This document provides an introduction to mobile application development and mobile operating systems. It discusses the history of mobile devices from the 1920s to present day, covering the development of 1G to 5G technologies. It also describes major mobile operating systems like Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Windows Mobile, and others, and provides a timeline of their development.

1. Android Mobile Application
Development
Chapter One
Introduction
BY: FANDISHE A.(BSC)
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

2. Contents to be covered…..
 Introduction
 History of Mobile Devices
 Types of Mobile devices
 Mobile operating systems
 Types of mobile operating system
 Wireless technology
 Mobile operating system development timeline

3. Introduction
 Mobile Device (Handheld computer)
 A pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input or a miniature
keyboard.
 Smartphones, tablets and e-readers are all mobile devices.
 It is a computing device small enough to hold and operate in the hand.
 Mobile device is a general term for any handheld computer or smartphone. The term is interchangeable
with ‘handheld’, ‘handheld device’, and ‘handheld computer’.
 Typically, any handheld computer device will have an LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) or OLED(Organic Light
Emitting Diode) flat-screen interface, providing a touch-screen interface with digital buttons and keyboard
or physical buttons along with a physical keyboard.
 Many such devices can connect to the Internet and interconnect with other devices via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
cellular networks or near field communication (NFC).

4. Cont’d…
 Some Common Capabilities are:
 Integrated cameras,
 digital media players,
 the ability to place and receive telephone calls,
 video games, and
 Global Positioning System (GPS)

5. History of Mobile Devices
 It can be said that the mobile devices was born at the same time the radio
communication had been invented.
 Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones,
there were some precursors.
 Precursors is an open hardware development platform for secure, mobile
computation and communication.
 In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone
and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone.
 Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military
trains between Berlin and Zossen.
 But the real development of mobile devices starts from the 1920's, there are five
stages.

6. Cont’d…
 Stage One (1920's-1940's)
 Based on several wave bands of shortwave, the private
mobile communication system had been invented.
 The Detroit police car radio system is the representative one.
 The frequency of this system is 2MHz at that time.
 In the 1940's the frequency had been risen to 30~40MHz.
 It is considered as the beginning of the modern mobile
service.

7. Cont’d…
 Stage Two (1940's-1960's)
 The public mobile service came out.
 1946 According to the plan of Federal Communications
Commission(FCC) the Bell system established the first public
car phone net in St. Louis.
 There was three channels in that time, the mode was
simplex.
 FCC is a government agency in the USA who regulates the
usage and licensing of frequency bands

8. Cont’d…
 Stage Three(1960's-1970's)
 America improved the mobile telephony system(1MTS)
 This period complete :
 automatic channel choose
 automatic dialing to the net

9. Cont’d…
 Stage Four (1970's-1980's) the peak time
 The Bell Labs successfully developed the advanced mobile phone
system(AMPS)
 The cellular network built up, improved the capacity of the system.
 The cellular network becomes the utility system, used in the worldwide.
 Achievements in this stage:
 microelectronic technique got a significant development which made the
probability of miniaturization mobile devices be true.
 The new system of mobile communication----cellular network
 provide the technique for the manage and control of the large size net

10. Cont’d…
 Stage Five (1980's-)
 The Digital Mobile Communication System(DMCS) gets developed and
mature in this period.

11. Types of Mobile Devices
 Mobile Computers
 Notebook PC, Mobile PC…
 Handheld Game Consoles
 Media Recorders
 Digital Camera, Digital Video Camera…
 Media Players/Displayers
 E-book Reader…
 Communication Devices
 Mobile Phone, Pager…
 Personal Navigation Devices(PNA)
 it combines a positioning capability and navigation functions.
Mobile
Devices

12. Cont’d…
 PDA (Personal digital assistant)
 it also known as a palmtop computer.
 it is palm size PC, handheld PC, pocket computer
 It is a variety mobile device which functions as a personal information manager.
 Mobile phone (smart phone, feature phone)
 A mobile phone is an electronic device used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area.
 It also called mobile, cellular telephone, or cell phone.
 P M P (Portable Media Player)-
 A portable media player is a portable device that capable of storing and playing digital media
such as audio, images, and video files. E.g. Apple iPad, Sony’s walkman.
 E-book reader or E-reader-
 designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital books and periodicals. E.g. pocketbook, kindle
paper white.

13. Mobile Operating System
 Much like the Linux or Windows operating system controls your desktop or laptop
computer, a mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which
other programs can run on mobile devices.
 A mobile operating system, also known as a mobile OS, a mobile platform, or a
handheld operating system, is the operating system that controls a mobile
device or information appliance.
 It is an operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices
such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers and other
handheld devices.

14. Cont’d…
 The most common Mobile operating systems are:
 Android OS (Google Inc.)
 Bada (Samsung Electronics)
 BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion)
 iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)
 MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)
 Palm OS (Garnet OS)
 Symbian OS (Nokia)
 webOS (Palm/HP)
 Windows Mobile (Windows Phone)

15. Android OS
 The Android mobile operating system
is Google's open and free software
stack that includes an operating
system, middleware and also key
applications for use on mobile
devices, including smartphones.
 Updates for the open source Android
mobile operating system have been
developed under "dessert-inspired"
version names (Cupcake, Donut,
Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice
Cream Sandwich) with each new
version arriving in alphabetical order
with new enhancements and
improvements.

16. Bada OS
 Bada is a proprietary Samsung
mobile OS that was first launched
in 2010.
 The Samsung Wave was the first
smartphone to use this mobile OS.
 Bada provides mobile features
such as multipoint-touch, 3D
graphics and of course,
application downloads and
installation.

17. iOS
 Apple's iPhone OS was originally
developed for use on its iPhone
devices.
 Now, the mobile operating system is
referred to as iOS and is supported on
a number of Apple devices including
the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod
Touch.
 The iOS mobile operating system is
available only on Apple's own
manufactured devices as the
company does not license the OS for
third-party hardware.
 Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac
OS X operating system.

18. Blackberry OS
 The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary
mobile operating system
developed by Research In Motion
for use on the company’s popular
BlackBerry handheld devices.
 The BlackBerry platform is popular
with corporate users as it offers
synchronization with Microsoft
Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell
GroupWise email and other
business software, when used with
the BlackBerry Enterprise Server.

19. MeeGo OS
 A joint open source mobile
operating system which is the
result of merging two products
based on open source
technologies: Maemo (Nokia) and
Moblin (Intel).
 MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to
work on a number of devices
including smartphones, netbooks,
tablets, in-vehicle information
systems and various devices using
Intel Atom and ARMv7
architectures.

20. Palm OS (Garnet OS)
 The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile
operating system (PDA operating
system) that was originally released in
1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld.
 Newer versions of the Palm OS have
added support for expansion ports,
new processors, external memory
cards, improved security and support
for ARM processors and smartphones.
 Palm OS 5 was extended to provide
support for a broad range of screen
resolutions, wireless connections and
enhanced multimedia capabilities
and is called Garnet OS.

21. Symbian OS
 Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS)
targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-
level of integration with communication and
personal information management (PIM)
functionality.
 Symbian OS combines middleware with wireless
communications through an integrated
mailbox and the integration of Java and PIM
functionality (agenda and contacts).
 Nokia has made the Symbian platform
available under an alternative, open and
direct model, to work with some OEMs and the
small community of platform development
collaborators.
 Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open
source development project.

22. WebOS
 webOS, also known as LG webOS and previously known as Open
webOS, HP webOS and Palm webOS, is a Linux kernel-based
multitasking operating system for smart devices such as smart TVs
and it has been used as a mobile operating system.
 WebOS was initially developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm
OS mobile operating system.
 It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was eventually acquired by HP
and now referred to as webOS (lower-case w) in HP literature.
 HP uses webOS in a number of devices including several
smartphones and HP Touch-Pads.
 HP has pushed its webOS into the enterprise mobile market by
focusing on improving security features and management with the
release of webOS 3.x.
 HP has also announced plans for a version of webOS to run within
the Microsoft Windows operating system and to be installed on all
HP desktop and notebook computers in 2012.

23. Windows Phone
 Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile
operating system used in smartphones and
mobile devices – with or without
touchscreens.
 The Mobile OS is based on the Windows CE
5.2 kernel.
 In 2010 Microsoft announced a new
smartphone platform called Windows
Phone 7.

24. Wireless Technology
 WHAT IS WIRELESS ?
 The word wireless is dictionary defined “having no wires ” .
 In networking terminology , wireless is the term used to
describe any computer network where there is no physical
wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather
the network is connected by radio waves and or
microwaves to maintain communications.
 Wireless networking utilizes specific equipment such as NICs
and Routers in place of wires (copper or optical fiber).

25. 1G Technology
 1G refers to the first generation of
wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications which was first
introduced in 1980s and completed in
early 1990s.
 It's Speed was up to 2.4kbps.
 It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
 1G network use Analog Signal.
 AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G
mobile systems.

26. Drawbacks of 1G Technology
 Poor Voice Quality
 Poor Battery Life
 Large Phone Size
 No Security
 Limited Capacity
 Poor Handoff Reliability

27. 2G Technology
 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation
which is based on GSM.
 It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
 2G network use digital signals.
 It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.
 Features Includes:
 It enables services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS
(multi media message).
 It provides better quality and capacity .

28. Drawbacks of 2G
 2G requires strong digital signals to help
mobile phones work.
 If there is no network coverage in any specific
area , digital signals would weak.
 These systems are unable to handle complex
data such as Videos.

29. 2.5G Technology
 2.5G is a technology between the second
(2G) and third (3G) generation of mobile
telephony.
 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular
Technology combined with GPRS.
 Features Includes:
 Phone Calls
 Send/Receive E-mail Messages
 Web Browsing
 Speed : 64-144 kbps
 Camera Phones
 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to
download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

30. 3G Technology
 3G technology refer to third
generation which was introduced in
year 2000s.
 Data Transmission speed increased
from 144kbps- 2Mbps.
 Typically called Smart Phones and
features increased its bandwidth and
data transfer rates to accommodate
web-based applications and audio
and video files.

31. Features of 3G Technology
 Providing Faster Communication
 Send/Receive Large Email Messages
 High Speed Web / More Security
 Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
 Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3
song.

32. Drawbacks of 3G Technology
 Expensive fees for 3G Licenses
Services
 It was challenge to build the
infrastructure for 3G
 High Bandwidth Requirement
 Expensive 3G Phones.
 Large Cell Phones

33. 4G Technology
 4G technology refer to or short name of fourth
Generation which was started from late 2000s.
 Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
 One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
 MAGIC:
 Mobile Multimedia
 Anytime Anywhere
 Global Mobility Support
 Integrated Wireless Solution
 Customized Personal Services
 Also known as Mobile Broadband
Everywhere.

34. 4G Technology
 The next generations of wireless technology that
promises higher data rates and expanded
multimedia services.
 Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
 High QOS and High Security
 Provide any kind of service at any time as per user
requirements, anywhere.
 Features Include:
 More Security
 High Speed
 High Capacity
 Low Cost Per-bit etc.
Drawbacks of 4G
 Battery uses is more
 Hard to implement
 Need complicated hardware
 Expensive equipment required
 to implement next generation
 network.

35. 5G Technology
 5G technology refer to short name of
fifth Generation
 which was started from late 2010s.
 Complete wireless communication
 with almost no limitations.
 It is highly supportable to WWWW
 (Wireless World Wide Web).

36. Benefits of 5G technology
 High Speed, High Capacity
 5G technology providing large broadcasting
of data in Gbps .
 Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V
programs with the clarity as to that of an HD
Quality.
 Faster data transmission that of the previous
generations.
 Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in
Audio/Video.
 Support interactive multimedia , voice,
streaming video, Internet and other 5G is More
Effective and More Attractive.

37. Evolution from 1G to 5G Technology

38. Mobile OS development Timeline
 Pre-1993
 1973–1993 – Mobile phones use embedded systems to control operation.
 1993–1999
 1993 – Apple launch Newton OS running on their Newton series of portable computers.
 1994 – The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, has a touchscreen, email, and PDA features.
 1996 – Palm Pilot 1000 personal digital assistant is introduced with the Palm OS mobile
operating system.
 1998 – Symbian Ltd. has developed Symbian OS. Symbian was used by many major
mobile phone brands, and above all by Nokia.
 1999 – Nokia S40 Platform is introduced officially along with the Nokia 7110.

39. Cont’d…
 2000s
 2000 – Symbian becomes the first modern mobile OS on a
smartphone with the launch of the Ericsson R380.
 2001 – The Kyocera 6035 is the first smartphone with Palm OS.
 2002
 Microsoft's first Windows CE (Pocket PC) smartphones are introduced.
 BlackBerry releases its first smartphone.
 2005 – Nokia introduces Maemo OS on the first Internet tablet
N770.

40. Cont’d…
 2007
 Apple iPhone with iOS is introduced as an iPod, "mobile phone" and "Internet
communicator".
 Open Handset Alliance (OHA) formed by Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola,
Samsung, LG, etc.
 2008 – OHA releases Android (based on Linux kernel) 1.0 with the HTC
Dream (T-Mobile G1) as the first Android phone.
 2009
 Palm introduces webOS with the Palm Pre. By 2012, webOS devices were
discontinued.
 Samsung announces the Bada OS with the introduction of the Samsung S8500.

41. Cont’d…
 2010
 November – Windows Phone OS phones are released but are not compatible with the prior
Windows Mobile OS.
 2011
 July – MeeGo, a mobile Linux distribution, combining Maemo and Moblin, is introduced with
the Nokia N9, a collaboration of Nokia, Intel, and Linux Foundation.
 September – Samsung, Intel, and the Linux Foundation announced that their efforts will shift
from Bada, MeeGo to Tizen during 2011 and 2012.
 October – The Mer project was announced, based on an ultra-portable core for building
products, composed of Linux, HTML5, QML, and JavaScript, which was derived from the
MeeGo codebase.
 2012
 September – Apple releases iOS 6.

42. Cont’d…
 2013
 January – BlackBerry releases their new operating system for smartphones,
BlackBerry 10 but are not compatible with the prior BlackBerry OS.
 September – Apple releases iOS 7.
 October
 Canonical announced Ubuntu Touch (later discontinued), a version of the Linux
distribution expressly designed for smartphones. The OS is built on the Android Linux
kernel, using Android drivers and services, but does not use any of the Java-like code
of Android.
 Google releases Android KitKat 4.4.

43. Cont’d…
 2014
 February – Microsoft releases Windows Phone 8.1
 September
 Apple releases iOS 8
 BlackBerry release BlackBerry 10.3 with integration with the
Amazon Appstore
 November – Google releases Android 5.0 "Lollipop"

44. Cont’d…
 2015
 February – Google releases Android 5.1 "Lollipop".
 September
 Apple releases iOS 9.
 Google releases Android 6.0 "Marshmallow".
 October – On October 26, BlackBerry announced that there are no
plans to release new APIs and software development kits for BlackBerry
10, future updates would focus on security and privacy enhancements
only.
 November – Microsoft releases Windows 10 Mobile.

45. Cont’d…
 2016
 February – Microsoft released Windows 10 Mobile
Anniversary Update.
 June – Apple announced iOS 10.
 August – Google posted the Fuchsia source code on
GitHub.
 August – Google released Android 7.0 "Nougat".
 September – Apple released iOS 10.
 November – Tizen released Tizen 3.0.
 November – BlackBerry released BlackBerry 10.3.3.

46. Cont’d…
 2017
 April – Samsung officially launched Android-based Samsung Experience
custom firmware starting with version 8.1 on Samsung Galaxy S8
 April – Microsoft released Windows 10 Mobile Creators Update.
 May – Samsung announced Tizen 4.0 at Tizen Developer Conference 2017.
 August – Google released Android 8.0 "Oreo".
 August – BlackBerry announced the Android-based BlackBerry Secure
which focus on security.
 September – Apple introduces the iPhone 8, iPhone X, and iOS 11.

47. Summary of Dominant Mobile OS
 Android:
OS family: Unix-like (Modified Linux kernel)
Written in: Java (UI), C (core), C++ and others
Source model: Open source
Developer: Google, Open Handset Alliance
Platforms: 32- and 64-bit ARM, x86 and x86-64
License: Apache License 2.0; GNU GPL v2 for the Linux
kernel
Working state: Current (Active)

48. Cont’d…
 iOS:
 OS family: macOS
 Written in: C++, Objective-C, Swift
 Developer: Apple Inc.
 Source model: closed source
 Platforms:
 ARMv8-A (iOS 7 and later)
 ARMv7-A (iPhone OS 3-iOS 10)
 ARMv6 (iPhone OS 1-iOS 4.2.1)
 License: Proprietary software
 Working state: Current (Active)

49. Cont’d…
 Windows Phone OS:
OS family: Microsoft Windows
Written in: C, C++
Developer: Microsoft corporation
Source Model: Closed source
Platforms: Qualcomm snapdragon (based on ARMv7)
License: Commercial proprietary software
Working state: Current(Active)

50. Cont’d…
 Symbian:
OS family: RTOS
Written in: C++
Developer: Symbian Ltd.
Source model: Closed source
Platforms: ARM, x86
License: Proprietary
Working state: Current (Active)

51. Cont’d…
 BlackBerry:
OS family: Mobile operating systems
Written in: C++
Developer: Blackberry Ltd.
Source Model: Closed source
Platforms: Blackberry line of smartphone
License: Proprietary
Working state: Stopped (replaced by Blackberry 10 and Android)

52. Cont’d…
 Bada:
OS family: POSIX
Written in: C++
Developer: Samsung Electronics
Source model: mixed: proprietary and open source)
License: proprietary
Working state: Stopped (Replaced by Tizen)

53. Cont’d…
 Palm OS:
OS family: Palm OS
Written in: C++
Developer: Palm Inc., ACCESS(Garnet OS)
Source model: active source
Platforms: ARM architecture
License: Proprietary EULA
Working sate: Discontinued since 2009

54. Cont’d…
 MeeGo
OS family: Linux
Developer: Nokia, Intel, Linux Foundation
Source Model: Open source
Platforms: ARM and x86
Working state: Terminated in favor of Tizen. Forked to
create Mer.

55. Group Assignment(Mobile Communication)
 Read and Prepare Note on the following Topics
 Wireless Transmission
 Frequencies for Radio transmission
 Signals
 Antennas
 Multiplexing
 Modulation
 Spread spectrum
 Cellular systems
 N.B: Check your google classroom for submission date!

56. Android Platform-chapter 2
To be Continued…………………..