- Indicators are substances that change color to indicate whether a solution is acidic or basic. There are natural, synthetic, and olfactory indicators.
- Litmus, turmeric, and red cabbage are common natural indicators. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are examples of synthetic indicators. Onion and vanilla are olfactory indicators.
- Acids turn litmus red, do not change turmeric color, make red cabbage juice reddish, and have other characteristic reactions and properties. Bases turn litmus blue and react in opposite ways from acids.
Acids and bases react with each other through a neutralization reaction, forming a salt and water. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and water are produced. Acids and bases share similarities in that they both ionize in water, producing ions that allow the solution to conduct electricity. They differ in that acids contain hydrogen ions and bases contain hydroxide ions. When an acid and base react, the hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
The document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that can accept hydrogen ions or donate electron pairs to form bonds. Acids react with bases to form salts and water. Salts are ionic compounds formed from the reaction of acids and bases. Common examples and uses of acids, bases, and salts are provided.
Acids derive their name and sour taste from the Latin word "acidus" meaning sour. They contain acid compounds that donate hydrogen ions (H+) in water, causing a sour taste. Common acid-base indicators like litmus, turmeric, and red cabbage change color depending on whether a solution is acidic or basic. Acids react with metals and bases to produce salt and water in a neutralization reaction. The strength of acids and bases is measured on the pH scale, with values below 7 indicating acids and above 7 indicating bases.
The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as compounds that yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. and describes how each one reacts with water to produce hydrogen ions. The document also classifies acids based on origin, strength, concentration, and number of hydrogen ions produced. Similarly, it defines bases as compounds that yield hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, provides examples, and describes their classification based on strength and concentration.
Acids are substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in water and have a pH below 7. They have a sour taste and can turn litmus paper red. Bases are the opposite and have a bitter taste, turning litmus paper blue. Bases produce hydroxide ions in water. When acids and bases react, they form salts and water through a neutralization reaction. Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions that result from the reaction of acids and bases. They have crystalline structures and come in different varieties depending on if they hydrolyze in water.
Chemistry GCSE Chapter 8 Acid bases and Salts .pptxAnumToqueer
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Examples of strong acids and weak acids are provided. The document also discusses the properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates to form salts. It introduces the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity and discusses acid-base indicators. Various types of oxides such as basic, acidic, amphoteric, and neutral oxides are also defined.
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water. Acids have a sour taste, turn litmus red, and react with metals and carbonates. Bases have a bitter taste, turn litmus blue, and react with acids to form salts and water. The document also discusses pH scale, uses of acids and bases, and how to classify different types of oxides such as acidic, basic, amphoteric, and neutral oxides based on their chemical properties.
Acids and bases react with each other through a neutralization reaction, forming a salt and water. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and water are produced. Acids and bases share similarities in that they both ionize in water, producing ions that allow the solution to conduct electricity. They differ in that acids contain hydrogen ions and bases contain hydroxide ions. When an acid and base react, the hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
The document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that can accept hydrogen ions or donate electron pairs to form bonds. Acids react with bases to form salts and water. Salts are ionic compounds formed from the reaction of acids and bases. Common examples and uses of acids, bases, and salts are provided.
Acids derive their name and sour taste from the Latin word "acidus" meaning sour. They contain acid compounds that donate hydrogen ions (H+) in water, causing a sour taste. Common acid-base indicators like litmus, turmeric, and red cabbage change color depending on whether a solution is acidic or basic. Acids react with metals and bases to produce salt and water in a neutralization reaction. The strength of acids and bases is measured on the pH scale, with values below 7 indicating acids and above 7 indicating bases.
The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as compounds that yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. and describes how each one reacts with water to produce hydrogen ions. The document also classifies acids based on origin, strength, concentration, and number of hydrogen ions produced. Similarly, it defines bases as compounds that yield hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, provides examples, and describes their classification based on strength and concentration.
Acids are substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in water and have a pH below 7. They have a sour taste and can turn litmus paper red. Bases are the opposite and have a bitter taste, turning litmus paper blue. Bases produce hydroxide ions in water. When acids and bases react, they form salts and water through a neutralization reaction. Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions that result from the reaction of acids and bases. They have crystalline structures and come in different varieties depending on if they hydrolyze in water.
Chemistry GCSE Chapter 8 Acid bases and Salts .pptxAnumToqueer
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Examples of strong acids and weak acids are provided. The document also discusses the properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates to form salts. It introduces the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity and discusses acid-base indicators. Various types of oxides such as basic, acidic, amphoteric, and neutral oxides are also defined.
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water. Acids have a sour taste, turn litmus red, and react with metals and carbonates. Bases have a bitter taste, turn litmus blue, and react with acids to form salts and water. The document also discusses pH scale, uses of acids and bases, and how to classify different types of oxides such as acidic, basic, amphoteric, and neutral oxides based on their chemical properties.
This document discusses acids, bases and indicators. It defines acids as sour substances that turn litmus paper red and react with metals and bases to form salts and water. Common acids include citric acid in lemons and hydrochloric acid. Indicators like litmus paper and methyl orange are used to test substances as acidic or basic. Acids have properties such as conducting electricity in solution and corroding metals. The document also provides examples of acid-base reactions.
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, making them sour and able to turn litmus red. Bases are defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution, making them soapy and able to turn litmus blue. Salts are formed by the reaction of acids and bases and can be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the reactants. Common natural and synthetic acid-base indicators are also described. The document then discusses the properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts and how pH is used to measure acidity. Finally, several industrial chemicals derived from sodium chloride (common salt) are summarized, including
This document provides information about acids, bases, salts, and the pH scale. It defines acids as substances that release hydrogen ions in solution, bases as substances that release hydroxide ions in solution, and salts as ionic compounds composed of metallic and nonmetallic ions. Key properties of acids, bases, and salts are described such as how they affect litmus paper and their uses. Methods of preparing acids, bases, and salts are also summarized. Finally, the pH scale is defined as a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
The three main categories of chemical compounds are acids, bases and salts. These compounds are always part of our daily lives in terms of what we eat and use. The human body contains some very common acids like dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which aids in digestion of food. If the contents of our stomach become too acidic, it results to a burning sensation in the stomach. Acids and bases also regulate metabolic activities in the human body through equilibrium processes. Acids contain hydrogen ions (H+). A base is a substance, which on dissolving in water yields hydroxyl ions (OH-) as the only negative ions. Salts are formed by the combination of an acid and base.
This document provides information about acids and bases, including their properties and reactions. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, and bases as metal oxides or hydroxides. Strong acids are fully ionized in water, while weak acids are only partially ionized. The strength of an acid does not relate to its concentration. Common uses of acids include battery electrolytes, rust removal, and food preservation.
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and have a pH less than 7. Acids have properties such as turning litmus red and reacting with metals. Bases are defined as substances that produce OH- ions in water and have a pH greater than 7. They have properties such as turning litmus blue and reacting with acids to form salt and water. Strong acids and bases are fully dissociated in water while weak acids and bases are only partially dissociated. The document also discusses Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theories.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). It describes using pH scales, indicators like litmus paper, and titration to determine if a substance is acidic, basic, or neutral. Common acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid while common bases include sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Salts are formed through neutralization reactions between acids and bases. Methods for preparing various salts are outlined.
This document provides information about acids, bases, salts, and pH scale. It defines acids and bases, describes their properties and classifications. It discusses the preparation and uses of acids, bases, and salts. It also explains what the pH scale measures, how it indicates acidity and basicity, and how pH values correspond to acids and bases.
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-). Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak ones only partially dissociate. Acids react with metals and bases to produce salts and either water or hydrogen gas. The pH scale is used to measure acidity, with acidic solutions having a pH below 7 and basic solutions above 7. Common examples of acids, bases, and salts are also provided.
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This document provides an introduction to acids, bases and salts including:
- The Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases which define acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions.
- Common acids like hydrochloric acid and common bases like sodium hydroxide.
- Acid-base reactions include neutralization reactions and reactions with metals and carbonates that produce salts, water and other products.
- Properties of salts like pH, families based on cations and anions, and methods of preparation for common salts.
1) The document discusses acids and bases, describing their common properties and examples. Acids are defined as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-).
2) Two theories of acids and bases are described. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as H+ ion producers and bases as OH- ion producers. The Bronsted-Lowry theory expands this to any proton donors as acids and proton acceptors as bases.
3) Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak based on their degree of ionization - strong substances completely ionize while weak ones only partially ionize. Examples of common strong and weak acids and bases are provided.
Chemical reactions with acids Year 10 science.pptxychen24
The document discusses chemical reactions with acids, including:
1. Acids react with metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas. This reaction is exemplified using hydrochloric acid and calcium or magnesium.
2. Acids react with metal carbonates to produce metal salts, water, and carbon dioxide gas. This is shown with sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate.
3. Neutralization is the reaction of acids with bases to form salts and water. It is an exothermic reaction that produces heat.
This document defines acids and bases and discusses their properties. It states that acids produce hydrogen ions in water and have a pH less than 7, while bases are metal oxides or hydroxides that react with acids to form salts and water. Common acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while common bases include sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The document also discusses concentration versus strength, noting that concentration can change but strength depends on the inherent properties of the acid or base.
This document provides an introduction to acids, bases and salts. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories. Examples of common acids and bases are given. Physical properties of acids and bases like taste and effect on indicators are described. Key acid-base reactions like those with metals, metal carbonates and the neutralization reaction are outlined. The document also discusses water's role in dissociating acids and bases, as well as concepts like pH, strength of acids and bases, and dilution. Methods for manufacturing important acids and bases are summarized. Finally, the properties and uses of some common salts are mentioned.
Acids are substances that donate protons and turn litmus paper red, while bases are substances that accept protons and turn litmus paper blue. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The reaction between acids and bases produces salts and water. Common examples of salts produced for various uses include sodium chloride, calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium carbonate (washing soda), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (Plaster of Paris).
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help identify their nature. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases with water, metals, metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and each other. It describes pH and the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Living organisms are sensitive to pH and maintaining the proper pH is important.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help determine the pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxyl ions (OH-) to determine if a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. Living organisms and processes like digestion require specific pH ranges to function properly.
This document discusses acids, bases and indicators. It defines acids as sour substances that turn litmus paper red and react with metals and bases to form salts and water. Common acids include citric acid in lemons and hydrochloric acid. Indicators like litmus paper and methyl orange are used to test substances as acidic or basic. Acids have properties such as conducting electricity in solution and corroding metals. The document also provides examples of acid-base reactions.
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, making them sour and able to turn litmus red. Bases are defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution, making them soapy and able to turn litmus blue. Salts are formed by the reaction of acids and bases and can be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the reactants. Common natural and synthetic acid-base indicators are also described. The document then discusses the properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts and how pH is used to measure acidity. Finally, several industrial chemicals derived from sodium chloride (common salt) are summarized, including
This document provides information about acids, bases, salts, and the pH scale. It defines acids as substances that release hydrogen ions in solution, bases as substances that release hydroxide ions in solution, and salts as ionic compounds composed of metallic and nonmetallic ions. Key properties of acids, bases, and salts are described such as how they affect litmus paper and their uses. Methods of preparing acids, bases, and salts are also summarized. Finally, the pH scale is defined as a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
The three main categories of chemical compounds are acids, bases and salts. These compounds are always part of our daily lives in terms of what we eat and use. The human body contains some very common acids like dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which aids in digestion of food. If the contents of our stomach become too acidic, it results to a burning sensation in the stomach. Acids and bases also regulate metabolic activities in the human body through equilibrium processes. Acids contain hydrogen ions (H+). A base is a substance, which on dissolving in water yields hydroxyl ions (OH-) as the only negative ions. Salts are formed by the combination of an acid and base.
This document provides information about acids and bases, including their properties and reactions. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, and bases as metal oxides or hydroxides. Strong acids are fully ionized in water, while weak acids are only partially ionized. The strength of an acid does not relate to its concentration. Common uses of acids include battery electrolytes, rust removal, and food preservation.
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and have a pH less than 7. Acids have properties such as turning litmus red and reacting with metals. Bases are defined as substances that produce OH- ions in water and have a pH greater than 7. They have properties such as turning litmus blue and reacting with acids to form salt and water. Strong acids and bases are fully dissociated in water while weak acids and bases are only partially dissociated. The document also discusses Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theories.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). It describes using pH scales, indicators like litmus paper, and titration to determine if a substance is acidic, basic, or neutral. Common acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid while common bases include sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Salts are formed through neutralization reactions between acids and bases. Methods for preparing various salts are outlined.
This document provides information about acids, bases, salts, and pH scale. It defines acids and bases, describes their properties and classifications. It discusses the preparation and uses of acids, bases, and salts. It also explains what the pH scale measures, how it indicates acidity and basicity, and how pH values correspond to acids and bases.
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-). Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak ones only partially dissociate. Acids react with metals and bases to produce salts and either water or hydrogen gas. The pH scale is used to measure acidity, with acidic solutions having a pH below 7 and basic solutions above 7. Common examples of acids, bases, and salts are also provided.
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This document provides an introduction to acids, bases and salts including:
- The Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases which define acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions.
- Common acids like hydrochloric acid and common bases like sodium hydroxide.
- Acid-base reactions include neutralization reactions and reactions with metals and carbonates that produce salts, water and other products.
- Properties of salts like pH, families based on cations and anions, and methods of preparation for common salts.
1) The document discusses acids and bases, describing their common properties and examples. Acids are defined as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-).
2) Two theories of acids and bases are described. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as H+ ion producers and bases as OH- ion producers. The Bronsted-Lowry theory expands this to any proton donors as acids and proton acceptors as bases.
3) Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak based on their degree of ionization - strong substances completely ionize while weak ones only partially ionize. Examples of common strong and weak acids and bases are provided.
Chemical reactions with acids Year 10 science.pptxychen24
The document discusses chemical reactions with acids, including:
1. Acids react with metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas. This reaction is exemplified using hydrochloric acid and calcium or magnesium.
2. Acids react with metal carbonates to produce metal salts, water, and carbon dioxide gas. This is shown with sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate.
3. Neutralization is the reaction of acids with bases to form salts and water. It is an exothermic reaction that produces heat.
This document defines acids and bases and discusses their properties. It states that acids produce hydrogen ions in water and have a pH less than 7, while bases are metal oxides or hydroxides that react with acids to form salts and water. Common acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while common bases include sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The document also discusses concentration versus strength, noting that concentration can change but strength depends on the inherent properties of the acid or base.
This document provides an introduction to acids, bases and salts. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories. Examples of common acids and bases are given. Physical properties of acids and bases like taste and effect on indicators are described. Key acid-base reactions like those with metals, metal carbonates and the neutralization reaction are outlined. The document also discusses water's role in dissociating acids and bases, as well as concepts like pH, strength of acids and bases, and dilution. Methods for manufacturing important acids and bases are summarized. Finally, the properties and uses of some common salts are mentioned.
Acids are substances that donate protons and turn litmus paper red, while bases are substances that accept protons and turn litmus paper blue. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The reaction between acids and bases produces salts and water. Common examples of salts produced for various uses include sodium chloride, calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium carbonate (washing soda), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (Plaster of Paris).
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help identify their nature. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases with water, metals, metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and each other. It describes pH and the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Living organisms are sensitive to pH and maintaining the proper pH is important.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help determine the pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxyl ions (OH-) to determine if a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. Living organisms and processes like digestion require specific pH ranges to function properly.
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1. O Indicators: Indicators are substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature of the
solution by the colour change.
Types of Indicator: There are many types of indicators. Some common types of
indicators are:
1.Natural Indicators: Indicators obtained from natural sources are called Natural
Indicators. Litmus, turmeric, red cabbage, China rose, etc., are some common natural
indicators used widely to show the acidic or basic character of substances.
Litmus: Litmus is obtained from lichens. The solution of litmus is purple in colour.
Litmus paper comes in two colours- blue and red.
An acid turns blue litmus paper red.
A base turns red litmus paper blue.
Turmeric: Turmeric is another natural indicator. Turmeric is yellow in colour. Turmeric
solution or paper turns reddish brown with base. Turmeric does not change colour with
acid.
Red Cabbage: The juice of red cabbage is originally purple in colour. Juice of red
cabbage turns reddish with acid and turns greenish with base.
2.Olfactory Indicator: Substances which change their smell when mixed with acid or
base are known as Olfactory Indicators. For example; Onion, vanilla etc.
Onion: Paste or juice of onion loses its smell when added with base. It does not change
its smell with acid.
Vanilla: The smell of vanilla vanishes with base, but its smell does not vanish with an
acid.
Olfactory Indicators are used to ensure the participation of visually impaired students in
the laboratory.
3.Synthetic Indicator: Indicators that are synthesized in the laboratory are known as
Synthetic Indicators. For example; Phenolphthalein, methyl orange, etc.
Phenolphthalein is a colourless liquid. It remains colourless with acid but turns into pink
with a base.
Methyl orange is originally orange in colour. It turns into the red with acid and turns into
yellow with base.
Indicator Original Colour Acid Base
2. Red litmus Red No Change Blue
Blue litmus Blue Red No change
Turmeric Yellow No Change Reddish brown
Red cabbage juice Purple Reddish Greenish yellow
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
Methyl Orange Orange Red Yellow
Onion n/a No change Smell vanishes
Vanilla n/a No change Smell vanishes
Acids: Acids are sour in taste, turn blue litmus red, and dissolve in water to release
H+ ions.
Example: Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), Nitric Acid (HNO3) etc.
Properties of Acids:
Acids have a sour taste.
Turns blue litmus red.
Acid solution conducts electricity.
Release H+ ions in aqueous solution.
3. Types of Acids: Acids are divided into two types on the basis of their occurrence i.e.,
Natural acids and Mineral acids.
(i) Natural Acids: Acids which are obtained from natural sources are called Natural
Acids or Organic Acids.
Examples:
Methanoic acid (HCOOH)
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) etc.
Organic Acids and their Sources
Acids Sources
Acetic acid Vinegar
Ascorbic acid Guava, amla
Citric acid Lemon, orange and other citrus fruits
Lactic acid Sour milk, curd
Methanoic acid Ant sting, nettle sting
Oxalic acid Tomato
4. Tartaric acid Tamarind
(ii) Mineral Acids: Acids that are prepared from minerals are known as Mineral Acids
Example; Inorganic acids, man-made acids or synthetic acid are also known as Mineral
Acids.
Example:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) etc.
Chemical Properties of Acid:
(i) Reaction of acids with metal: Acids give hydrogen gas along with respective salt
when they react with a metal.
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
Examples:
Hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc
metal.
Hydrogen gas and sodium sulphate are formed when sulphuric acid reacts with sodium
metal.
Test For Hydrogen Gas: The gas evolved after reaction of acid with metal can be
tested by bringing a lighted candle near it. If the gas bums with a pop sound, then it
confirms the evolution of hydrogen gas. Burning with pop sound is the characteristic test
for hydrogen gas.
(ii) Reaction of acids with metal carbonate: Acids give carbon dioxide gas and
respective salts along with water when they react with metal carbonates.
Metal carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Examples:
Hydrochloric acid gives carbon dioxide gas, sodium chloride along with water when
5. reacts with sodium carbonate.
Sulphuric acid gives calcium sulphate, carbon dioxide gas, calcium sulphate and water
when it reacts with calcium carbonate
Nitric acid gives sodium nitrate, water and carbon dioxide gas when it reacts with
sodium carbonate.
(iii) Reaction of acid with hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates): Acids give carbon
dioxide gas, respective salt and water when they react with metal hydrogen carbonate.
Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Example:
Sulphuric acid gives sodium sulphate, Carbon dioxide gas and water when it reacts with
sodium bicarbonate.
Test For Evolution of Carbon Dioxide Gas: Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky
when passed through it. This is the characteristic test for carbon dioxide gas.
The gas evolved because of reaction of the acid with metal carbonate or metal
hydrogen carbonate turns lime water milky. This shows that the gas is carbon dioxide
gas. This happens because of the formation of a white precipitate of calcium carbonate.
But when excess of carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it makes milky colour
of lime water disappear. This happens because of formation of calcium hydrogen
6. carbonate. As calcium hydrogen carbonate is soluble in water, thus, the milky colour of
solution mixture disappears.
Common in Acids: Acids give hydrogen gas when they react with metal. This shows
that all acids contains hydrogen. For example; Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid
(H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), etc.
When an acid is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydrogen. The dissociation of
hydrogen ion in aqueous solution is the common property in all acids. Because of the
dissociation of hydrogen ion in aqueous solution, an acid shows acidic behaviour.
Examples:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) gives hydrogen ion (H+) and chloride ion (Cl–) when it is
dissolved in water.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) gives acetate ion (CH3COO–) and hydrogen ion (H+).
Acids
Strong Acids
An acid which is completely ionised in water and produces (H+) is called Strong Acid.
Examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Nitric acid (HNO3)
Weak Acids
An acid which is partially ionised in water and thus produces a small amount of
hydrogen ions (H+) is called a Weak Acid.
Example: Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
When a concentrated solution of acid is diluted by mixing water, then the concentration
of Hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ion (H3O–) per unit volume decreases.
Bases: Bases are bitter in taste, have soapy touch, turn red litmus blue and give
hydroxide ions (OH–) in aqueous solution.
Examples: Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) – NaOH
Calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH)2
Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) – (KOH)
Properties of Bases:
7. Have a bitter taste.
Soapy to touch.
Turns red litmus blue.
Conducts electricity in solution.
Release OH– ions in Aqueous Solution
Types of bases: Bases can be divided in two types – Water soluble and Water-
insoluble.
The hydroxide of alkali and alkaline earth metals are soluble in water. These are also
known as alkali.
For example; sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc. Alkali is
considered a strong base.
Chemical properties of bases:
(i) Reaction of Base with Metals: When alkali (base) reacts with metal, it produces salt
and hydrogen gas.
Alkali + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
Examples: Sodium hydroxide gives hydrogen gas and sodium zincate when reacts with
zinc metal.
Sodium aluminate and hydrogen gas are formed when sodium hydroxide reacts with
aluminium metal.
(ii) Reaction of Base with Oxides of Non-metals: Non-metal oxides are acidic in
nature. For example; carbon dioxide is a non-metal oxide. When carbon dioxide is
dissolved in water it produces carbonic acid.
Therefore, when a base reacts with non-metal oxide, both neutralize each other
resulting respective salt and water.
Base + Non-metal oxide → Salt + Water
(Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature)
Examples:
Sodium hydroxide gives sodium carbonate and water when it reacts with carbon
dioxide.
Calcium hydroxide gives calcium carbonate and water when it reacts with carbon
8. dioxide.
(iii) Neutralisation Reaction: An acid neutralizes a base when they react with each
other and respective salt and water are formed.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Since, the reaction between acid and base both neutralize each other, hence, it is also
known as Neutralization Reaction.
Examples: Sodium chloride and water are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with
sodium hydroxide (a strong base).
In a similar way, calcium chloride is formed along with water when hydrochloric acid
reacts with calcium hydroxide (a base).
(iv) Reaction of Acid with Metal Oxides: Metal oxides are basic in nature. Thus, when
an acid reacts with a metal oxide both neutralize each other. In this reaction, the
respective salt and water are formed.
Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water
(Metal oxides are basic in nature)
Examples:
Calcium is a metal, thus, calcium oxide is a metallic oxide which is basic in nature.
When an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, reacts with calcium oxide, neutralization
reaction takes place and calcium chloride, along with water is formed.
Similarly, when sulphuric acid reacts with zinc oxide, zinc sulphate and water are
formed.
Common in all bases: A base dissociates hydroxide ion in water, which is responsible
for the basic behaviour of a compound.
9. Example: When sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydroxide ion and
sodium ion.
Similarly, when potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydroxide ion
and potassium ion.
Thus, the base shows its basic character because of dissociation of hydroxide ion.
Neutralisation Reaction: When an acid reacts with a base, the hydrogen ion of acid
combines with the hydroxide ion of base and forms water. As these ions combine
together and form water instead of remaining free, thus, both neutralize each other.
Example: When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium
hydroxide breaks into a sodium ion and hydroxide ion and hydrochloric acid breaks into
hydrogen ion and chloride ion.
Hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion combine together and form water, while sodium ion and
chloride ion combine together and form sodium chloride.
Dilution of Acid and Base: The concentration of hydrogen ion in an acid and
hydroxide ion in a base, per unit volume, shows the concentration of acid or base.
By mixing of acid to water, the concentration of hydrogen ion per unit volume
decreases. Similarly, by addition of base to water, the concentration of hydroxide ion
per unit volume decreases. This process of addition of acid or base to water is called
Dilution and the acid or base is called Diluted.
The dilution of acid or base is exothermic. Thus, acid or base is always added to water
and water is never added to acid or base. If water is added to a concentrated acid or
10. base, a lot of heat is generated, which may cause splashing out of acid or base and
may cause severe damage as concentrated acid and base are highly corrosive.
Strength of Acid and Base: Acids in which complete dissociation of hydrogen ion
takes place are called Strong Acids. Similarly, bases in which complete dissociation of
hydroxide ion takes place are called Strong Bases.
In mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, etc. hydrogen ion
dissociates completely and hence, they are considered as strong acids. Since inorganic
acids hydrogen ions do not dissociate completely, so they are weak acids.
For water or neutral solutions : pH = 7
For acidic solutions : pH < 7
For basic solution : pH > 7
Universal Indicator: Using a litmus paper, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, etc. only
the acidic or basic character of a solution can be determined, but the use of these
indicators does not give the idea about the strength of acid or base. So, to get the
strength as well as acidic and basic nature of a given solution universal indicator is
used.
Universal indicator shows different colour over the range of pH value from 1 to 14 for a
given solution. Universal indicator is available both in the form of strips and solution.
Universal indicator is the combination of many indicators, such as water, propanol,
phenolphthalein, sodium salt, sodium hydroxide, methyl red, bromothymol blue
monosodium salt, and thymol blue monosodium salt. The colour matching chart is
supplied with a universal indicator which shows the different colours for different values
of pH.
11. pH value shown by different colours role of pH everyday life:
(i)pH in our digestive system: Dilute HCl (Hydrochloric acid) helps in digestion of
food (proteins) in our stomach. Excess acid in stomach causes acidity (indigestion).
Antacids like magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] also known as milk of magnesia and
sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) are used to neutralize excess acid.
(ii)Tooth decay caused by acids: The bacteria present in our mouth converts the
sugar into acids. When the pH of acid formed in the mouth falls below 5.5, tooth-
decaying starts. The excess acid has to be removed by cleaning the teeth with a good
quality toothpaste because these kinds of toothpaste are alkaline in nature.
(iii)Soil of pH and plant growth: Most of the plants have a healthy growth when the
soil has a specific pH (close to 7) range which should be neither alkaline nor highly
acidic. Therefore,
Compound ‘X’ is Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Compound ‘A’ is Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4).
Compound ‘B’ is Sodium chloride (NaCl).
Compound ‘C’ is Sodium acetate (CH3COONa)
Salts: Salts are the ionic compounds which are produced after the neutralization
reaction between acid and base. Salts are electrically neutral. There are number of salts
but sodium chloride is the most common among them. Sodium chloride is also known
as table salt or common salt. Sodium chloride is used to enhance the taste of food.
Characteristics of salt:
Most of the salts are crystalline soild.
Salts may be transparent or opaque.
Most of the salts are soluble in water.
Solution of the salts conducts electricity in their molten state also.
The salt may be salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami (savoury).
Neutral salts are odourless.
Salts can be colourless or coloured.
Family of Salt: Salts having common acidic or basic radicals are said to belong to the
same family.
Example:
(i)Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Calcium chloride (CaCl2) belongs to chloride family.
(ii)Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and Calcium sulphate (CaSO4) belongs to calcium family.
(iii)Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) belongs to the zinc family.
12. Neutral, Acidic and Basic Salts:
(i) Neutral Salt: Salts produced because of reaction between a strong acid and strong
base are neutral in nature. The pH value of such salts is equal to 7, i.e. neutral.
Example : Sodium chloride, Sodium sulphate. Postassium chloride, etc.
Sodium chloride (NaCl): It is formed after the reaction between hydrochloric acid (a
strong acid) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base).
Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4): It is formed after the reaction between sodium hydroxide
(a strong base) and sulphuric acid ( a strong acid).
Potassium Chloride (KCl): It is formed after the reaction between potassium hydroxide
(a strong base) and hydrochloric acid (a strong acid).
(ii) Acidic Salts: Salts which are formed after the reaction between a strong acid and
weak base are called Acidic salts. The pH value of acidic salt is lower than 7. For
example Ammonium sulphate, Ammonium chloride, etc.
Ammonium chloride is formed after reaction between hydrochloric acid (a strong acid)
and ammonium hydroxide (a weak base).
Ammonium sulphate is formed after reaction between ammonium hydroxide (a weak
base) and sulphuric acid (a strong acid).
(iii) Basic Salts: Salts which are formed after the reaction between a weak acid and
strong base are called Basic Salts. For example; Sodium carbonate, Sodium acetate,
etc.
13. Sodium carbonate is formed after the reaction between sodium hydroxide (a strong
base) and carbonic acid (a weak acid).
Sodium acetate is formed after the reaction between a strong base, sodium hydroxide
(a strong base) and acetic acid, (a weak acid).
Cause of formation of acidic, basic and neutral salts:
When a strong acid reacts with a weak base, the base is unable to fully neutralize
the acid. Due to this, an acidic salt is formed.
When a strong base reacts with a weak acid, the acid is unable to fully neutralize
the base. Due to this, a basic salt is formed.
When equally strong acid and a base react, they fully neutralize each other. Due
to this, a neutral salt is formed.
pH value of salt:
Neutral salt: The pH value of a neutral salt is almost equal to 7.
Acidic salt: The pH value of an acidic salt is less than 7.
Basic salt: The pH value of a basic salt is more than 7.
Some Important Chemical Compounds
1. Common Salt (Sodium Chloride): Sodium chloride (NaCl) is also known as
Common or Table Salt. It is formed after the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid. It is a neutral salt. The pH value of sodium chloride is about 7.
Sodium chloride is used to enhance the taste of food. Sodium chloride is used in the
manufacturing of many chemicals.
Important chemical from sodium chloride
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is also known as
caustic soda. It is obtained by the electrolytic decomposition of solution of sodium
chloride (brine). In the process of electrolytic decomposition of brine (aqueous solution
of sodium chloride), brine decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. In this process,
chlorine is obtained at anode and hydrogen gas is obtained at cathode as by products.
14. This whole process is known as Chlor – Alkali process.
Use of products after the electrolysis of brine:
Hydrogen gas is used as fuel, margarine, in making of ammonia for fertilizer, etc.
Chlorine gas is used in water treatment, manufacturing of PVC, disinfectants,
CFC, pesticides. It is also used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder and
hydrochloric acid.
Sodium hydroxide is used for degreasing of metals, manufacturing of paper, soap,
detergents, artificial fibres, bleach, etc.
2. Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2): Bleaching powder is also known as chloride of lime. It
is a solid and yellowish white in colour. Bleaching powder can be easily identified by the
strong smell of chlorine.
When calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts with chlorine, it gives calcium oxychloride
(bleaching powder) and water is formed.
Aqueous solution of bleaching powder is basic in nature. The term bleach means
removal of colour. Bleaching powder is often used as bleaching agent. It works because
of oxidation. Chlorine in the bleaching powder is responsible for bleaching effect.
Use of Bleaching Powder:
Bleaching powder is used as disinfectant to clean water, moss remover, weed
killers, etc.
Bleaching powder is used for bleaching of cotton in textile industry, bleaching of
wood pulp in paper industry.
Bleaching powder is used as oxidizing agent in many industries, such as textiles
industry, paper industry, etc.
3. Baking Soda (NaHCO3): Baking soda is another important product which can be
obtained using byproducts of chlor – alkali process. The chemical name of baking soda
is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium bicarbonate. Bread soda, cooking
soda, bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarb, bicarb of soda or simply bicarb, etc. are
some other names of baking soda.
15. Preparation Method: Baking soda is obtained by the reaction of brine with carbon
dioxide and ammonia. This is known as Solvay process.
In this process, calcium carbonate is used as the source of CO2 and the resultant
calcium oxide is used to recover ammonia from ammonium chloride.
Properties of Sodium Bicarbonate:
Sodium bicarbonate is white crystalline solid, but it appears as fine powder.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is amphoteric in nature.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is sparingly soluble in water.
Thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda).
When baking soda is heated, it decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon
dioxide and water.
2NaHCO3 + heat → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Sodium carbonate formed after thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen
carbonate decomposes into sodium oxide and carbon dioxide on further heating.
Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2
This reaction is known as Dehydration reaction.
Use of Baking Soda:
Baking soda is used in making of baking powder, which is used in cooking as it
produces carbon dioxide which makes the batter soft and spongy.
Baking soda is used as an antacid.
Baking soda is used in toothpaste which makes the teeth white and plaque free.
Baking soda is used in cleansing of ornaments made of silver.
Since sodium hydrogen carbonate gives carbon dioxide and sodium oxide on
strong heating, thus, it, is used as a fire extinguisher.
Baking Powder: Baking powder produces carbon dioxide on heating, so it is used in
cooking to make the batter spongy. Although, baking soda also produces carbon
dioxide on heating, but it is not used in cooking because on heating, baking soda
produces sodium carbonate along with carbon dioxide. The sodium carbonate, thus,
produced, makes the taste bitter.
Baking powder is the mixture of baking soda and a mild edible acid. Generally, tartaric
acid is mixed with baking soda to make baking powder.
16. When baking powder is heated, sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) decomposes to
give CO2 and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). CO2 causes bread and cake fluffy. Tartaric
acid helps to remove bitter taste due to formation of Na2CO3.
4. Washing Soda (Sodium Carbonate)
Preparation Method: Sodium carbonate is manufactured by the thermal decomposition
of sodium hydrogen carbonate obtained by Solvay process.
The sodium carbonate obtained in this process is dry. It is called Soda ash or
Anhydrous sodium carbonate. Washing soda is obtained by rehydration of anhydrous
sodium carbonate.
Since there are 10 water molecules in washing soda, hence, it is known as Sodium
Bicarbonate Decahydrate.
Sodium carbonate is a crystalline solid and it is soluble in water when most of the
carbonates are insoluble in water.
Use of sodium carbonate:
It is used in the cleaning of cloths, especially in rural areas.
In the making of detergent cake and powder.
In removing the permanent hardness of water.
It is used in glass and paper industries.
The water of Crystallization: Many salts contain water molecule and are known as
Hydrated Salts. The water molecule present in salt is known as Water of crystallization.
Examples:
Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O): Blue colour of copper sulphate is due to
presence of 5 molecules of water. When copper sulphate is heated, it loses water
molecules and turns: into grey – white colour, which is known as anhydrous copper
17. sulphate. After adding water, anhydrous copper sulphate becomes blue again.
Acids: Substances which turn blue litmus solution red are called acids. Acids are sour
in taste.
Bases: Substances which change red litmus solution blue are called bases. They are
bitter in taste.
Mineral Acids: Acids which are obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates,
chlorides etc. are called mineral acids, example, H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid), HNO3 (Nitric
acid) and HCl (Hydrochloric acid).
Organic Acids: Acids which are obtained from plants and animals are called organic
acids. Example citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid.
Hydronium Ions: They are formed by the reaction of H+ (from acid) and H2O. It is
because H+ is unstable.
Universal Indicator: A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which shows a
gradual but well-marked series of colour changes over a very wide range of change in
concentration of H+ ions.
Strong Acids: Acids which dissociate into ions completely are called strong acids.
Example, H2SO4, HCl.
Weak Acids: Acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are called weak acids.
Example, citric acid, acetic acid.
Chemical Properties of Acids:
Acids react with active metals to give salt and hydrogen gas.
Acids react with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates to give salt,
water and carbon dioxide.
Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called a
neutralization reaction.
Acids react with metal oxides to give salt and water.
Chemical Properties of Bases:
18. Reaction with metals: Certain metals such as zinc, aluminium and tin react with
alkali solutions on heating and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Reaction with acids: Bases react with acids to form salt and water.
Indicators: Indicators are substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature of the
solution by their colour change.
pH Scale: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
in moles per litre.
pH = -log [H+]
pH = -log [H3O+]
where [H+] or [H3O+] represents concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
The pH of a neutral solution is 7.
The pH of an acidic solution is < 7.
The pH of a basic solution is > 7.
Some Important Compounds and their Uses:
Equations of Acids, Bases and Salts:
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 (Sodium zincate) + H2
Base + Acid → Salt + Water
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Acids give hydronium ions in water
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl–
19. Bases generate OH- ions in water
NaOH (aq) + H2O → Na+ (aq) + O– (aq)
Reactions Of Important Chemical Compounds:
Preparation of Bleaching powder: By the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
On heating, baking soda liberates CO2
Preparation of Plaster of Paris:
Class 10 Science Notes
Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes
Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Class 10 Notes
Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Notes
Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10 Notes
Chapter 6 Life Processes Class 10 Notes
Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce Class 10 Notes
Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Notes
Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes
Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Notes
Chapter 12 Electricity Class 10 Notes
Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes
Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Class 10 Notes
Chapter 15 Our Environment Class 10 Notes
Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Class 10 Notes
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