Chapter 1 earths surface
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The document discusses the movement and deformation of Earth's crust. It describes the two types of crust - continental and oceanic - and how they undergo stress that causes rocks to break, tilt, and fold. There are three basic types of deformation: compression squeezes rocks closer together, tension stretches rocks out, and shearing causes rocks to twist or tear apart. Faults form when rocks move along breaks or cracks, and can cause earthquakes. Folding also bends and shapes the crust. These processes of deformation continually change Earth's surface features over long periods of time.
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This document discusses how the earth's crust is deformed through processes like plate tectonics and isostatic adjustment. Isostatic adjustment occurs when parts of the crust change in weight, causing the crust to rise or sink to reach equilibrium. Stress on the crust is caused by plate movement at boundaries where they collide, separate, or rub past each other. The three main types of stress are compression, tension, and shearing.
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1) Rocks can deform through folding or faulting when subjected to compression or tension stress from tectonic plate movement. There are three main types of folds - anticlines, synclines, and monoclines - and three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip.
2) Mountains form through various processes including folding of rock layers, faulting that drops crustal blocks, and volcanic eruption of magma at the surface.
3) Vertical movement of the crust involves either uplift, where areas rise to higher elevations, or subsidence, where areas sink to lower elevations. Uplift can occur through rebound as crust rebounds after being compressed. Subs
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Chapter 1 living with tectonic hazards complete
This document provides an overview of natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movements, including earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It discusses the structure of the Earth and concepts of plate tectonics such as continental drift and the three types of plate boundaries. Specific landforms associated with each boundary type are described, including fold mountains, rift valleys, and volcanoes. The document also covers volcanic eruptions and the risks of living near volcanoes or in earthquake zones.
Living with Tectonic Hazards
This document provides information about natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movements. It discusses the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they move past each other. At divergent boundaries, mid-ocean ridges and volcanic islands form through sea floor spreading. Rift valleys and block mountains form when continents split apart. At convergent boundaries, denser plates subduct under lighter ones, creating ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains through compression. Transform boundaries cause earthquakes along tear faults as plates grind past each other.
Ch19 building the earths surface
This document discusses various geological processes that shape Earth's surface over long periods of time. It describes how stress and strain lead to folding and faulting in the crust. It also explains how volcanic activity, earthquakes, and plate tectonics result in mountain building and other surface features. Key points include how the principle of uniformity helps us understand slow, gradual changes versus sudden catastrophic events, and how different rock types respond to stress depending on temperature, pressure, and time.
GRADE-10-FIRST-GRADING-PERIOD.ppt
The document discusses plate tectonic theory and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. At divergent boundaries, tension causes plates to move apart and seafloor spreading occurs. At convergent boundaries, compression causes plates to collide, leading to subduction zones, volcanoes, and mountain building. Transform boundaries involve shear stress as plates slide past each other horizontally.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Chapter 1 earths surface
- 1. Chapter 1 Movement of the Earth’s Crust
- 3. Earth’s Changing Surfaces • Crust- is the surface, or outermost, layer of the Earth. • Two types – Continental crust • Makes up earths landmasses • About 32 kilometers thick in most places • Under mountains can be up to 72 kilometers thick
- 4. Two types continue • Oceanic crust – Found under the ocean floor – Usually about 8 kilometers thick
- 5. Stress on Crust • As the rocks of the crust undergo stress, they slowly change shape and volume. • Rocks will move up, down, or sideways – Movement causes the rocks to break, tilt, and fold
- 6. Deformation • Deformation- the breaking, tilting, and folding of rocks. • Three basic types – Compression- squeezes the rocks of the crust • This causes the rocks to move closer together • Makes the rocks denser and smaller in volume • Pushes the rock higher up and deeper down • Examples- trash compactor, squeezing clay in your hands
- 7. Basic types • Tension- pulls on the rocks of the crust, causing them to stretch out over time. – Rock under tension becomes thinner in the middle than at the ends. – Volume of the rock increases, its density decreases. – Examples- taffy being pulled, Silly Sutty being pulled between your fingers.
- 8. Basic types • Shearing- pushes rocks of the crust in two opposite directions. – Causes rocks to twist or tear apart – They bend or break apart – Examples- rubbing two pieces of limestone together
- 10. Faulting • Fault- a break or crack along which rocks move – Movements along a fault can be up, down, or sideways – Earthquakes often occur along faults – Hanging wall- the block of rock above the fault – Foot wall- the block of rock below the fault
- 11. Two types of Faults • Normal fault- if tension is acting on a fault, the hanging wall will move down relative to the footwall.
- 12. • Reverse fault- if compression is acting on a fault, the hanging wall will move up relative to the footwall. – Thrust fault- is formed when compression causes the hanging wall to slide over the foot wall. • usually mixes up the order of the layers in rock
- 13. Faulted Mountains and Valleys • Fault-block mountains- mountains formed by blocks of rocks uplifted by normal faults. • Rift valleys- valleys are formed when the block of land between two normal faults slides downward.
- 14. Folding • Fold- a bend in a rock ( like a rug sliding across the floor). • Two types of folds
- 15. Anticlines • Anticlines- the upward fold in a rock • This is how the Appalachian Mountains are formed • Is not always higher than the surrounding area • Anticlines can be under hills, valleys, or flat areas.
- 16. Syncline • Syncline- a downward fold in a rock
- 17. Difference between Fault or Fold • Four factors that determine if a rock will fold or fault. – Temperature – Pressure – Rock type – Stress
- 18. Plateaus • Plateaus- is a large area of flat land that is raised high above sea level
- 19. Domes • Domes- uplifted area created by rising magma • Is formed when fluid collects beneath the surface and pushes up on overlaying layers, forming a raised spot in the immediate area but leaving the surrounding regions flat and undisturbed.
- 20. Floating Crust • In the mantle the rock flows slowly (like molasses). Because the mantle is much denser than the crust, the solid, rocky crust floats on the mantle.
- 21. • The floating crust exerts a downward force on the mantle, and the mantle exerts an upward force on the crust. – Isostasy- the balancing of the downward force of the crust and the upward force of the mantle.
- 22. • Rising of landmasses – Examples- Norway, Sweden, and Finland have increased in elevation over a period of time. • Sinking of landmasses – Mississippi river has deposited millions of tons of mud and sand in the Gulf of Mexico and the water level has remained the same.