1) Development is a long-term, complex process that requires sustained effort over time. All parts of society and the economy are interconnected and influence each other dynamically.
2) Economic development aims to improve the economic, political and social well-being of a nation's people through increasing production and institutional changes. Its objective is to provide more and better goods and opportunities that serve individual welfare.
3) Development centers around people, both as its objective and driving force. A country's stock of knowledge resides in its people, and economic development depends on people's ability to apply knowledge wisely for production.
InĀ economics, theĀ cycle of povertyĀ is the āSet of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside interventionā. The poverty cycle can be called the āDevelopment trap" when it is applied to countries.
Presentation by Dr. Teppo Eskelinen, philospher and freelance journalist, discussing the concept of "development" and the relationship oj journalism to development
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
InĀ economics, theĀ cycle of povertyĀ is the āSet of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside interventionā. The poverty cycle can be called the āDevelopment trap" when it is applied to countries.
Presentation by Dr. Teppo Eskelinen, philospher and freelance journalist, discussing the concept of "development" and the relationship oj journalism to development
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
Ā
This learning material includes an introduction to international relations and an overview of world politics in a global era. This course aims to provide students with an understanding of international cooperation and conflict and the various regimes and institutions sustaining these processes.
On the great disparity between the Global North and South Today. It also presents two schools of thought on the causes of disparity i.e., Classical Liberal Economic Theory and Dependency Theory.
Reference: Kegley
what is globalization
,
globalization of markets
,
globalization of production
,
global institutions
,
drivers of globalization
,
managing in the global marketplace
,
the changing demographics of the global economy
,
changing world output & world trade picture
,
globalization & the worldās poor
,
global economy of 21st century
,
the changing world order
,
globalization
,
labor policies and the environment
This presentation shows how BCPC can be organized utilizing the community organizing process to ensure functionality and sustainability. The elements of organizing, namely, education and training, organization-building, resource mobilization and people's participation are key. This can be used by social workers and community development workers, who have a good grasp of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and national and local governance structures mandated to protect and promote children's rights.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
Ā
This learning material includes an introduction to international relations and an overview of world politics in a global era. This course aims to provide students with an understanding of international cooperation and conflict and the various regimes and institutions sustaining these processes.
On the great disparity between the Global North and South Today. It also presents two schools of thought on the causes of disparity i.e., Classical Liberal Economic Theory and Dependency Theory.
Reference: Kegley
what is globalization
,
globalization of markets
,
globalization of production
,
global institutions
,
drivers of globalization
,
managing in the global marketplace
,
the changing demographics of the global economy
,
changing world output & world trade picture
,
globalization & the worldās poor
,
global economy of 21st century
,
the changing world order
,
globalization
,
labor policies and the environment
This presentation shows how BCPC can be organized utilizing the community organizing process to ensure functionality and sustainability. The elements of organizing, namely, education and training, organization-building, resource mobilization and people's participation are key. This can be used by social workers and community development workers, who have a good grasp of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and national and local governance structures mandated to protect and promote children's rights.
COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA
Wholesale Banking Division
Micro Business Banking Department
Proposal on empowering young entrepreneurs
under āKENAā program along with UNCDF
July, 2023
Introduction
The youth employment crisis is a global development priority. Over 10 million youth enter Africaās labour market each year, yet only 3 Million formal jobs are available, making it an uphill battle for most youth to secure decent employment. According to GSMA 2020, there are about 1 billion people between 15 and 24 years of age in the worldās less developed regions. As they grow into adulthood, they will need support from many sources ā including parents, trusted mentors, and social networks and a variety of financial and non-financial services.
Kena is a program designed by EYEA to understand, support and empower young entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurship journey. Kena aspires to capacitate young entrepreneurs on the required skills and make their business ideas/products ready for financing. Kena will address the existing entrepreneurship challenges in the academic context which has little to no contribution in preparing the young entrepreneurs to prepare the youth and realize their vision. To achieve this there is a need to prepare
contextualized training, coaching and mentoring programs. The program objective is to provide service packages that enhance trusts between entrepreneurs and financial institutions. Target groups of kena are young entrepreneurs from different areas like university students and others aged 18 to35. The priority sectors are Agriculture, Health, Tourism, Manufacturing, Education and ICT. The overall aim of Kena is prepare potential entrepreneursā business ideas investment ready and provide networking opportunities for accessing finance and related exposure at Zelela monthly policy advocacy and networking platform. Thus, this proposal aimed to arrange and work on the area of activities on young entrepreneurs of the association, based on shared objective CBE and UNCDF.
Company profile
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is one of the oldest, the giant and the leading African commercial banks with an asset of more than 1.24 trillion Birr (as of December 31, 2022) which is 58% of the industry share, wide capital base and huge lending capacity. Furthermore, CBE combines a wide customer base with more than 38.1 million account holders, more than 8.8 million card holders, more than 7.7 million Mobile banking users, has deployed more than 3,120 ATM Machines, have more than 9,340 Point of sale terminals, more than 7.4 million CBE birr users, more than 36,507 agents, more than 1,879 branches networks, and more than 69,594 talented and committed employees clerical and non-clerical employees.
CBE is well known in playing a huge and catalytic role in in the countryās economic development and societyās wellbeing (prosperity). The bank has also played a great role in creating better environment for th
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
ā¢ The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
ā¢ Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
ā¢ A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
ā¢ Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
Equity and Inclusive Growth from a Development Perspective is essential reading for development and evaluation practitioners. It provides a concise history and critical examination of the concepts related to growth, poverty, and equity. These three foundational elements of contemporary development theory and practice are at the root of The Rockefeller Foundationās movement toward advancing inclusive economies and building resilience.
The paper offers many insights about the measurement and evaluation of programs. It illuminates the debate surrounding ways to assess well-being beyond GDP. It covers the many ways to approach the measurement of poverty and the most commonly used indexes. Finally, it examines the important distinction between equity and equality and the policy implications of pursuing equity.
Implementing Startup Loans
Introduction
In Ethiopia bank lending is the primary source of external finance for large business which can provide collateral, but it presents challenges for micro, small, and medium enterprises(MSMEs) and new innovative companies with higher risk-return, not-qualified, and not capable to provide collaterals. Due to this gaps the MSMEs and new companies face difficulties in obtaining loans, leading them to seek alternative sources. The government has been taking steps to provide adequate finance to startups, but the success of these schemes remains questionable. CBE has been financing startups indirectly by financing MFIs; but it insignificant when to achieve the existing demand. Therefore, providing financing mechanism for those who have a profitable business idea can be a success area for both the Bank and customers.
CBE is going to provide loan named as Idea financing to help a new and innovative business launch and grow. Like any other loans, it is a type of loan that shall be paid back with regular repayment at a fixed interest rate. The fund can be used for many different things such as developing prototype, testing products, purchasing machinery, premises, and marketing.
CBEās startup loans are part of the customer segmentation based service designed to help new innovative business access finance that might otherwise be difficult to get
Objectives
On 15th July 2023, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia has officially signed MoU and partner with Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurs Association on zelela 7th round āFrom Innovative idea to commercializationā. The association has launched a product with a general objective to support and empower young entrepreneurs in the commercial ventures; like training and mentorship, access to finance, market exposure and innovation competition. Following this, the bank committed and engaged to provide financial and non-financial service by collaborating with different stakeholders to shed light on the young entrepreneurs in Ethiopia by intending to achieve the following specific objectives.
1. To diversify CBEās credit portfolio.
2. To help entrepreneurs to get business started and growth.
3. To allow entrepreneurs to retain ownership.
4. To achieve national financial accesses goals.
5. Achieve business development efficiency of startups.
Target Groups
Micro business banking department offers unsecured financial access for individuals and wholesale customers, focusing on tailored products for women, start-ups, youth, and manufacturing enterprises. But the target group for this proposal are startups supported and recognized by Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurship Association(EYEA).
Proposed Startup Loans
Based on the assessment, CBE could provide various ranges of products in a saving and credit scheme for startups. But here, it is recommended that CBE should introduce should Finance Startups by Customizing the Idea Financing Loan product. CBEās Startups Financing is a loan extended t
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
Ā
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using āinvisibleā attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Ā
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Ā
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation āBlue Starā is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
Ā
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
Ā
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarās dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireās birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireās society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Ā
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECDās Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. TOPICS
Development is a Sustained Effort2
Introduction1
The Objective of the Development
Process: Man4
What is Economic Development3
Increase in Real Income5
The Human Factor in Economic
Development6
3. INTRODUCTION
Development is not an easy process. The sooner we
realize that development is a long process involving
socio- economic changes, and requiring hard work and
sustained effort of working and solving our economic
problems ,the more realistic we become.
4. Development is a Sustained Effort
01 Development is a
sustained effort over
a very long period of
time, the changes
that are brought
about are never
simple.
5. Development is a Sustained Effort
02
It can be observed that
the longer the time
period considered, the
more the diverse parts of
society and the economy
form one single system
6. Development is a Sustained Effort
02
ā parts which are
dynamic, and although
they may be
conceptually distinct
from one another, still
they are actively linked
and interconnected with
one another.
7. Development is a Sustained Effort
03 The change in one
can lead into a
movement in others,
which in turn can
cause further
changes in the one
initiating the change.
8. Development is a Sustained Effort
04 Changes in any part
of the society or the
economy over a long
time stretch are
bound to influence the
movement of the
other parts.
9. Development is a Sustained Effort
05 Sometimes, the influence
is simply permissive, but
at other times it can be
directly impinging on
other factors such that a
reinforcing and
cumulative effect is
generated.
10. WHAT IS ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT?
The Standard of living of
more and more people
are increasing.
Our exports have been
increasing and are slowly
being transformed.
Economic growth
and development
are often used inter
changeably.
āŗ IS THE PROCESS
BY WHICH THE
NATION IMPROVES
THE ECONOMIC,
POLITICS AND
SOCIAL WELL BEING
OF ITS HUMAN.
āŗ MEANS BOTH
MORE OUTPUT OR
PRODUCTION AND
CHANGES IN THE
TECHICAL AND
INSTUITIONAL
ARRANGEMENT BY
WHICH THE FACTORS
OF PRODUCTION ARE
PRODUCED AND
DISTRIBUTED.
11. DEVELOPMENT
VS
GROWTH
āŗDevelopment is a process
of production.
āŗ Development = Growth +
Change
āŗ Growth is sustained improv
ement in the level of per capita
income.
āŗ Growth means increase in
output or production.Change is sustained improvement in
institutions and organizations that
support growth.
12. Economic Development of any Nation can be
Characterized by the following:
Increase in output or
production has to be
sustained over a long
period of time.
1.
Changes in economic
structure would spread
out in the entire
economy.
2.
Growth has be
accompanied by an
increase in efficiency.
3.
13. They are only means
towards something else.
To provide more and
more people with more
and better things and
opportunities.
THE OBJECTIVE OF
THE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS: MAN
We can see that
advance in
technology are
being made with
one objective in
mind: to work for
upliftment of man.
14. INCREASE IN REAL INCOME
ā£ Increase in real income represents
availability of more goods and
opportunities for more people.
ā£ The more goods and opportunities
provided for more people, the higher will
be the level of development of more
people.
15. INCREASE IN REAL INCOME
ā£ The central point about the process of
development is that it must provide more
goods and better opportunities process
would have gone to waste if it directed for
other purposes.
16. INCREASE IN REAL INCOME
ā£ Development is a process that must
serve the interest of the individual man,
women, and child.
ā£ The end and purpose of the
development process must be directed to
the welfare of the individual person.
17. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ā£ The objective of any
development process is
aimed for the upliftment of
the socio-economic
welfares of man.
18. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ā£ The development of the
socio- economic welfare of
each individual person is
always the primary
objective of any economic
plan or development
process.
19. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ā£ If man is the object of any
development process, Man
is also the central figure in
any development process.
20. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ā£ The man is the central
figure in economic
development. It is man who
possesses and applies the
stock of knowledge that he
has for use in the process
of production.
21. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ā£ We can see that economic
development depends on
manās wise use of his stock
of knowledge.
22. THE HUMAN FACTOR IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Man with his Abilities
INNOVATION
Goal
Man and his Needs
