Hey LBJ; How Many
Kids Did You Kill Today?"
- Antiwar Chant

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 The Agony of Vietnam
 The War at Home
 Growing Antiwar Movement
 War-Induced Inflation
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Traumas of 1968
 The Tet Offensive
 Political Defeat
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Traumas of 1968
 The Political Challenge
 Eugene McCarthy
 Robert Kennedy
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
“Some men see things as they are and say why. I
dream things that never were and say why not.”
- Robert Kennedy

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 The Traumas of 1968
 The King Assassination
 James Earl Ray
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
“I have bad news for you, for all of our fellow citizens,
and people who love peace all over the world, and that
is that Martin Luther King was shot and killed tonight.
Martin Luther King dedicated his life to love and to
justice for his fellow human beings, and he died
because of that effort.”
- Robert Kennedy

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 The Traumas of 1968
 The Kennedy Assassination and Chicago
 Democratic National Convention
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 The Traumas of 1968
 The Conservative Response
 George Wallace
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
The Election of 1968

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 The Traumas of 1968
 The Conservative Response
 George Wallace
 Nixon Elected
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism
Richard M. Nixon
(Library of Congress)

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 Debating the Past:
The Vietnam Commitment
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism

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 America in the World:
1968
Chapter Thirty-One:
The Ordeal of Liberalism