The document summarizes Operation Sumatra Assist, the Australian Defense Force's (ADF) response to the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami in Indonesia. It discusses [1] the initial ADF deployment of medical personnel, engineers, and aircraft to provide relief; [2] the establishment of facilities like a field hospital and water purification plants to aid survivors; and [3] the challenges of coordinating relief efforts with other countries' militaries and aid organizations. The ADF response was praised for its speed, cultural sensitivity when working with Indonesian communities, and professionalism under difficult conditions in providing emergency relief.
This document is the May 2004 issue of All Hands magazine. It includes articles on Navy operations in the Mediterranean region, being an operations specialist working in foreign embassies, winter survival training, and changes to housing allowance policies for junior married couples where both serve at sea. There is also a question and answer column with the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and brief updates from around the fleet.
The document provides information about an international training course on physical protection of nuclear facilities and materials held in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It discusses the course structure and methodology, as well as logistical details. The course is designed to teach participants a three-step methodology for designing and evaluating physical protection systems: 1) define requirements, 2) design the system, and 3) evaluate the design. Participants learn through lectures and applying the material in subgroup exercises using a hypothetical facility case study. The overall goal is for participants to learn how to apply principles of performance-based methodology to physical protection.
The document outlines the program for the Heli-Power 2010 conference over two days. Day one includes sessions on naval helicopter operations, challenges of maritime operations, fielding new helicopters, and challenges to industry. Day two includes sessions on the UK defense helicopter strategy, challenges in difficult areas, challenges of guided rockets, and challenges of support. The program includes panels of military and industry representatives discussing operational challenges and technological developments in military helicopter operations.
The FORCM provides a weekly report summarizing his travels visiting Sailors abroad. In his last trip as FORCM, he visited Sailors in Germany and Kuwait, observing their hard work and morale. He highlights meaningful interactions with Sailors and the challenges they face in extreme temperatures. Despite delays returning home, he is grateful for the opportunity to support Sailors overseas.
This article summarizes the military deployments and experiences of Dr. William LeCates, who works as both a kidney specialist in Cooperstown, NY and as a lieutenant colonel in the New York Army National Guard. It describes his deployments to Afghanistan in 2010 and 2013, as well as a recent six-month deployment to Liberia in 2015 to help with their Ebola response. The article discusses how these experiences have made LeCates a better civilian physician by exposing him to different diseases and medical situations not typically seen in the US. It also notes how his military leadership training benefits his administrative role at the hospital.
The document summarizes an international conference on building security capacity held from September 6-8, 2011 in Washington DC. The conference was co-sponsored by the Australian Civil-Military Centre and the US Center for Complex Operations. Key topics discussed included lessons learned from security sector capacity building efforts, disarmament and demobilization programs, and the importance of civil-military cooperation in peace and stabilization operations. Presenters emphasized the need for context-specific approaches, long-term capacity building led by the host country, and maintaining security gains through political and economic development.
1) The document discusses the evolution of the humanitarian enterprise over the past 10 years, lessons learned from civil-military interaction during crises in Haiti, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and what to expect for humanitarian action between now and 2020.
2) It notes major quantitative and qualitative changes to the humanitarian field, including more funding, workers, and media attention, but also greater politicization and the blending of humanitarian and political/military agendas.
3) The response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake showed the importance of military logistics support but also coordination challenges when the military takes a leading role, while the response to Pakistan floods demonstrated more positive civil-military cooperation.
The document discusses the challenges of developing civilian policing in Afghanistan. It outlines two main models of policing - the community policing model and the gendarmerie or paramilitary model. Efforts to establish an Afghan National Police since 2001 have relied too heavily on the militarized gendarmerie model and faced challenges including high casualty rates, desertion, and lack of focus on core policing skills in training. For civilian policing to be effective in Afghanistan, it will require moving away from militarization and prioritizing policing approaches accepted by local communities.
This document is the May 2004 issue of All Hands magazine. It includes articles on Navy operations in the Mediterranean region, being an operations specialist working in foreign embassies, winter survival training, and changes to housing allowance policies for junior married couples where both serve at sea. There is also a question and answer column with the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and brief updates from around the fleet.
The document provides information about an international training course on physical protection of nuclear facilities and materials held in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It discusses the course structure and methodology, as well as logistical details. The course is designed to teach participants a three-step methodology for designing and evaluating physical protection systems: 1) define requirements, 2) design the system, and 3) evaluate the design. Participants learn through lectures and applying the material in subgroup exercises using a hypothetical facility case study. The overall goal is for participants to learn how to apply principles of performance-based methodology to physical protection.
The document outlines the program for the Heli-Power 2010 conference over two days. Day one includes sessions on naval helicopter operations, challenges of maritime operations, fielding new helicopters, and challenges to industry. Day two includes sessions on the UK defense helicopter strategy, challenges in difficult areas, challenges of guided rockets, and challenges of support. The program includes panels of military and industry representatives discussing operational challenges and technological developments in military helicopter operations.
The FORCM provides a weekly report summarizing his travels visiting Sailors abroad. In his last trip as FORCM, he visited Sailors in Germany and Kuwait, observing their hard work and morale. He highlights meaningful interactions with Sailors and the challenges they face in extreme temperatures. Despite delays returning home, he is grateful for the opportunity to support Sailors overseas.
This article summarizes the military deployments and experiences of Dr. William LeCates, who works as both a kidney specialist in Cooperstown, NY and as a lieutenant colonel in the New York Army National Guard. It describes his deployments to Afghanistan in 2010 and 2013, as well as a recent six-month deployment to Liberia in 2015 to help with their Ebola response. The article discusses how these experiences have made LeCates a better civilian physician by exposing him to different diseases and medical situations not typically seen in the US. It also notes how his military leadership training benefits his administrative role at the hospital.
The document summarizes an international conference on building security capacity held from September 6-8, 2011 in Washington DC. The conference was co-sponsored by the Australian Civil-Military Centre and the US Center for Complex Operations. Key topics discussed included lessons learned from security sector capacity building efforts, disarmament and demobilization programs, and the importance of civil-military cooperation in peace and stabilization operations. Presenters emphasized the need for context-specific approaches, long-term capacity building led by the host country, and maintaining security gains through political and economic development.
1) The document discusses the evolution of the humanitarian enterprise over the past 10 years, lessons learned from civil-military interaction during crises in Haiti, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and what to expect for humanitarian action between now and 2020.
2) It notes major quantitative and qualitative changes to the humanitarian field, including more funding, workers, and media attention, but also greater politicization and the blending of humanitarian and political/military agendas.
3) The response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake showed the importance of military logistics support but also coordination challenges when the military takes a leading role, while the response to Pakistan floods demonstrated more positive civil-military cooperation.
The document discusses the challenges of developing civilian policing in Afghanistan. It outlines two main models of policing - the community policing model and the gendarmerie or paramilitary model. Efforts to establish an Afghan National Police since 2001 have relied too heavily on the militarized gendarmerie model and faced challenges including high casualty rates, desertion, and lack of focus on core policing skills in training. For civilian policing to be effective in Afghanistan, it will require moving away from militarization and prioritizing policing approaches accepted by local communities.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
This document discusses conflict prevention in theory and practice. It begins by noting the broad agreement on the importance of preventive action but the gap between rhetoric and reality. It then discusses the development of conflict prevention frameworks and mechanisms over time at the UN and other organizations. However, capacity for preventive action remains limited. The challenges of translating early warnings into timely responses and of addressing the underlying causes of conflicts are also discussed. Effective prevention requires tailored strategies and leadership to coordinate multi-faceted prevention efforts.
Governing insecurity in post conflict states - the case of sierra leone and l...Kayode Fayemi
This document discusses security sector reconstruction in post-conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia. It provides context on the legacies of conflict, authoritarianism, and state decomposition that led to insecurity. It examines how transitions from war to peace focused on immediate security needs through demobilization and reintegration efforts. However, it argues that security sector reconstruction requires a long-term, comprehensive approach that addresses governance, development, and political issues to be truly successful and sustainable.
1) RAMSI has been transitioning its civilian development, policing, and military components in Solomon Islands over the past decade as the security situation has improved.
2) The civilian development programs will transition to long-term bilateral and multilateral development partners, while the military component will withdraw in mid-2013 and policing will continue being supported for the foreseeable future.
3) While some of the factors that contributed to the past tensions have been addressed, such as rebuilding government institutions and removing weapons, unfinished issues remain like unequal economic development and potential for civil unrest, requiring an ongoing capable local police force.
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
The document provides a summary report from the 2011 Civil-Military Interaction Seminar. The following are the key points from the document:
1. The seminar brought together 125 experts from 21 countries to discuss current trends in civil-military practice and future needs. Five broad themes were examined: local-level processes, new and non-traditional players, the importance of information, prevention/preparedness, and civil-military guidelines.
2. Current global trends shaping civil-military engagement include the fragile economic realities in post-conflict states, fluidity in humanitarianism, and increasing natural disasters in complex environments. Integrated economic reconstruction is needed to support transitions from war to peace.
3. Three clear
Armed conflicts and natural disasters are inherently gendered crises; they can affect women, men, girls and boys in profoundly different ways. It is increasingly accepted that understanding these differences—or adopting a gender perspective—improves the effectiveness of responses to these crises, as well as the efforts of policy-making, advocacy, research and training institutions that focus on them. A gender perspective is more frequently recognised as a core requirement for all personnel involved in these efforts. However, there are many who are expected to engage with gender issues, yet remain unfamiliar with them. For this audience, there is a dearth of literature that provides an introductory overview of gender issues in crisis environments.
This paper is intended to be an educational and awareness-raising resource for those who are beginning to engage with gender issues in crisis environments, whether they are civilian, military or police. It examines gender dimensions commonly observed in conflict and disaster environments, such as differences in casualty trends, risks, threats, vulnerabilities, needs, opportunities and stresses. It provides examples of the operational benefits of a gender perspective and the harmful consequences resulting from the absence of a gender perspective.
This document discusses guidelines for interaction between civilian police and military personnel during international peace and stability operations. It recommends that before deployments, governments develop strategic frameworks and policies to facilitate cooperation. It also recommends pre-deployment training that allows police and military to learn about each other's roles and capabilities. During operations, conducting thorough risk assessments is important to determine the appropriate roles for police and military given the security environment. The roles and capabilities of each force should be considered to ensure they are suited to the tasks required.
1) The USNS Mercy, a Navy hospital ship, was deployed to provide medical relief to victims of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Indonesia.
2) The Mercy carried a 1,000 bed hospital and full radiology department, but relied heavily on civilian volunteer medical staff to supplement its crew of Navy medical personnel.
3) The Mercy's radiology services played a key role in diagnosing and treating tsunami victims, performing thousands of x-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound exams to aid international field hospitals that lacked advanced imaging capabilities. This helped improve care and outcomes for many severely ill patients.
This document discusses natural disasters that frequently affect Indonesia and the island of Aceh in particular. It notes that Aceh lies within the "Ring of Fire" and experiences frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The document recommends developing reliable early warning systems, like tsunami warning systems, and ensuring access to higher ground to help save more lives when disasters strike. It also stresses the importance of community participation to quickly spread warnings throughout at-risk areas.
The document summarizes recent activities of the U.S. Navy executing the Maritime Strategy around the world in August 2010. It discusses examples of forward presence conducted by the USS Harry S. Truman carrier strike group in the Arabian Sea. It also discusses examples of deterrence conducted by Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines and USS Albany. Additionally, it discusses examples of maritime security, humanitarian assistance, disaster response, and building partnerships conducted in locations around the world. It concludes with statistics on Navy personnel, ships, submarines, aircraft, and sailors at sea by area of responsibility.
The document summarizes the response efforts of the NSW SES to the major storms in April 2015 known as the "Storm of the Century". It discusses:
- The NSW SES leading the response as over 21,600 requests for assistance were made, making it the biggest storm response in NSW SES history. Over 3,000 volunteers worked tirelessly for over two weeks to provide relief.
- The efforts of NSW SES volunteers were highly commended by government leaders and emergency assistance was provided by other states.
- An update is given on the Minister for Emergency Services and Regional Recovery Coordinator thanking NSW SES volunteers for their efforts at the Wyong SES Unit.
The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is the military organization responsible for the defence of Australia. It consists of the Royal Australian Navy (RN), Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a number of 'tri-service' units. The ADF has a strength of just over 80,000 full-time personnel and active reservists, and is supported by the Department of Defense and several other civilian agencies
Tohoku Tsunami of Japan by Aniket Singh ChauhanAniket Chauhan
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread damage in Japan. It was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake that triggered a massive tsunami. Over 15,000 people were killed and thousands more were injured or missing. Entire coastal towns were destroyed by tsunami waves over 10 meters high. The total economic cost was estimated to be over $200 billion, making it the most expensive natural disaster in world history. The tsunami also caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. To prevent loss of life from future tsunamis, early warning systems and public education campaigns about evacuation procedures are vital. Coastal infrastructure also needs to be improved to better withstand powerful tsunami waves.
This document is the April 2013 issue of Service to the Fleet, the monthly newsletter of Norfolk Naval Shipyard. It includes articles about apprentices who created a new device to assist with honing submarine parts, NNSY being recognized with an award for its environmental restoration efforts of St. Julien's Creek, and the introduction of a new class of littoral combat ship. It also highlights facility improvements at NNSY and remembers the loss of USS Thresher submarine in 1963. The issue profiles apprentice instructor Michael Raitano Jr. and promotes Earth Day recycling efforts at NNSY.
U002 funded news publication a brian mc neal with kristi britt michael brayshawNorfolk Naval Shipyard
This document is the April 2013 issue of the newsletter "Service to the Fleet" published by Norfolk Naval Shipyard. It includes articles about apprentices who helped develop a new device to assist with honing submarine parts, NNSY being recognized with an award for its environmental restoration work at St. Julien's Creek Annex, and introducing a new class of ship called the Littoral Combat Ship. It also includes shorter articles about remembering the loss of the USS Thresher submarine, spotlighting an apprentice instructor at NNSY, earth day recycling efforts, and various facility improvements at NNSY.
The document summarizes Alfred Thayer Mahan's influential book "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783" and its key ideas about naval superiority and sea power enabling national wealth and greatness. While Mahan was criticized for not considering other factors, his principle of fleet concentration in naval warfare was important. The time period saw a shift in US views on warfare after the Civil War, allowing more study of Mahan's theories. Other theorists like Julian Corbett built upon Mahan's ideas regarding naval, military, and combined minor strategies involving fleets and armies.
India’s geography, economic engagement with the rest of the world, her development and security, are all intimately connected to the maritime domain.
With seas on three sides and high mountains on the fourth, it has been said that India lies in the very lap of the Indian Ocean. Few Indians realise that we possess the second largest peninsula in the world. While that translates into a coastline of 5422 Km, India’s outlying island territories add another 2094 Km, making up a total coastline length of 7516Km. This is just as well because our foreign trade is almost entirely dependent on the seas since land frontiers cannot permit viable trade due to contemporary history and geography!
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
This document provides an introductory overview of conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence for non-specialists. It examines dominant patterns of such violence, including widespread violence against women and girls as well as male victims. It explores a range of causes beyond strategic warfare, like gender inequality. It also identifies gaps in preventing and responding to violence, such as lack of support services and data. The overview aims to improve understanding and support for preventing and addressing this complex issue.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
This document discusses conflict prevention in theory and practice. It begins by noting the broad agreement on the importance of preventive action but the gap between rhetoric and reality. It then discusses the development of conflict prevention frameworks and mechanisms over time at the UN and other organizations. However, capacity for preventive action remains limited. The challenges of translating early warnings into timely responses and of addressing the underlying causes of conflicts are also discussed. Effective prevention requires tailored strategies and leadership to coordinate multi-faceted prevention efforts.
Governing insecurity in post conflict states - the case of sierra leone and l...Kayode Fayemi
This document discusses security sector reconstruction in post-conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia. It provides context on the legacies of conflict, authoritarianism, and state decomposition that led to insecurity. It examines how transitions from war to peace focused on immediate security needs through demobilization and reintegration efforts. However, it argues that security sector reconstruction requires a long-term, comprehensive approach that addresses governance, development, and political issues to be truly successful and sustainable.
1) RAMSI has been transitioning its civilian development, policing, and military components in Solomon Islands over the past decade as the security situation has improved.
2) The civilian development programs will transition to long-term bilateral and multilateral development partners, while the military component will withdraw in mid-2013 and policing will continue being supported for the foreseeable future.
3) While some of the factors that contributed to the past tensions have been addressed, such as rebuilding government institutions and removing weapons, unfinished issues remain like unequal economic development and potential for civil unrest, requiring an ongoing capable local police force.
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
The document provides a summary report from the 2011 Civil-Military Interaction Seminar. The following are the key points from the document:
1. The seminar brought together 125 experts from 21 countries to discuss current trends in civil-military practice and future needs. Five broad themes were examined: local-level processes, new and non-traditional players, the importance of information, prevention/preparedness, and civil-military guidelines.
2. Current global trends shaping civil-military engagement include the fragile economic realities in post-conflict states, fluidity in humanitarianism, and increasing natural disasters in complex environments. Integrated economic reconstruction is needed to support transitions from war to peace.
3. Three clear
Armed conflicts and natural disasters are inherently gendered crises; they can affect women, men, girls and boys in profoundly different ways. It is increasingly accepted that understanding these differences—or adopting a gender perspective—improves the effectiveness of responses to these crises, as well as the efforts of policy-making, advocacy, research and training institutions that focus on them. A gender perspective is more frequently recognised as a core requirement for all personnel involved in these efforts. However, there are many who are expected to engage with gender issues, yet remain unfamiliar with them. For this audience, there is a dearth of literature that provides an introductory overview of gender issues in crisis environments.
This paper is intended to be an educational and awareness-raising resource for those who are beginning to engage with gender issues in crisis environments, whether they are civilian, military or police. It examines gender dimensions commonly observed in conflict and disaster environments, such as differences in casualty trends, risks, threats, vulnerabilities, needs, opportunities and stresses. It provides examples of the operational benefits of a gender perspective and the harmful consequences resulting from the absence of a gender perspective.
This document discusses guidelines for interaction between civilian police and military personnel during international peace and stability operations. It recommends that before deployments, governments develop strategic frameworks and policies to facilitate cooperation. It also recommends pre-deployment training that allows police and military to learn about each other's roles and capabilities. During operations, conducting thorough risk assessments is important to determine the appropriate roles for police and military given the security environment. The roles and capabilities of each force should be considered to ensure they are suited to the tasks required.
1) The USNS Mercy, a Navy hospital ship, was deployed to provide medical relief to victims of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Indonesia.
2) The Mercy carried a 1,000 bed hospital and full radiology department, but relied heavily on civilian volunteer medical staff to supplement its crew of Navy medical personnel.
3) The Mercy's radiology services played a key role in diagnosing and treating tsunami victims, performing thousands of x-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound exams to aid international field hospitals that lacked advanced imaging capabilities. This helped improve care and outcomes for many severely ill patients.
This document discusses natural disasters that frequently affect Indonesia and the island of Aceh in particular. It notes that Aceh lies within the "Ring of Fire" and experiences frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The document recommends developing reliable early warning systems, like tsunami warning systems, and ensuring access to higher ground to help save more lives when disasters strike. It also stresses the importance of community participation to quickly spread warnings throughout at-risk areas.
The document summarizes recent activities of the U.S. Navy executing the Maritime Strategy around the world in August 2010. It discusses examples of forward presence conducted by the USS Harry S. Truman carrier strike group in the Arabian Sea. It also discusses examples of deterrence conducted by Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines and USS Albany. Additionally, it discusses examples of maritime security, humanitarian assistance, disaster response, and building partnerships conducted in locations around the world. It concludes with statistics on Navy personnel, ships, submarines, aircraft, and sailors at sea by area of responsibility.
The document summarizes the response efforts of the NSW SES to the major storms in April 2015 known as the "Storm of the Century". It discusses:
- The NSW SES leading the response as over 21,600 requests for assistance were made, making it the biggest storm response in NSW SES history. Over 3,000 volunteers worked tirelessly for over two weeks to provide relief.
- The efforts of NSW SES volunteers were highly commended by government leaders and emergency assistance was provided by other states.
- An update is given on the Minister for Emergency Services and Regional Recovery Coordinator thanking NSW SES volunteers for their efforts at the Wyong SES Unit.
The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is the military organization responsible for the defence of Australia. It consists of the Royal Australian Navy (RN), Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a number of 'tri-service' units. The ADF has a strength of just over 80,000 full-time personnel and active reservists, and is supported by the Department of Defense and several other civilian agencies
Tohoku Tsunami of Japan by Aniket Singh ChauhanAniket Chauhan
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread damage in Japan. It was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake that triggered a massive tsunami. Over 15,000 people were killed and thousands more were injured or missing. Entire coastal towns were destroyed by tsunami waves over 10 meters high. The total economic cost was estimated to be over $200 billion, making it the most expensive natural disaster in world history. The tsunami also caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. To prevent loss of life from future tsunamis, early warning systems and public education campaigns about evacuation procedures are vital. Coastal infrastructure also needs to be improved to better withstand powerful tsunami waves.
This document is the April 2013 issue of Service to the Fleet, the monthly newsletter of Norfolk Naval Shipyard. It includes articles about apprentices who created a new device to assist with honing submarine parts, NNSY being recognized with an award for its environmental restoration efforts of St. Julien's Creek, and the introduction of a new class of littoral combat ship. It also highlights facility improvements at NNSY and remembers the loss of USS Thresher submarine in 1963. The issue profiles apprentice instructor Michael Raitano Jr. and promotes Earth Day recycling efforts at NNSY.
U002 funded news publication a brian mc neal with kristi britt michael brayshawNorfolk Naval Shipyard
This document is the April 2013 issue of the newsletter "Service to the Fleet" published by Norfolk Naval Shipyard. It includes articles about apprentices who helped develop a new device to assist with honing submarine parts, NNSY being recognized with an award for its environmental restoration work at St. Julien's Creek Annex, and introducing a new class of ship called the Littoral Combat Ship. It also includes shorter articles about remembering the loss of the USS Thresher submarine, spotlighting an apprentice instructor at NNSY, earth day recycling efforts, and various facility improvements at NNSY.
The document summarizes Alfred Thayer Mahan's influential book "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783" and its key ideas about naval superiority and sea power enabling national wealth and greatness. While Mahan was criticized for not considering other factors, his principle of fleet concentration in naval warfare was important. The time period saw a shift in US views on warfare after the Civil War, allowing more study of Mahan's theories. Other theorists like Julian Corbett built upon Mahan's ideas regarding naval, military, and combined minor strategies involving fleets and armies.
India’s geography, economic engagement with the rest of the world, her development and security, are all intimately connected to the maritime domain.
With seas on three sides and high mountains on the fourth, it has been said that India lies in the very lap of the Indian Ocean. Few Indians realise that we possess the second largest peninsula in the world. While that translates into a coastline of 5422 Km, India’s outlying island territories add another 2094 Km, making up a total coastline length of 7516Km. This is just as well because our foreign trade is almost entirely dependent on the seas since land frontiers cannot permit viable trade due to contemporary history and geography!
Similar to Chalmers david op sumatra assist - rusi paper (11)
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
This document provides an introductory overview of conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence for non-specialists. It examines dominant patterns of such violence, including widespread violence against women and girls as well as male victims. It explores a range of causes beyond strategic warfare, like gender inequality. It also identifies gaps in preventing and responding to violence, such as lack of support services and data. The overview aims to improve understanding and support for preventing and addressing this complex issue.
This document summarizes analysis conducted by the Military Operations Analysis Team using extensive databases on military engagements, intelligence, villages, economic activity, and social development in Phuoc Tuy province during Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War from 1966 to 1971. The analysis applies statistical, spatial, and temporal techniques to understand factors like changes in insurgent and government control over time, who initiated military contacts, and the impact of various counterinsurgency programs.
The document is an aide-memoire created by the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) to capture best practices from their support of domestic disaster relief efforts in 2011, including Operations PIKE, CHRISTCHURCH QUAKE, and RENA. The aide-memoire aims to assist NZDF planning and operations, as well as inform other agencies involved in disaster response. It contains lessons learned from the 2011 events and is intended to complement NZDF doctrine. The document provides guidance to the military and other agencies in planning for and coordinating disaster relief operations.
1) Natural disasters have significantly increased over the last few decades, affecting over 2 billion people and causing over $910 billion in damages globally. This trend is expected to continue with climate change.
2) Future natural disasters will likely have even greater impacts due to population growth, increasing urbanization, effects of climate change like sea level rise and extreme weather events. Developing countries are most vulnerable but developed countries face major economic impacts.
3) Effective response to increase in frequency and scale of natural disasters will challenge existing humanitarian system and require improved coordination between numerous responding entities.
The document discusses the challenges of rebuilding war-torn states and achieving sustainable peace through economic reconstruction. It outlines the difficult transition these countries must make from an economy of war to an economy of peace and then eventual normal development. However, the record of success is poor, with about half of countries relapsing back into conflict. Key challenges include balancing security and economic priorities, integrating military and civilian strategies, and effectively using large amounts of aid to support the transition without creating dependency or distortions. An effective strategy must make peace irreversible by addressing the root causes of conflict and transforming the political and security situation.
The document summarizes lessons learned from Christchurch, New Zealand's response to major earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. It discusses:
1) The earthquakes caused widespread damage across Christchurch, destroying infrastructure and claiming 182 lives. A state of emergency was declared.
2) Restoring critical infrastructure like roads, water, and sewage systems was a top priority. This was achieved through a large coordinated effort involving the city, military, and contractors.
3) The military played a key role, providing logistical support, security, and humanitarian aid. However, coordinating their command-and-control style with the city's more collaborative approach required adjustment.
This document summarizes a conference and workshop on emerging law relating to the detention of non-state actors engaged in hostilities. The conference explored legal gaps and questions around detaining powers, applicable legal regimes, and standards. Speakers discussed increasing convergence between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. The workshop involved closed discussions of national detention practices and transferring detainees. Overall, the document examines complex legal issues and practical challenges surrounding the detention of non-state actors in non-international armed conflicts.
Here are the key points about the UN Cluster Approach:
- The Cluster Approach was established by the UN to improve coordination and response in sectors or areas of activity during humanitarian emergencies.
- Clusters are groups of humanitarian organizations, both UN and non-UN, in each of the main sectors of humanitarian action such as water, health and logistics.
- The clusters provide a clear point of contact and leadership in each sector. A designated agency called the 'cluster lead' facilitates cluster coordination and planning.
- The goal is to ensure a more coherent sector-wide response by filling gaps and reducing duplication of effort.
- Clusters operate at both the national and sub-national levels. At the national
Australia’s peacekeeping and peacebuilding
experiences in the Autonomous Region of
Bougainville in Papua New Guinea, and in
Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
The Civil-Military Affairs Conference 2012 focused on learning lessons from past peace and stabilization operations to improve future missions. Over two days, the conference explored successes and challenges, factors for effective operations, and initiatives to strengthen civilian capacity, civil-military collaboration, local ownership, and the role of women in building peace. Speakers included government and military officials from Australia, the UN, and other countries working to advance practical solutions.
This document provides a primer on strategic planning for multiagency peace and stabilization operations. It was produced by Noetic Group for the APCMCOE and acknowledges Noetic's work in developing the content, which is published under a Creative Commons license allowing reproduction and transmission without written permission.
The document presents a best practices model for multiagency assessment and planning for conflict prevention. The model outlines a process that aims to improve coordination between government agencies for early conflict prevention. It is intended to clarify understanding of necessary interactions between agencies and how they relate to shared goals. Key aspects of the model include identifying countries for investment, conducting multiagency assessments that consider various factors, and aligning conflict prevention planning with broader strategy. The model seeks to promote recognition of conflict prevention as a foreign policy priority and expand effective multiagency collaboration.
This document provides an analysis of the concepts of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Protection of Civilians (PoC), examining their origins, evolution, differences, and commonalities. It argues that while R2P and PoC share a concern for protecting civilians from violence, they have distinct scopes and applications. R2P focuses on preventing mass atrocities regardless of conflict, while PoC specifically addresses the protection of civilians during armed conflict. The document uses the international response to the crisis in Libya, including UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973, as a case study for how R2P and PoC can reinforce each other in critical situations where civilians face deadly threats.
This basic primer presents a select list of tools and principles to inform the development of a government multiagency strategic plan for peace and
stabilisation operations. It serves primarily as a resource for the participants at the Centre’s MAPSOP Multiagency Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
and Measures of Effectiveness (MPME) Workshop on 26-28 October 2011 by presenting a synopsis of the relevant, international assessment and planning
tools for peace and stabilisation planning and implementation.
Conflict prevention is difficult to define, measure, and conduct, but nonetheless it is critical in the
pursuit of certain strategic goals. Furthermore, given the breadth of expertise needed and the
complexity of issues involved, engagement in conflict prevention operations should be undertaken
within a multiagency framework. This paper presents the case for two concurrent approaches:
promoting recognition of conflict prevention as a foreign policy imperative, and expanding effective
multiagency collaboration initiatives for conflict prevention.
This document provides an overview of key stakeholders involved in international disaster and conflict response. It aims to improve understanding between different stakeholders who may have different mandates, responsibilities and operating procedures but work in the same environments. The document defines foundational terms like civil-military relations and coordination from both military and humanitarian perspectives. It also outlines concepts like donor, humanitarian imperative, and the UN cluster approach to humanitarian response. The overall goal is to enhance cooperation and effectiveness through greater mutual understanding.
The document discusses improving civil-military cooperation for disaster-related humanitarian logistics. It notes the increasing frequency and scale of disasters requiring humanitarian assistance. While militaries are well-prepared to respond logistically to disasters, some humanitarian groups are reluctant to utilize military assets due to independence concerns. The document argues that by focusing on common logistics concepts and objectives, the humanitarian and military fields could develop better integrated responses to more efficiently meet disaster-affected peoples' needs.
Australia remains a consistent supporter of efforts to ensure better protection of civilians in peacekeeping operations by: (1) developing practical tools for training peacekeepers, such as an inventory of best practices and scenario-based training materials; (2) engaging with other UN Member States to build understanding on protection of civilians mandates; and (3) working to support regional organizations like the African Union in developing guidelines on protection of civilians for peace operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
1. OPERATION SUMATRA ASSIST
ADF response to the Boxing Day Tsunami
MAJGEN (Ret) David Chalmers
The Boxing Day 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was a disaster of a magnitude that is
difficult to comprehend from the relative security of our Australian lounge rooms. At
7.58am on Sunday the 26th of December, a 9.4 Richter scale magnitude earthquake
occurred with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra. Several buildings collapsed in
the provincial capital Banda Aceh, although damage to the city was relatively light. Yet
a far more powerful force of nature was not far away. Within 15 minutes a tsunami
estimated by Indonesian authorities to have peaked at 34 metres struck the coastline.
Like a gigantic scythe this huge wall of water swept houses, bridges, roads and people
away, leaving little but the foundations of coastal villages as it receded. More than a
third of the cities of Banda Aceh and Meulaboh were totally destroyed, with thousands of
tonnes of wreckage and mud pushed into the areas that escaped the direct effect of the
wave.
Some 220,000 people died, many of whom were washed out to sea. But over 100,000
bodies remained, covered in mud and buried in amongst the debris left behind in the two
cities. Another 500,000 people lost homes - many lost all of their extended family and
their business or livelihood as well.
Australia‟s response to the tragedy was swift. Our Government made an immediate
decision to provide as much assistance as we could, with the result that General Cosgrove
rang the Indonesian Chief of Defence, General Sutarto, to offer military support. Joint
level planning was already well underway, so we were able to respond very quickly after
being invited by General Sutarto to help in Aceh.
On the 28th of December an Australian C130 transport aircraft landed in Banda Aceh, the
first relief support to arrive. In fact, it landed only just after the Indonesian commander
General Bambang Darmono arrived, and before he had had a chance to set up his
headquarters or begin any planning. This C130 was the tip of a major Australian
Defence Force (ADF) relief operation, which quickly grew to involve a deployed force of
some 1100 Australian, New Zealand and British service personnel, which was named
Operation Sumatra Assist. The force itself was given the designation Combined Joint
Task Force 629 or CJTF629.
The mission that was given to me as Force Commander, was as specific as the available
information allowed – „go and do some good‟. This was caveated by the strategic
imperative to do so in a manner that enhanced rather than harmed our relationship with
Indonesia: in other words undertaking our operations with cultural sensitivity and in a
manner that respected Indonesian sovereignty.
A number of challenges faced the CJTF as we deployed into Sumatra. The most
significant was the initial lack of any substantial information regarding where and how
our effort could best be directed. We did know that there were a large number of victims
2. 2
and displaced people, with estimates growing by the hour in the first few days.
Acquisition of more specific data was hampered by the total paralysis of the Achenese
provincial government due to losses amongst its staff. Compounding this, access into
Aceh was constrained by the limited capacity of airheads and the destruction of ports and
the west coast roads. Most survivors could only be reached by boat or helicopter.
I also needed to be concerned about the threat to the safety of the CJTF posed by both the
environment and security situation in Aceh. The unburied dead and lack of either
sanitation or clean water for survivors posed a serious threat to the health of would be
relief workers. Security constraints also posed a dilemma for an unarmed force – the
terrorist threat was high and Aceh‟s insurgency war continued despite a ceasefire.
A final concern was the so called “Second wave” of the tsunami - the crowd of
volunteers, aid organisations and military forces that flooded into Aceh during January
and February. Some were invited by the Indonesian government, but most had just
decided to help. Many organisations came without logistic support and some were more
of a burden than a boon. This complex and daily changing cast of characters
overwhelmed the ability of the Indonesian authorities, and the United Nations when they
arrived, to synchronise effectively.
In the absence of much information in the first few hours after the tsunami, Australia‟s
response was based on our experience some years ago in providing assistance after the
Papua New Guinea tsunami. Our initial C130 deployment was followed within 48 hours
by a small team of medical personnel and Army engineers. The immediacy of this
response helped save lives; we had a surgical team working in the Indonesian military
(TNI) hospital in Banda Aceh by December 30th. Sadly, while thousands of casualties
needed treatment, there were fewer injured than we expected; apparently most of those in
the disaster zone had been killed. The engineers also made a huge impact through the
water purification plant they set up in the centre of Banda Aceh. The Convent Water
Point, as it was known, provided thousands of litres of safe drinking water through
January and February, until we eventually handed it over to the Red Cross. It became a
very visible symbol of the ADF‟s speed of response and commitment.
Concurrently, the RAAF established a Forward Command Element and our C130s began
flying in much needed medical supplies and food to Aceh. Within a week a Field
Hospital, six helicopters, engineer reconnaissance teams and the force headquarters were
deploying into Medan and then forward to Banda Aceh. The hospital was augmented by
a New Zealand medical team, and two of the helicopters were British. We also had a
Kiwi C130 flying as part of the combined joint force.
3. 3
One of the early decisions that had to be taken was where to focus the ADF relief effort.
I had sufficient logistic and communications capability to support up to two locations, so
the option of putting the hospital in one area and the engineers elsewhere, depending on
the need for their respective capabilities, existed. I was also conscious that Banda Aceh
was likely to be over whelmed with relief support, while other areas received little or
none. On the other hand, we had already set up a useful foothold in Banda Aceh, and
force protection considerations militated toward reinforcing this initial lodgement.
Discussion with General Bambang led to what I regarded as a natural division of work –
the Singaporean Armed Forces in Meulaboh, the ADF to reinforce its effort in Banda
Aceh and the US Combined Support Group to focus on rotary wing lift in between.
CJTF 629 - FORCE DISPOSITION
• Forward Command Element
• 6 UH-1H Helicopters
• Field Hospital
• Engineers
• HMAS Kanimbla
• 6 C130
• Logistic Support Base
• 1 Kingair
• Combined joint Task Force HQ
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows how Australia had military forces deployed by mid January. I had my
headquarters in Medan, supported by our embassy staff in Jakarta. The ANZAC field
hospital, a helicopter detachment and an engineer group as well as a forward headquarters
were located in Banda Aceh, and a major logistics hub was established in Butterworth,
Malaysia. We were also assessing the feasibility of using the port of Sabang, on an island
just north of Banda Aceh, as a force extraction point; an option I eventually took.
I set up my headquarters in Medan for a number of reasons. Firstly because General
Cosgrove told me to – so in that regard it was not a difficult decision. I was also on a
knife-edge in balancing available sustainment air effort with the force flow I had into
Banda Aceh, so I had to keep to a minimum the people I had forward. But it was also
obvious that Medan was the logistics and co-ordination hub in the initial stages if the
operations. And in fact a few days after we arrived both the Singaporean and United
States forces also set up their headquarters in Medan.
4. 4
Providing the command and control of a combined joint force was a challenge for our
very small headquarters. This would have been much more difficult had I not had a small
but highly effective Civil Military Co-operation (CIMIC) capability. The CIMIC Teams
were my eyes and ears outside of the headquarters, especially with the hundreds of other
agencies seeking our support. Further, they provided a link with the Indonesian
Government and TNI, ensuring that our efforts were always in accordance with the
priorities set by the Indonesians. CIMIC teams were dispersed across the disaster area
providing support to ADF elements where and when required.
Understandably, the sheer scale of the disaster initially overwhelmed the Indonesian civil
and military agencies. No co-ordination mechanisms existed when we arrived, and
although good will and hard work were resulting in some aid getting to where it was
needed, the CIMIC staff made an assessment that Non-Government Organisations
(NGOs) were inundating military transport assets with requests. It was almost impossible
to apply the priorities set by the Indonesians, with often the loudest NGO voice or the
most convenient load being sent forward, rather than the most needed aid. Congestion at
airports was chronic and aid that was needed forward in the disaster area continued to
pile up. LTCOL David Mcguire resolved this problem with AusAID through the
establishment of a Civil Military Aid Coordination Conference. The CMACC, as it was
known, provided a central coordination point for military and civilian agencies and,
coupled with the creation of a Combined Air Operations Centre at Polonia airport, put the
Indonesians back in control of the relief effort.
Controlled by the Combined Air Operations Centre, our airlift group comprised six C130
transport aircraft, which flew both relief supplies and logistic sustainment for the CJTF
from Butterworth and Medan into Banda Aceh, and six Huey UH-1H helicopters. The
helicopters formed part of a fleet of some 75 rotary wing aircraft, which during January
formed the only means of ferrying food and water down to isolated communities on the
west coast. The crews lived on the side of the Banda Aceh airfield, in appallingly muddy
and noisy conditions, with frequent aftershocks an unpleasant reminder of the cause of
the tsunami.
Established by January 6th, the ANZAC Field Hospital was located at the Zainal Abidin
Hospital in Banda Aceh. The facility comprised an integrated surgical ward with a staff
of around 120 Australian and 30 New Zealand personnel. In addition to providing
medical support, medics and engineers had to clear the significant amount of mud, debris
and damaged hospital equipment that remained in the hospital buildings. Along with the
Indonesian infantry soldiers involved in the clean up, their endurance and motivation was
remarkable. Under the leadership of LTCOL Georgina Whelan, hospital staff undertook
a heavy workload, including treating some horrific injuries and confronting cases. But
there were also uplifting moments that helped the staff‟s morale, including the birth of 18
children in the hospital. One of these was named „Anzac‟ by his grateful parents, a
lasting reminder of the hospital‟s work in Aceh.
Having sailed from Sydney on New Years eve, HMAS Kanimbla arrived on January
13th, and landed our engineer group at Banda Aceh to commence work. The Australian
Army Engineer Detachment consisted of around 150 troops from the Darwin-based 1st
5. 5
Combat Engineer Regiment, commanded by LTCOL Ian Cumming. The engineers
operated a number of water points throughout Aceh to provide potable water to local
communities and to the Banda Aceh Public Hospital. Another significant task was the
removal of debris from the city, and particularly clearing drains to allow floodwater to be
removed from the city. This was physically and psychologically demanding work, much
of it done by hand with the frequent discovery of bodies in the wreckage a constant
hazard. As a means of providing relief from debris clearing LTCOL Cumming tasked his
engineer sections to recover some of the fishing boats washed into the city, eventually
graduating from fairly small craft to relaunching a very large fishing boat.
One of the lessons I learnt during the operation was that speed of response in disaster
relief is critical. There will never be perfect situational awareness, so in the face of
uncertainty it‟s a matter of sending your best guess force structure and then shaping it as
you pile on. Although medical and engineer capabilities were most nation‟s „best guess‟,
and ours did magnificent work, niche capabilities turned out to be real force multipliers.
For example our air traffic controllers at Banda Aceh enabled a carrier group‟s worth of
helicopters to operate safely. Air load teams with forklift trucks and pallets were the
difference between aid piling up in warehouses and it flowing forward smoothly. And
the networks developed by CIMIC teams with both the Indonesians and other agencies
reduced the duplication of effort, improved the security of aid workers and greatly
expedited the aid effort.
Perhaps the most important issue for me throughout the operation was to maintain the
primacy of the Indonesian government in the relief effort. Whilst Aceh was devastated
by the earthquake and Tsunami, the Indonesian Government was still intact and had
control of the operation. If I had one criticism of some agencies involved in the relief
effort, it would be that they treated Indonesia as a failed state and largely ignored both the
Government and the TNI. The large number of volunteers, foreign military and aid
organisations which flooded into Aceh exacerbated congestion in the effected area.
Many of these organisations did not seek Indonesian guidance on requirements or
permission to deploy, nor were they self-sustaining. The sensitive cultural issues posed
by working in a conservative Muslim province, fearful of corruption by westerners, was a
potential vulnerability that radical Islamic organisations attempted to exploit through
information operations. I have the highest regard for the good judgement of Australian
junior soldiers who turned this vulnerability into a strength through their consistent and
mature understanding of the need for cultural sensitivity.
The emergency phase was over by the end of February, and with it the requirement for
military support to disaster relief work in Banda Aceh. We worked closely with AUSaid
to ensure that there was no disruption to the support being provided to the people of Aceh
during the transition from military to civilian aid. It then took four weeks of solid labour
to clean our equipment to Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) standards
– a very costly exercise. Our relationship with AQIS inspectors was good although they
were zealous in the performance of their duties. My extraction plan was to get out of the
way of ongoing disaster relief and reconstruction work while we went through this
process, by moving the force to Sabang to do our clean up. Even so, remaining in theatre
to clean equipment was a risk, one that may not be acceptable on future operations.
6. 6
I would summarise the keys to the success of the operation as:
Sensitivity at all levels within the task force to the broader strategic objectives of
the operation.
Very effective leadership at the Junior Non Commissioned Officer (NCO) level,
Co-operation, flexibility and a sense of humour within the CJTF.
The high standard of equipment and training existing within the ADF, and the
ability to deploy at very short notice.
A small number of low cost, high outcome capabilities, particularly air traffic
controllers, water purification teams, CIMIC teams and the field hospital.
Support of HMAS Kanimbla, without which the risks and difficulty in mounting
such an operation would be significantly higher.
With few exceptions, more than a thousand members of the ADF responded at short
notice to the challenges of the operation very professionally. Along with the Singaporean
Armed Forces, they set the benchmark for behaviour and work ethic, comparing very
favourably with other foreign military forces. Many more ADF members, although not
deployed, worked tirelessly in support of the operation. Leadership at every level, but
particularly by junior NCOs, was impressive. Much work was done in an environment
well outside the normal experience of CJTF members, largely due to the corpses
contained in the debris of Banda Aceh. Small teams, usually led by private soldiers or
corporals, did all that was asked of them and more, and set the tone and foundation for
the CJTF‟s success. I was indeed fortunate and very proud to command such a
professional force of soldiers, sailors and airmen.