This document discusses frequency distributions and graphs. It defines frequency distributions as organizing raw data into a table using classes and frequencies. There are three main types: categorical, grouped, and ungrouped. Guidelines are provided for constructing frequency distributions, such as having 5-20 classes of equal width. Common graphs discussed are histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, Pareto charts, time series graphs, and pie charts. These graphs represent frequency distributions in visual formats.

1. Chapter 2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs Reference: Allan G. Bluman (2007) Elementary Statistics: A Step-by Step Approach . New York : McGraw Hill

8. Blood Type Frequency Distribution - Example

10. Lifetimes of Boat Batteries - Example 25 25 1 | 58.5 – 65.5 59 – 65 24 6 |||| | 51.5 – 58.5 52 – 58 18 9 |||| |||| 44.5 – 51.5 45 – 51 9 5 |||| 37.5 – 44.5 38 – 44 4 1 | 30.5 – 37.5 31 – 37 3 3 ||| 23.5 – 30.5 24 – 30 Cumulative frequency Frequency Tally Class boundaries Class limits

16. Open-Ended Distribution Example 1 Example 2 8 54 and above 10 43 – 53 4 32 – 42 6 21 – 31 3 10 – 20 Frequency Age 5 125 – 129 14 120 – 124 38 115 – 119 24 110 – 114 16 Below 100 Frequency Minutes

20. Grouped Frequency Distribution - Example

27. Note: The dash “-” represents “to”.

29. Number of Miles Traveled - Example

33. Example of a Histogram 2 0 1 7 1 4 1 1 8 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 N u m b e r o f C i g a r e t t e s S m o k e d p e r D a y F r e q u e n c y

35. Example of a Frequency Polygon Frequency Polygon 2 6 2 3 2 0 1 7 1 4 1 1 8 5 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 N u m b e r o f C i g a r e t t e s S m o k e d p e r D a y F r e q u e n c y

37. Example of an Ogive Ogive

40. Example of a Pareto Chart P a r e t o C h a r t f o r t h e n u m b e r o f C r i m e s I n v e s t i g a t e d b y L a w H o m i c i d e R o b b e r y R a p e Assault 1 3 2 9 3 4 1 6 4 5 . 4 1 2 . 1 1 4 . 2 6 8 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 9 4 . 6 8 2 . 5 6 8 . 3 2 5 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 D e f e c t C o u n t P e r c e n t C u m % P e r c e n t C o u n t E n f o r c e ment Officers in U.S. National Parks During 1995.

42. Other Types of Graphs - Time Series Graph 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 0 8 9 8 7 8 5 8 3 8 1 7 9 7 7 7 5 Y e a r R i d e r s h i p ( i n m i l l i o n s ) P O R T A U T H O R I T Y T R A N S I T R I D E R S H I P

44. Other Types of Graphs - Pie Graph Robbery (29, 12.1%) Rape (34, 14.2%) Assaults (164, 68.3%) Homicide (13, 5.4%) Pie Chart of the Number of Crimes Investigated by Law Enforcement Officers In U.S. National Parks During 1995