This document discusses device technologies and operating systems for mobile devices. It covers hardware components like batteries, displays and processors. It also covers software technologies like human-machine interfaces, operating systems for mobile devices like Palm OS, Windows CE, EPOC and Java platforms. It provides comparisons of different operating systems and their features for mobile and embedded systems.

1. DEVICETECHNOLOGY
Ms.T.K.Anusuya
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Bon Secours College forWomen,Thanjavur

2. DeviceTechnology
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Key
Technologies
HardwareTech
SoftwareTech-
Human Machine
Interafaces
Introduction to
OS and Java
Platforms

3. Hardware :
The size of the mobile devices
The size of the i/p and o/p components such keyboards and LCD
Ex.Wrist watches / head mounted display.
Future : it is not visible anywhere because it will be integrated into the fabrics of our clothes ,
hidden in glasses, pens and jewellery.
Hardware
Batteries Displays Memories Processors
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4. Chemistry Stand byTime TalkTime
NiCad-Nickel Cadmium 12 – 27 Hrs 85-160 (M)
NiMH – Nickel Metal Hydride 16-37 Hrs 110-210 (M)
Li ion- Lithium ion 21 – 50 Hrs 170 – 225 (M)
Batteries
• Gel Materials
• TFT-Thin FilmTransistor
• Flexible layer, Leak Proofing Casing Any Shape and Size
NiMH-Nickel Metal
Hydride
NiCad-Nickel Cadmium
Li ion- Lithium ion
DeviceTechnology 4

5. Displays
• It replace a bulky CRT
• LCD-Liquid Crystal Display
• Todays PDA’s – Dual Screen(DSTN)
• OLED – Light emitting organic diode
• LEP- Light Emitting PolymerTechnology
• TFT-Thin FilmTransistor
• NovelTech: CoG-Chip on Glass
• LCoG –Liquid Crystal on Glass. Small
display device (pixel size-10mm)
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6. Memory
• Cheaper
• Smart phones, digital cameras, mp3
players and PDA’S
• PC-permanent data can be stored in
hard disk
• Mobile –extended the h/w
• Removable Disc – IBM –micro device
(Digital camera)
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Combination of Flash and Low Power
SRAM –Static RAM
DRAM-Dynamic RAM
Ut RAM-UniTransistor RAM
MRAM – Magneto Recessive RAM
FRAM- Ferro Electric RAM

7. Processors
• Rapid improvement of CMOS-Complementary
Metal oxide semiconductor
• Core voltage was lowered from the industry
• Intel’s Speed-stepTechnology
• The Crusoe Processor
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Processors
Intel’s
Speed-step
Technologies
The Crusoe
Processor

8. Processors
• Intel’s Speed StepTechnology
• Power Management
• Internal Clk frequencies and core voltage
changes in power supply.
• Newer Design – Switching point(on/off)
• Power Saving
• The Crusoe Processor
• Latest power conservation techniques
• Reduce the total no of transistors and replace
most of the functionality by software
• Dis.adv- High memory requires of the core
morphing software
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BIOS OS Applications
Core Morphing Software
Crusoe ProcessorVLIW (Very
large InstructionWord) engine

9. SoftwareTechnology – Human Machine Interfaces
Navigation
Haptic
interfaces
Keyboards
Handwriting
Recognition
Speech
Recognition
Biometrics
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10. Human Machine Interfaces
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• Mobile devices use keyboards and displays to interface with users
• Navigation
• Haptic interfaces
• Keyboards
• On-screen Keyboards
• Fitaly
• TegicT9
• Octave
• Handwriting Recognition
• Speech Recognition
• Biometrics

11. Navigation
• Navigation
Buttons that can be operated with the
thumb while holding the device.
• Haptic interfaces
It is basically a rotating control with the
force feedback and a push button
integrated into one.
The user feels a resistance generated
by the motor against the turning
direction.
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12. Keyboards (input technologies)
On Screen Keyboard
-large touch sensitive display
-number and special characters can be
entered in another mode.
• Fitaly (QWERTYTypewriter)
• Special keyboard layout
• Name derived from the order of letters
in one of the top rows of the layout.
• The letter i,t,a,l,n,e,d,o,r,s -73%
• The letter c,h,u,m -84%
• Spport 220 printable characters
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13. Keyboards
• TegicT9
• T9 input system fromTegic
• Reduce the number of keystrokes
• Limited keys for input
• Look like a memo editor for handheld
device.
• Octave
• Letter of the alphabet to one of eight
unique strokes.
• Star shaped pattern into eight points,
each represnting three or four letters
of the alphabet.
• Four directions – left, right, top and
bottom.
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14. Handwriting Recognition
Word
• Natural way to write the user but difficult to recognize for a computer
like calligrapher on a Psion Series 5
• Drawback- recognized delayed
Character
• Limit the recognition to separated characters and requires the stylus to
be lifted between letters
• Letters drawn in a single line and to be lifted after each character.
• Graffiti input method available on Palm OS
Localization
• Special consideration given to languages based not an alphabets
• Ten thousands set of symbols
• CJKOS –OS (Chinese, Japanese and Korean Lang)
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15. Speech Recognition
• Natural input method
• Available in mobile devices
• Understand the voice, complex
queries to translate speech into other
language.
• Eg.While driving in a car to check the
status of the bank account via the
phone.
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16. Biometrics
• confidential information, critical
applications secured from
unauthorised user
• User ID (UID) and Password – PIN,
finger-print, signature, hand
geometry (pattern), face recognition,
voice recognition and iris scan
• FAR-False accept rate will accept the
wrong user
• FRR-False reject rate will reject the
correct user
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17. Operating Systems
• The major differences of OS for pervasive computing from the user’s point of view
are human machine interface and the speed with which a task can be performed.
• Deploy various chips- ARM,MIPS, Motorola, SH3/4,Transmeta and multiple OS –
Palm OS, EPOC andWindows CE
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PDA’s
Personal use-2 major PDA’s OS(Palm OS and
Windows CE)
Home use is directed towards high performance
multimedia OS such as embedded Linux and BeOS.

18. Comparison of PDA and PC use
PDA PC
Times turned on per day High Low
Time spent per task Low High
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19. Operating System
• Palm OS
• Designed specially for PDA’s –
Handspring, Sony, IBM and others.
• Limited features – lower memory and
longer battery life.
• Implemented on 16bit motorola
DragonballCPU
• support -256 color
• Palm OS features:
• User management-single user OS
• Task Management – single application
can run at a time and also ability to use
multitasking.
• Power management – different
modes(Sleep, running ) to save power
• OS Size – 1.4 MB
• User interface – Built in date
• Memory Management-OS small and fast
. 1. Dynamic heap 2. Storage
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20. Operating System
• Core OS
• Horizontal and vertical layers
• Vertical layer provide application
programming interfaces (APIs)
• User interface with graphical input /
output (buttons, forms, etc)
• Memory management-Databases,
runtime space, system space and global
variables
• System management – events, alarms,
date and time etc..
• Communication layer-TCP/IP or IrDA-
Infrared Data Association
• Software development for Palm OS
• Supports C and C++ for software
development.
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Edit
DebugCompile
Run
Program
Final
Program

21. EPOC
• Originally created by Psion,
Motorola, Panasonic, Ericsson and
Nokia in 1998
• Specially designed for phones (16 bit
and 32 bit)
• Supports Unicode and display 256
colours
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Applications
EIKON - GUI
Database
Windows
server
Middleware
Printing
Stream Store
Standard
Library
File server Base
Device Drivers
Kernal
Edit
DebugCompile
Run
Program
Final
Program
Edit
Compile

22. Windows CE (Embedded Compact)
• Embedded Compact developed by
Microsoft
• 32 bit, realtime, multitasking OS
• Wide variety CPU
• Runs on x86,ARM,Xscale, MIPS and
SH4
• Offers real time support, a smart card
subsystems and Unicode based
• Supports grayscale and color graphics
upto 32 bits
• Windows CE Architecture
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23. QNX Neutrino
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• Real-time OS and multitasking
• Suited for set-top-boxes or car-
devices/ Hand held devices
• Supports only single user
• Implement GUI
• Allow POSIX

24. BeOS and Embedded Linux
• BeOS
• Support multimedia applications
(Sound and graphics processors)
• 64 bit file system
• Available for Intel and Power PC
processors
• Another name of BeOS is Pervasive
Multithreading.
• Embedded Linux
• Processor and Memory
• No standard format
• Extended the size fromWatch upto
multiprocessor server systems.
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25. Features of different OS
Palm EPOC Windows CE QNX BeOS Embedded
Linux
Supported
Processors
Motorola,
Dragon Ball
NEC,ARM x86.,
ARM,Power
PC,MIPS
X86,
PowerPC,MI
PS
X86,
PowerPC
X86,
PowerPC,MI
PS,ARM
OS Structure Layered Layered Modular Modular Layered Modular
Memory
Protection
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
OS Size Tiny Small Small Medium Large Small-Large
Security None Low High Medium High High
Multi-
tasking
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Examples PDAs Mobile
Phones
Pocket PCs Car devices,
Internet
Applications
Set top
boxes
Set top
boxes
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26. Java for Pervasive Devices
• Java has 3 different platforms
• J2ME-Java Micro Edition
• J2SE – Java Standard Edition
• 2 relevant java versions
• Java Micro Edition
• Real time Java
J2EE- Java Enterprise Edition
• VM’s for Pervasive devices
• Sun’s KVM,Waba and IBMVisualAge Micro Edition)
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27. Java
• Java technology was created by 1991
• Small programming tool
• closed door project (Green Project)
• James Gosling developed a new language called the Oak renamed as Java in 1995
• J2ME-Java Micro Edition
• VMs and APIs are defined
• Designed for pervasive computing devices
• J2SE – Java Standard Edition
• Use in traditional PC
• Performance and security inVMs
• J2EE- Java Enterprise Edition
• Created by Sun for Server systems
• Extend J2SE, Java Beans, JSPs, Database access.
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28. Overview of the Java 2 Platform and the different profiles
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29. Java 2 Micro Edition
• Characteristics
• Small amount of available memory (128-512kb)
• Limited energy (Battery)
• Connected to a network
• Restricted graphical display capabilities
• Configurations
• CDC-Connected device configuration (phone screen to set top boxes)
• CLDC-Connected, Limited device configuration (mobile phones toTV sets, )
• SpecialVM called KVM
• Enhanced Java
• Embedded Java
• JavaCard
• RealTime Java
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30. Real-time Java and its features
• It is not suitable for real-time applications
• JCP-Java Community Process
• RTSJ- Real-time specification for Java
• Features
• Predictable execution speed
• Customizable schedulers
• Advanced memory management
• Access to physical memory
• Object and thread synchronization
• Asynchronous event handling
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31. JavaVirtual Machines for pervasive devices
• Sun’s KVM implements the J2ME standard
• Use device library
• IDE for Java on Pervasive devices includesVM the IBMVisual Age Micro Edition
• Sun KVM
• 512 KB memory and the JavaCardVM
• 32-64 KB memory
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32. Comparison ofVMs for pervasive devices
KVM Waba J9
Platforms Palm,Windows CE,
EPOC, linux,Windows,
Solaris
Palm,Windows CE Palm,Windows CE,
Neutrino, linux,Windows
Performance Low High High
Memory Use High Low Low
Libraries Device independent Device dependent Device dependent
Standards Java 2ME Java, Java2ME
Source Code available Under Sun License Open Source No
Development
environment
Standard Java tools with
KVM running on
development Platform
Standard Java tools with
WabaVM running on
development Platform
Integrated development
environment with
remote debugging ability
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33. Outlook
• Size and shape of a mobile device
• LEP or OLED displays
• Flexible shape
• Requires Li polymer batteries and less power
• Digital Jewellery
• Watch
• Bracelet
• Necklace
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34. Summary
• KeyTechnologies
• Hardware
• Software(Human Machine interfaces
• Bio-metrices
• Operating Systems
• Java for pervasive device
• Outlook
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35. DeviceTechnology 35