This document introduces the objectives and functional elements of instruments used in experiments. The main objectives of performing experiments are to measure system parameters, control processes, simulate conditions, test materials, verify theories, and develop new methods. Instruments typically have three main functional elements - a transducer to convert the measured quantity into a signal, signal conditioning elements like amplifiers and filters, and a data presentation element to display the output. Proper calibration using standards is also discussed as important for ensuring accuracy of measurements.

1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTS AND
THEIR REPRESENTATION
Objective
- To know the objectives of
performing experiments
- To identify the functional elements
in instruments

2. - Objectives of performing experiments:-
• Measurements of system parameters
information
• Control of a certain process or operation
• Simulation of system conditions
• Experimental design studies
• To perform various manipulation

3. • Testing material, maintenance of
standard and specifications of product.
• Verification of physical
phenomenal/scientific theories
• Quality control in industry.

4.  To validate and verify theoretical
concepts
 To develop new methods and products
 To evaluate the performance and behavior
of existing products
WHY WE PERFORMED EXPERIMENTS?

5. TYPICAL APPLICATION AREAS OF INSTRUMENTS
SYSTEMS

6. BASIC AND AUXILIARY FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

7. FUNCTIONAL ELEMENT OF THE INSTRUMENTS
 Transducer element
 Signal conditioning
element
 Data presentation
element

8. TRANSDUCER ELEMENT

10. SIGNAL CONDITIONING ELEMENT
 Amplification
 Mechanical Amplifying elements
 Hydraulic/Pneumatic Amplifying elements
 Optical Amplifying Elements
 Electrical Amplifying Elements
 Signal Filtration
 Mechanical filters
 Pneumatic filters
 Electrical Filters

11. DATA PRESENTATION ELEMENT
 The output of the signal conditioning
elements are presented to be read or seen.
 Fast
 Little drag
 Small inertia, friction

12. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
 Deflection and Null Types
 Manually Operated and Automatic Types
 Analog and Digital Types
 Self Generating and Power Operated Types
 Contacting and Non Contacting Types
 Dumb and Intelligent Types

13. STANDARDS AND CALIBRATION
 Measurement – the act of quantitative
comparison between a predefined standard
and the unknown magnitude of a physical
quantity
 Standard – the physical representation of the
unit of measurement

14. STANDARD OF MEASUREMENTS
 International Standards
 Primary Standards
 Secondary Standards
 Working standard

15. CALIBRATION
 The act or result of quantitative comparison
between a known standard and the output of
the measuring system measuring the same
quantity

16. CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
 Primary calibration
 Secondary calibration
 Direct calibration with known input source
 Indirect calibration
 Routine calibration

17. THE ENGINEER SHOULD KNOW WHAT
 to look for before beginning the
experiments.
 to measure skillfully certain physical
variables
 to specify the degree of accuracy
 the limitation of the apparatus
 the expected error and deviations from true
measurements

18.  Experiment is not mainly to measure physical
variables but also to control its.
 The accuracy of control is dependent on the
accuracy of measurement.
 Statistical techniques - to analyze measured
data to determine expected error and
deviation from true measurements.