Chapter 2 discusses the importance of color in design, its components like hue, saturation, and value, and various color models including RGB for digital and CMYK for print. It explains color harmony and its types, such as monochromatic and complementary schemes, as well as the use of Pantone colors. The chapter concludes with details on hex color codes and their conversion methods.

1. CHAPTER – 2
Colors
Amir Ibrahim
Nov-2021

2. ●
What is color?
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The Color Wheel.
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Hue, Saturation, Value
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Tints, Tones, Shades
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Color Standards(Mode)
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Color Harmony
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color codes
Topics

3. ➢
Color plays a vital role in design and everyday
life.
➢
It can draw your eye to an image.
➢
Sometimes it can trigger an emotional response.
➢
It can even communicate something important
without using words at all.
➢
Color is the light wavelengths that the human
eye receives and processes from a reflected
source.
Colors

4. The Color Wheel
Primary Colors: Red, yellow and blue
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In traditional color theory (used in paint and pigments).
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The 3 pigment colors that cannot be mixed or formed by any combination of
other colors.
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All other colors are derived from these 3 hues.

5. Secondary Colors: Green, orange and purple
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These are the colors formed by mixing the primary colors.
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Red and yellow make orange; yellow and blue make green; and blue and
red make purple.
Tertiary Colors: Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green &
yellow-green
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These are the colors formed by mixing a primary and a secondary color.
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That's why the hue is a two word name, such as blue-green, red-violet, and
yellow-orange.
Hue, Saturation, Value:
The Color Wheel

6. Hue, Saturation, Value
What Is Hue?
●
Hue refers to the origin of the colors we can see.
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Primary and Secondary colors (Yellow, Orange, Red, Violet, Blue, and Green) are
considered hues; however, tertiary colors (mixed colors where neither color is
dominant) would also be considered hues.
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It essentially refers to a color having full saturation.
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When you refer to hue, you are referring to pure color, or the visible spectrum of
basic colors that can be seen in a rainbow.

8. Hue, Saturation, Value
What Is Saturation?
●
Color saturation is the purity and intensity of a color as displayed in an image.
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The higher the saturation of a color, the more vivid and intense it is.
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The lower a color’s saturation, or chroma, the closer it is to pure gray on the gray
scale
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When a pigment hue is “toned,” both white and black (grey) are added to the color
to reduce the color’s saturation.
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Saturation refers to intensity—in other words, whether the color appears more subtle
or more vibrant.
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Highly saturated colors are brighter or richer. Desaturated colors have less pigment
and therefore less oomph.

10. Hue, Saturation, Value
What Is Color Value?
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refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.
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It indicates the quantity of light reflected.
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dark values with black added are called “shades” of the given hue name.
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Light values with white pigment added are called “tints” of the hue name
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We perceive color value based on the quantity of light reflected off of a surface and
absorbed by the human eye.
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We refer to the intensity of the light that reaches the eye as “luminance.”

12. Tints, Tones, Shades
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Tint : refers to any hue or mixture of
pure colors to which white is added.
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Shade : is a hue or mixture of pure colors
to which only black is added.
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Tone : is a hue or mixture of pure colors
to which only pure gray is added (equal
amounts of black and white).

13. Color Standards(Mode)
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
RGB
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RGB (Red, Green and Blue) is the color space for digital images.
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Use the RGB color mode if your design is supposed to be displayed on any kind of
screen.
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A light source within a device creates any color you need by mixing red, green and
blue and varying their intensity.
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This is known as additive mixing: all colors begin as black darkness and then red,
green and blue light is added on top of each other to brighten it and create the
perfect pigment.
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When red, green and blue light is mixed together at equal intensity, they create pure
white.
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Designers can control aspects like saturation, vibrancy and shading by modifying
any of the three source colors. Because it’s done digitally

14. Magenta Cyan
Magenta
yellow

15. Color Standards(Mode) :
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
When to use RGB?
●
If the end destination of your design project is a digital screen, use the RGB color
mode.
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This would go for anything that involves computers, smartphones, tablets, TVs,
cameras, etc.
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Turn to RGB if your design project involves
– web & app design(icons, buttons, graphics)
– branding(online logos, online ads)
– social media(images for posts, profile pictures, profile backgrounds)
– visual content(video, digital graphics, infographics, photographs for website,
social media, or apps)

16. Color Standards(Mode) :
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
What are the best file formats for RGB?
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JPEGs are ideal for RGB files because they’re a nice middle-ground between file
size and quality, and they’re readable almost anywhere.
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PSD is the standard source file for RGB documents, assuming all team members are
working with Adobe Photoshop.
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PNGs support transparency and are better for graphics that need to be superimposed
over others. Consider this file type for interface elements like buttons, icons or
banners.
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GIFs capture motion, so if you’re using an animated element, such as a moving
logo or a bouncing icon, this file type would be ideal.

17. Color Standards(Mode) :
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
CMYK
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CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key/Black) is the color space for printed materials.
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A printing machine creates images by combining CMYK colors to varying degrees
with physical ink.
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This is known as subtractive mixing.
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All colors start as blank white, and each layer of ink reduces the initial brightness to
create the preferred color.
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When all colors are mixed together, they create pure black.

19. Color Standards(Mode) :
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
When to use CMYK?
●
Use CMYK for any project design that will be physically printed, not viewed on a
screen.
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If you need to recreate your design with ink or paint, the CMYK color mode will
give you more accurate results.
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Turn to CMYK if your project involves:
– Branding(business cards, stationary, stickers, signs & storefronts)
– Advertising(billboards, posters, flyers, vehicle wraps,brochures)
– Merchandise(t-shirts, hats and other branded clothing,promotional swag (pens,
mugs, etc.)
– Essential materials(product packaging, restaurant menus)

20. Color Standards(Mode) :
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
What are the best file formats for CMYK?
●
PDFs are ideal for CMYK files, because they are compatible with most programs.
●
AI is the standard source file for CMYK, assuming all team members are working
with Adobe Illustrator.
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EPS can be a great source file alternative to AI because it is compatible with other
vector programs.

21. Color Standards(Mode) :
RGB / CMYK/ Pantone color
Phantom Colors
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Pantone colors are vibrant and solid, which makes them perfect for logo designing.
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Pantone offers true solid color which gives the flexibility to convert them into RGB
or CMYK, as needed.
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This saves precious time and money. The best part is that colors will appear the
same in print form as they do on screen.

23. Color
and
Emotion

24. Color Harmony
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In color theory, color harmony refers to the property that certain aesthetically
pleasing color combinations have.
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These combinations create pleasing contrasts and consonances that are said to be
harmonious.

25. Common types of harmony
Monochromatic
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The easiest formula for harmony is monochromatic because it only uses one
color or hue.
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To create a monochromatic color scheme, pick a spot on the color wheel, then
use your knowledge of saturation and value to create variations.
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The best thing about monochromatic color schemes is that they're guaranteed to
match.
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The colors suit each other perfectly because they're all from the same family.

27. common types of harmony
Analogous
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An analogous color scheme uses colors that are next to each other on the wheel,
like reds and oranges or blues and greens.

29. common types of harmony
Complementary
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Complementary colors are opposite each other on the wheel; for instance, blue and
orange or the classic red and green.

31. common types of harmony
Split-complementary
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A split-complementary color scheme uses the colors on either side of the
complement.

33. common types of harmony
Tetradic
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Tetradic color schemes form a rectangle on the wheel, using not one but two
complementary color pairs.
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This formula works best if you let one color dominate while the others serve as
an accent.

35. Hex color codes
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Color-hex gives information about colors including color
models (RGB,HSL,HSV and CMYK)
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The reason to use hexadecimal numbers is it’s a human-
friendly representation of values in binary code.
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Hex color codes start with a pound sign or hashtag (#) and
are followed by six letters and/or numbers.
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The first two letters/numbers refer to red, the next two refer
to green, and the last two refer to blue.
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The color values are defined in values between 00 and FF
(instead of from 0 to 255 in RGB).

36. Hex color codes
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Numbers are used when the value is 1-9. Letters are used when the value is higher
than 9.
A=10
B=11
C=12
D=13
E=14
F=15

37. Hex color codes
How to convert from decimal to hex
Conversion steps:
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Divide the number by 16.
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Get the integer quotient for the next iteration.
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Get the remainder for the hex digit.
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Repeat the steps until the quotient is equal to 0.
How to convert from hex to decimal
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Multiply each digit of the hex number with its corresponding
power of 16 and sum:

38. Hex color codes

39. End of chapter - 2
Nov - 2021