The document discusses the challenges of developing civilian policing in Afghanistan. It outlines two main models of policing - the community policing model and the gendarmerie or paramilitary model. Efforts to establish an Afghan National Police since 2001 have relied too heavily on the militarized gendarmerie model and faced challenges including high casualty rates, desertion, and lack of focus on core policing skills in training. For civilian policing to be effective in Afghanistan, it will require moving away from militarization and prioritizing policing approaches accepted by local communities.
This document discusses guidelines for interaction between civilian police and military personnel during international peace and stability operations. It recommends that before deployments, governments develop strategic frameworks and policies to facilitate cooperation. It also recommends pre-deployment training that allows police and military to learn about each other's roles and capabilities. During operations, conducting thorough risk assessments is important to determine the appropriate roles for police and military given the security environment. The roles and capabilities of each force should be considered to ensure they are suited to the tasks required.
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
This document provides an introductory overview of conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence for non-specialists. It examines dominant patterns of such violence, including widespread violence against women and girls as well as male victims. It explores a range of causes beyond strategic warfare, like gender inequality. It also identifies gaps in preventing and responding to violence, such as lack of support services and data. The overview aims to improve understanding and support for preventing and addressing this complex issue.
The protection of civilians within un pso oct 14ferry arifin
This document provides an introduction to protection of civilians (POC) training for UN peacekeepers. It outlines key learning objectives around explaining the importance of POC, describing threats to civilians, and identifying legal obligations. It also summarizes different approaches to protection, threats faced by civilians, actors responsible for protection, and consequences of failing to protect civilians. The document aims to equip peacekeepers with knowledge on POC mandates, authorities, and prohibitions to guide their conduct in operations.
Armed conflicts and natural disasters are inherently gendered crises; they can affect women, men, girls and boys in profoundly different ways. It is increasingly accepted that understanding these differences—or adopting a gender perspective—improves the effectiveness of responses to these crises, as well as the efforts of policy-making, advocacy, research and training institutions that focus on them. A gender perspective is more frequently recognised as a core requirement for all personnel involved in these efforts. However, there are many who are expected to engage with gender issues, yet remain unfamiliar with them. For this audience, there is a dearth of literature that provides an introductory overview of gender issues in crisis environments.
This paper is intended to be an educational and awareness-raising resource for those who are beginning to engage with gender issues in crisis environments, whether they are civilian, military or police. It examines gender dimensions commonly observed in conflict and disaster environments, such as differences in casualty trends, risks, threats, vulnerabilities, needs, opportunities and stresses. It provides examples of the operational benefits of a gender perspective and the harmful consequences resulting from the absence of a gender perspective.
This document discusses guidelines for interaction between civilian police and military personnel during international peace and stability operations. It recommends that before deployments, governments develop strategic frameworks and policies to facilitate cooperation. It also recommends pre-deployment training that allows police and military to learn about each other's roles and capabilities. During operations, conducting thorough risk assessments is important to determine the appropriate roles for police and military given the security environment. The roles and capabilities of each force should be considered to ensure they are suited to the tasks required.
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
This document provides an introductory overview of conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence for non-specialists. It examines dominant patterns of such violence, including widespread violence against women and girls as well as male victims. It explores a range of causes beyond strategic warfare, like gender inequality. It also identifies gaps in preventing and responding to violence, such as lack of support services and data. The overview aims to improve understanding and support for preventing and addressing this complex issue.
The protection of civilians within un pso oct 14ferry arifin
This document provides an introduction to protection of civilians (POC) training for UN peacekeepers. It outlines key learning objectives around explaining the importance of POC, describing threats to civilians, and identifying legal obligations. It also summarizes different approaches to protection, threats faced by civilians, actors responsible for protection, and consequences of failing to protect civilians. The document aims to equip peacekeepers with knowledge on POC mandates, authorities, and prohibitions to guide their conduct in operations.
Armed conflicts and natural disasters are inherently gendered crises; they can affect women, men, girls and boys in profoundly different ways. It is increasingly accepted that understanding these differences—or adopting a gender perspective—improves the effectiveness of responses to these crises, as well as the efforts of policy-making, advocacy, research and training institutions that focus on them. A gender perspective is more frequently recognised as a core requirement for all personnel involved in these efforts. However, there are many who are expected to engage with gender issues, yet remain unfamiliar with them. For this audience, there is a dearth of literature that provides an introductory overview of gender issues in crisis environments.
This paper is intended to be an educational and awareness-raising resource for those who are beginning to engage with gender issues in crisis environments, whether they are civilian, military or police. It examines gender dimensions commonly observed in conflict and disaster environments, such as differences in casualty trends, risks, threats, vulnerabilities, needs, opportunities and stresses. It provides examples of the operational benefits of a gender perspective and the harmful consequences resulting from the absence of a gender perspective.
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
Police-Public Relations as a Potent Tool for Combating Crime, Insecurity, and...inventionjournals
For quite long now, some commentators have oftentimes been lured into confusing the concept and practice of police-public relations with that of police-community relations, community policing, policemedia relations or local vigilantism. Against this backdrop, therefore, this paper examined the state of police– public relations in Nigeria with special focus on how it could be deployed as a potent tool for fighting crime and preventing social disorder in the country. The paper adopted a research methodology of review of extant related literature on the fields of security, public, and policing backed by judgmental content analysis technique. The paper made a number of interesting findings. Prominent among this findings included the fact that Police authorities in Nigeria since 1930, the force was established had made efforts to forge a strong relationship with the public it serves including establishment of such structures and mechanisms like Police Public Complaints Bureau, Police Community Relations Committees and various organs of community-policing projects scattered all over the country. In spite of these efforts, police–public relations in the country had remained sordidly sour, conflictual, and unredeeming. Again, the paper also identified a number of structural, institutional, and attitudinal factors that are responsible for the deteriorating gap in the relationship between the police in Nigeria and members of the public they are hired to serve. These factors include systemic corruption, the very nature of policing in a once colonized state like Nigeria, inappropriate use of lethal force, extrajudicial killings, and intimidation. Others are extortion, illegal arrest and detention, poor funding and lack of adequate training or education, among other ills. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations, as a way forward which included greater emphasis on awareness campaigns to sanitize the police force to be appreciated by members of the public, that NPPRD should be made autonomous and public relations professionals recruited into its fold; rigorous background check of recruits in order to weed out persons of questionable character at the point of entry; and design of curriculum that would inculcate modern policing ideals and democratic values in police rank and file, among others
Political Violence and the Sustenance of Democracy In Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Executive legislative relation in ghanaernestboadi
This chapter provides background information and introduces the key topics that will be discussed in the research. It outlines the problem statement which is that the legislature in Ghana has failed to overcome executive dominance and perform its oversight functions effectively as required by the constitution. The objective is to critically assess parliament under the Fourth Republic and identify the major factors that have hindered its ability to oversee the executive. Key concepts that will guide the analysis are separation of powers and checks and balances.
Democratic oversight of the security sector the nigerian experienceKayode Fayemi
This document discusses democratic oversight of the security sector in Nigeria. It notes that while constitutions may outline provisions for oversight, actual parliamentary oversight is more challenging. It examines legislative oversight in Nigeria over the past three years, looking at constitutional provisions, relationships between security and oversight actors, legal frameworks, political commitment to oversight, and oversight institutions' capacity. Key issues include the role of parliament in defense policymaking and budgeting, use of the military for internal security, and external military assistance. Overall it analyzes the effectiveness of democratic oversight of the security sector in Nigeria.
OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIA'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY; 2011 - 2015 Yagana Bintube (MNIM)
A STUDY ON THE OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIA'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY; 2011 - 2015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER IN SCIENCE DEGREE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, NIGERIA.
THE WORK DISSECTS THE OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS OF THE 7TH SESSION AND EVALUATES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERSIGHT TOOL IN DELIVERY GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE NIGERIA'S FOURTH REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC DISPENSATION. IT LOOKS FURTHER TO HIGHLIGHT THE CHALLENGES, PROFFER DEEP ROOTED RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROJECT THE FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE OVERSIGHT TOOL IN ACHIEVING DEMOCRATIC SUCCESS, RESPONSIBLE, RESPONSIVE, TRANSPARENT AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA.
This document discusses human rights in India and police brutality. It outlines several key human rights like the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression, and social/economic rights. The document then discusses police brutality in India, the various forms it can take like false arrest and intimidation, and some of the causes like believing they are above the law. It also discusses police powers related to arrest, detention, stop and frisk and emphasizes the importance of respecting human rights and limiting excessive use of force.
Security of the young Roma women and men in KrusevacRomaniCikna
This document summarizes a study on the security of young Roma women and men in Krusevac, Serbia. It begins by introducing the concept of security and defining it in terms of both national security and individual human security. It then describes Serbia's security sector and legal framework regarding international agreements and national laws related to human rights and security. The study findings are presented regarding the participants' understanding of security concepts and their perspectives on threats to their personal and collective security.
Decentralization and democratic local government in cross river state, nigeri...Alexander Decker
This study examines decentralization and local government in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study aims to determine if state government interference undermines local governments' ability to function effectively. 900 political party members from the state's three geopolitical zones were surveyed. Results showed that political actors perceive local governments in Cross River State are not development-focused due to state interference, contrary to Nigeria's constitution. The study uses institutional theory to analyze how state influence shapes local government administration in the state.
The document discusses the roles of private security groups on the Indonesian islands of Bali and Lombok. On Bali, traditional guards called pecalang have increasingly taken on security responsibilities from police due to shortages. As an ethnically Balinese group, the pecalang risk exacerbating tensions with non-Balinese migrants. On Lombok, private militias tied to religious leaders have emerged in the absence of effective policing. These groups in both areas were initially welcomed after the fall of Suharto but have become involved in extortion and violence, posing a risk to stability as Indonesia heads toward elections in 2004.
The document summarizes the process of transforming South Africa's police forces following the end of apartheid. It discusses that at the time of Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990, there were 11 separate police forces in South Africa. The largest was the South African Police (SAP) with over 112,000 members. The document outlines the steps taken to reform the police forces, including establishing civilian oversight, integrating members of liberation movements, and changing symbols like uniforms, ranks and names to distance the new South African Police Service from its apartheid past. It discusses the campaign to build legitimacy for the new police among the public and police members themselves.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document provides an overview of policing challenges in Pakistan and recommendations for reform. It discusses how Pakistan inherited an outdated colonial police system that is unaccountable and oppressive. Political manipulation of the police for partisan gains undermines professionalism. Structural problems like disconnect between senior and junior officers and lack of standardization hamper effectiveness. Widespread corruption and human rights abuses in police stations ("thana culture") damage public trust. Inadequate training, forensics capabilities, and funding also hinder police work. Recommendations include fully implementing the 2002 Police Order, increasing salaries, establishing a separate force for VIP security, and developing a community policing model.
Polce organization ang administration (presented by crmnlgst guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from Spanish to American rule, and the current organizational structure and ranks within the PNP. It also outlines appointment procedures, performance evaluations, benefits, attrition policies, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization ang administration (presented by crmnlgst. dominic guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes the history and organization of policing in the Philippines. It discusses how policing evolved from early Spanish colonial forms of rural and urban policing to the current Philippine National Police (PNP) system established in 1990. It outlines the ranks, requirements, and appointment processes within the PNP and describes the national and regional command structure.
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, PNP structure and ranks, appointment procedures, performance evaluation, attrition, benefits, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization and administration (presented by Crmnlgst. Dominic Guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, organizational structure of the PNP, roles and ranks of PNP personnel, appointment and promotion processes, performance evaluation, benefits, retirement, and methods for addressing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization ang administration (presented by crmnlgst guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, PNP structure and ranks, appointment procedures, performance evaluation, attrition, benefits, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization and administration (demo presentation)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes the history and organization of policing in the Philippines. It discusses how policing evolved from early Spanish colonial forms of rural and urban policing to the current Philippine National Police (PNP) system established in 1990. It outlines the ranks, requirements, and appointment processes within the PNP and describes the national and regional command structure.
Polce organization and administration (presented by Crmnlgst. Dominic Guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from Spanish to American rule, and the current organizational structure and ranks within the PNP. It also outlines appointment procedures, performance evaluations, benefits, attrition policies, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
Police-Public Relations as a Potent Tool for Combating Crime, Insecurity, and...inventionjournals
For quite long now, some commentators have oftentimes been lured into confusing the concept and practice of police-public relations with that of police-community relations, community policing, policemedia relations or local vigilantism. Against this backdrop, therefore, this paper examined the state of police– public relations in Nigeria with special focus on how it could be deployed as a potent tool for fighting crime and preventing social disorder in the country. The paper adopted a research methodology of review of extant related literature on the fields of security, public, and policing backed by judgmental content analysis technique. The paper made a number of interesting findings. Prominent among this findings included the fact that Police authorities in Nigeria since 1930, the force was established had made efforts to forge a strong relationship with the public it serves including establishment of such structures and mechanisms like Police Public Complaints Bureau, Police Community Relations Committees and various organs of community-policing projects scattered all over the country. In spite of these efforts, police–public relations in the country had remained sordidly sour, conflictual, and unredeeming. Again, the paper also identified a number of structural, institutional, and attitudinal factors that are responsible for the deteriorating gap in the relationship between the police in Nigeria and members of the public they are hired to serve. These factors include systemic corruption, the very nature of policing in a once colonized state like Nigeria, inappropriate use of lethal force, extrajudicial killings, and intimidation. Others are extortion, illegal arrest and detention, poor funding and lack of adequate training or education, among other ills. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations, as a way forward which included greater emphasis on awareness campaigns to sanitize the police force to be appreciated by members of the public, that NPPRD should be made autonomous and public relations professionals recruited into its fold; rigorous background check of recruits in order to weed out persons of questionable character at the point of entry; and design of curriculum that would inculcate modern policing ideals and democratic values in police rank and file, among others
Political Violence and the Sustenance of Democracy In Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Executive legislative relation in ghanaernestboadi
This chapter provides background information and introduces the key topics that will be discussed in the research. It outlines the problem statement which is that the legislature in Ghana has failed to overcome executive dominance and perform its oversight functions effectively as required by the constitution. The objective is to critically assess parliament under the Fourth Republic and identify the major factors that have hindered its ability to oversee the executive. Key concepts that will guide the analysis are separation of powers and checks and balances.
Democratic oversight of the security sector the nigerian experienceKayode Fayemi
This document discusses democratic oversight of the security sector in Nigeria. It notes that while constitutions may outline provisions for oversight, actual parliamentary oversight is more challenging. It examines legislative oversight in Nigeria over the past three years, looking at constitutional provisions, relationships between security and oversight actors, legal frameworks, political commitment to oversight, and oversight institutions' capacity. Key issues include the role of parliament in defense policymaking and budgeting, use of the military for internal security, and external military assistance. Overall it analyzes the effectiveness of democratic oversight of the security sector in Nigeria.
OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIA'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY; 2011 - 2015 Yagana Bintube (MNIM)
A STUDY ON THE OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIA'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY; 2011 - 2015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER IN SCIENCE DEGREE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, NIGERIA.
THE WORK DISSECTS THE OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS OF THE 7TH SESSION AND EVALUATES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERSIGHT TOOL IN DELIVERY GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE NIGERIA'S FOURTH REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC DISPENSATION. IT LOOKS FURTHER TO HIGHLIGHT THE CHALLENGES, PROFFER DEEP ROOTED RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROJECT THE FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE OVERSIGHT TOOL IN ACHIEVING DEMOCRATIC SUCCESS, RESPONSIBLE, RESPONSIVE, TRANSPARENT AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA.
This document discusses human rights in India and police brutality. It outlines several key human rights like the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression, and social/economic rights. The document then discusses police brutality in India, the various forms it can take like false arrest and intimidation, and some of the causes like believing they are above the law. It also discusses police powers related to arrest, detention, stop and frisk and emphasizes the importance of respecting human rights and limiting excessive use of force.
Security of the young Roma women and men in KrusevacRomaniCikna
This document summarizes a study on the security of young Roma women and men in Krusevac, Serbia. It begins by introducing the concept of security and defining it in terms of both national security and individual human security. It then describes Serbia's security sector and legal framework regarding international agreements and national laws related to human rights and security. The study findings are presented regarding the participants' understanding of security concepts and their perspectives on threats to their personal and collective security.
Decentralization and democratic local government in cross river state, nigeri...Alexander Decker
This study examines decentralization and local government in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study aims to determine if state government interference undermines local governments' ability to function effectively. 900 political party members from the state's three geopolitical zones were surveyed. Results showed that political actors perceive local governments in Cross River State are not development-focused due to state interference, contrary to Nigeria's constitution. The study uses institutional theory to analyze how state influence shapes local government administration in the state.
The document discusses the roles of private security groups on the Indonesian islands of Bali and Lombok. On Bali, traditional guards called pecalang have increasingly taken on security responsibilities from police due to shortages. As an ethnically Balinese group, the pecalang risk exacerbating tensions with non-Balinese migrants. On Lombok, private militias tied to religious leaders have emerged in the absence of effective policing. These groups in both areas were initially welcomed after the fall of Suharto but have become involved in extortion and violence, posing a risk to stability as Indonesia heads toward elections in 2004.
The document summarizes the process of transforming South Africa's police forces following the end of apartheid. It discusses that at the time of Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990, there were 11 separate police forces in South Africa. The largest was the South African Police (SAP) with over 112,000 members. The document outlines the steps taken to reform the police forces, including establishing civilian oversight, integrating members of liberation movements, and changing symbols like uniforms, ranks and names to distance the new South African Police Service from its apartheid past. It discusses the campaign to build legitimacy for the new police among the public and police members themselves.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document provides an overview of policing challenges in Pakistan and recommendations for reform. It discusses how Pakistan inherited an outdated colonial police system that is unaccountable and oppressive. Political manipulation of the police for partisan gains undermines professionalism. Structural problems like disconnect between senior and junior officers and lack of standardization hamper effectiveness. Widespread corruption and human rights abuses in police stations ("thana culture") damage public trust. Inadequate training, forensics capabilities, and funding also hinder police work. Recommendations include fully implementing the 2002 Police Order, increasing salaries, establishing a separate force for VIP security, and developing a community policing model.
Polce organization ang administration (presented by crmnlgst guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from Spanish to American rule, and the current organizational structure and ranks within the PNP. It also outlines appointment procedures, performance evaluations, benefits, attrition policies, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization ang administration (presented by crmnlgst. dominic guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes the history and organization of policing in the Philippines. It discusses how policing evolved from early Spanish colonial forms of rural and urban policing to the current Philippine National Police (PNP) system established in 1990. It outlines the ranks, requirements, and appointment processes within the PNP and describes the national and regional command structure.
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, PNP structure and ranks, appointment procedures, performance evaluation, attrition, benefits, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization and administration (presented by Crmnlgst. Dominic Guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, organizational structure of the PNP, roles and ranks of PNP personnel, appointment and promotion processes, performance evaluation, benefits, retirement, and methods for addressing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization ang administration (presented by crmnlgst guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, PNP structure and ranks, appointment procedures, performance evaluation, attrition, benefits, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization and administration (demo presentation)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes the history and organization of policing in the Philippines. It discusses how policing evolved from early Spanish colonial forms of rural and urban policing to the current Philippine National Police (PNP) system established in 1990. It outlines the ranks, requirements, and appointment processes within the PNP and describes the national and regional command structure.
Polce organization and administration (presented by Crmnlgst. Dominic Guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from Spanish to American rule, and the current organizational structure and ranks within the PNP. It also outlines appointment procedures, performance evaluations, benefits, attrition policies, and the process for filing complaints against PNP members.
Polce organization and administration (presented by Crmnlgst. Dominic Guiao)Dominic Guiao
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and administration in the Philippines. It discusses the origins of policing, the evolution of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from earlier Spanish and American-era police forces, PNP structure and ranks, appointment and promotion processes, performance evaluation, benefits, retirement, and the handling of citizen complaints and internal disciplinary issues.
This document provides a historical overview of policing in Bangladesh from ancient times through the British colonial period. It discusses the evolution of policing systems over time, from informal policing by nomadic groups, to more organized systems under Mughal rule with positions like Kotwal (chief of police). Under British rule, the police system became more structured and hierarchical, culminating in the Police Act of 1861, which established the framework for the modern police force in Bangladesh. However, the police force still faced issues like lack of independence, focus on maintaining status quo over professional development, and lack of local representation in higher ranks. The document provides important context on the development of policing systems over hundreds of years in Bangladesh.
The document discusses police reforms in India. It notes that state police forces have 24% vacancies and severe shortages in weaponry and vehicles. While police accounts for about 3% of government spending, the forces are overburdened with increasing crime rates. There are recommendations to improve infrastructure, hold police more accountable, and limit the political executive's power over police to prevent misuse. Overall, the document analyzes issues facing Indian police forces and outlines reforms needed to improve their functioning.
The document discusses the role of police in protecting human rights. It notes that while police are meant to protect citizens, there are often human rights violations by police in India due to issues with their selection, training, and pressures from politicians. This erodes public trust in police. However, respecting human rights can help police gain cooperation, build legal cases, and prevent crime through proactive policing. The document calls for improving police investigative skills and training to strengthen their ability to uphold human rights.
This document summarizes a conference on building police integrity from a post-conflict perspective. It provides background on the European Union Police Services Training program that helped inspire the conference. The conference brought together international academics, police specialists, and practitioners from 25 countries to discuss challenges of establishing trustworthy police forces in unstable societies. The document collects perspectives from the conference to help guide police reform efforts and establish democratic police that respect human rights.
· Does It Really ExistIn 2 pages determine which sociological p.docxoswald1horne84988
The document discusses the sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism as they relate to understanding police subculture. It also provides background on defining police subculture, its characteristics, and how officers are socialized. Functionalism views police subculture as performing important functions and interpreting rules, while conflict theory focuses on how it may perpetuate discrimination. Interactionism examines what recruits learn both formally and informally. The document also discusses these perspectives internationally and in relation to community policing.
The Hong Kong Police Force was formed in 1844 and is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It operates with a modern policing system and is divided into six regions for day-to-day policing. The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police and assisted by two deputy commissioners. It has over 40,000 personnel, giving Hong Kong one of the highest police to citizen ratios in the world. The Force continues to perform important duties in Hong Kong including maintaining public safety and security.
Similar to Working paper 2 2013 - Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan (20)
The document provides a summary report from the 2011 Civil-Military Interaction Seminar. The following are the key points from the document:
1. The seminar brought together 125 experts from 21 countries to discuss current trends in civil-military practice and future needs. Five broad themes were examined: local-level processes, new and non-traditional players, the importance of information, prevention/preparedness, and civil-military guidelines.
2. Current global trends shaping civil-military engagement include the fragile economic realities in post-conflict states, fluidity in humanitarianism, and increasing natural disasters in complex environments. Integrated economic reconstruction is needed to support transitions from war to peace.
3. Three clear
This document summarizes analysis conducted by the Military Operations Analysis Team using extensive databases on military engagements, intelligence, villages, economic activity, and social development in Phuoc Tuy province during Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War from 1966 to 1971. The analysis applies statistical, spatial, and temporal techniques to understand factors like changes in insurgent and government control over time, who initiated military contacts, and the impact of various counterinsurgency programs.
1) RAMSI has been transitioning its civilian development, policing, and military components in Solomon Islands over the past decade as the security situation has improved.
2) The civilian development programs will transition to long-term bilateral and multilateral development partners, while the military component will withdraw in mid-2013 and policing will continue being supported for the foreseeable future.
3) While some of the factors that contributed to the past tensions have been addressed, such as rebuilding government institutions and removing weapons, unfinished issues remain like unequal economic development and potential for civil unrest, requiring an ongoing capable local police force.
The document summarizes Operation Sumatra Assist, the Australian Defense Force's (ADF) response to the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami in Indonesia. It discusses [1] the initial ADF deployment of medical personnel, engineers, and aircraft to provide relief; [2] the establishment of facilities like a field hospital and water purification plants to aid survivors; and [3] the challenges of coordinating relief efforts with other countries' militaries and aid organizations. The ADF response was praised for its speed, cultural sensitivity when working with Indonesian communities, and professionalism under difficult conditions in providing emergency relief.
The document is an aide-memoire created by the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) to capture best practices from their support of domestic disaster relief efforts in 2011, including Operations PIKE, CHRISTCHURCH QUAKE, and RENA. The aide-memoire aims to assist NZDF planning and operations, as well as inform other agencies involved in disaster response. It contains lessons learned from the 2011 events and is intended to complement NZDF doctrine. The document provides guidance to the military and other agencies in planning for and coordinating disaster relief operations.
The document summarizes an international conference on building security capacity held from September 6-8, 2011 in Washington DC. The conference was co-sponsored by the Australian Civil-Military Centre and the US Center for Complex Operations. Key topics discussed included lessons learned from security sector capacity building efforts, disarmament and demobilization programs, and the importance of civil-military cooperation in peace and stabilization operations. Presenters emphasized the need for context-specific approaches, long-term capacity building led by the host country, and maintaining security gains through political and economic development.
1) Natural disasters have significantly increased over the last few decades, affecting over 2 billion people and causing over $910 billion in damages globally. This trend is expected to continue with climate change.
2) Future natural disasters will likely have even greater impacts due to population growth, increasing urbanization, effects of climate change like sea level rise and extreme weather events. Developing countries are most vulnerable but developed countries face major economic impacts.
3) Effective response to increase in frequency and scale of natural disasters will challenge existing humanitarian system and require improved coordination between numerous responding entities.
The document discusses the challenges of rebuilding war-torn states and achieving sustainable peace through economic reconstruction. It outlines the difficult transition these countries must make from an economy of war to an economy of peace and then eventual normal development. However, the record of success is poor, with about half of countries relapsing back into conflict. Key challenges include balancing security and economic priorities, integrating military and civilian strategies, and effectively using large amounts of aid to support the transition without creating dependency or distortions. An effective strategy must make peace irreversible by addressing the root causes of conflict and transforming the political and security situation.
1) The document discusses the evolution of the humanitarian enterprise over the past 10 years, lessons learned from civil-military interaction during crises in Haiti, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and what to expect for humanitarian action between now and 2020.
2) It notes major quantitative and qualitative changes to the humanitarian field, including more funding, workers, and media attention, but also greater politicization and the blending of humanitarian and political/military agendas.
3) The response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake showed the importance of military logistics support but also coordination challenges when the military takes a leading role, while the response to Pakistan floods demonstrated more positive civil-military cooperation.
This document discusses conflict prevention in theory and practice. It begins by noting the broad agreement on the importance of preventive action but the gap between rhetoric and reality. It then discusses the development of conflict prevention frameworks and mechanisms over time at the UN and other organizations. However, capacity for preventive action remains limited. The challenges of translating early warnings into timely responses and of addressing the underlying causes of conflicts are also discussed. Effective prevention requires tailored strategies and leadership to coordinate multi-faceted prevention efforts.
The document summarizes lessons learned from Christchurch, New Zealand's response to major earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. It discusses:
1) The earthquakes caused widespread damage across Christchurch, destroying infrastructure and claiming 182 lives. A state of emergency was declared.
2) Restoring critical infrastructure like roads, water, and sewage systems was a top priority. This was achieved through a large coordinated effort involving the city, military, and contractors.
3) The military played a key role, providing logistical support, security, and humanitarian aid. However, coordinating their command-and-control style with the city's more collaborative approach required adjustment.
This document summarizes a conference and workshop on emerging law relating to the detention of non-state actors engaged in hostilities. The conference explored legal gaps and questions around detaining powers, applicable legal regimes, and standards. Speakers discussed increasing convergence between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. The workshop involved closed discussions of national detention practices and transferring detainees. Overall, the document examines complex legal issues and practical challenges surrounding the detention of non-state actors in non-international armed conflicts.
Here are the key points about the UN Cluster Approach:
- The Cluster Approach was established by the UN to improve coordination and response in sectors or areas of activity during humanitarian emergencies.
- Clusters are groups of humanitarian organizations, both UN and non-UN, in each of the main sectors of humanitarian action such as water, health and logistics.
- The clusters provide a clear point of contact and leadership in each sector. A designated agency called the 'cluster lead' facilitates cluster coordination and planning.
- The goal is to ensure a more coherent sector-wide response by filling gaps and reducing duplication of effort.
- Clusters operate at both the national and sub-national levels. At the national
Australia’s peacekeeping and peacebuilding
experiences in the Autonomous Region of
Bougainville in Papua New Guinea, and in
Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
The Civil-Military Affairs Conference 2012 focused on learning lessons from past peace and stabilization operations to improve future missions. Over two days, the conference explored successes and challenges, factors for effective operations, and initiatives to strengthen civilian capacity, civil-military collaboration, local ownership, and the role of women in building peace. Speakers included government and military officials from Australia, the UN, and other countries working to advance practical solutions.
This document provides a primer on strategic planning for multiagency peace and stabilization operations. It was produced by Noetic Group for the APCMCOE and acknowledges Noetic's work in developing the content, which is published under a Creative Commons license allowing reproduction and transmission without written permission.
The document presents a best practices model for multiagency assessment and planning for conflict prevention. The model outlines a process that aims to improve coordination between government agencies for early conflict prevention. It is intended to clarify understanding of necessary interactions between agencies and how they relate to shared goals. Key aspects of the model include identifying countries for investment, conducting multiagency assessments that consider various factors, and aligning conflict prevention planning with broader strategy. The model seeks to promote recognition of conflict prevention as a foreign policy priority and expand effective multiagency collaboration.
This document provides an analysis of the concepts of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Protection of Civilians (PoC), examining their origins, evolution, differences, and commonalities. It argues that while R2P and PoC share a concern for protecting civilians from violence, they have distinct scopes and applications. R2P focuses on preventing mass atrocities regardless of conflict, while PoC specifically addresses the protection of civilians during armed conflict. The document uses the international response to the crisis in Libya, including UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973, as a case study for how R2P and PoC can reinforce each other in critical situations where civilians face deadly threats.
This basic primer presents a select list of tools and principles to inform the development of a government multiagency strategic plan for peace and
stabilisation operations. It serves primarily as a resource for the participants at the Centre’s MAPSOP Multiagency Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
and Measures of Effectiveness (MPME) Workshop on 26-28 October 2011 by presenting a synopsis of the relevant, international assessment and planning
tools for peace and stabilisation planning and implementation.
Conflict prevention is difficult to define, measure, and conduct, but nonetheless it is critical in the
pursuit of certain strategic goals. Furthermore, given the breadth of expertise needed and the
complexity of issues involved, engagement in conflict prevention operations should be undertaken
within a multiagency framework. This paper presents the case for two concurrent approaches:
promoting recognition of conflict prevention as a foreign policy imperative, and expanding effective
multiagency collaboration initiatives for conflict prevention.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Working paper 2 2013 - Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan
1. 1 ACMC Paper 2/2013 > Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan
Policing – The Face of Peace
in Afghanistan
or mitigate corruption. Police of course are not alone in the
rule of law space; the judiciary, corrections services, other
government agencies and non-government agencies all
play an important part. This notwithstanding, in the day-to-
day life of an average Afghan, there is no other government
instrumentality with the same breadth and depth of
responsibilities as the police.
At its core, policing is about a government attempting to
keep its population safe and secure from crime and disorder.
This is a task which has been undertaken in various forms
since the eras of the ancient empires. While today, the
exact way in which policing services are delivered varies to
certain degrees between jurisdictions, all modern civilian
policing structures emanate from one of two service delivery
paradigms that evolved about 200 years ago.
The one we are most familiar with in Australia is the model
born in the 1829 creation of a police force in London by
Sir Robert Peel. Peel’s ‘bobbies’ embraced the philosophy
> Paper 02/2013
Superintendent Jason Byrnes
This paper outlines the critical challenges in regards to the
evolution of the Afghan National Police (or ANP). Rather than
lessons learned per se, the paper argues that the lessons
to be learned from the Afghan experience are that the
militarisation or securitisation of nascent civilian capabilities
is problematic. For a model of civilian policing to be effective,
it has to be one that the community desires and/or accepts.
For Afghanistan, this also requires a true unity of effort on
the part of the international community in supporting an
Afghan initiated civilian policing model, even if aspects of
the model are not regarded as ideal to the Western eye.
Let us start with the proposition that police are the face
of peace.
For the rule of law to be operable, police must not just be
effective, but must be seen to be effective, and accepted
(if not embraced) by the general population as being a
legitimate and beneficial part of the community. Issues of
freedom and order always intersect at the police.1
Police are
the public manifestation of government authority; they are
the government institution that most directly impacts on
people’s daily lives. Police create a stable environment in
which industry and commerce can thrive, in which education
can flourish and in which communities can stabilise and
grow. Police can also represent a force that checks the
illegal use of power by government, and can disrupt, counter
2. 2 ACMC Paper 2/2013 > Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan
that the police are the public and the public are the police.
In this community policing paradigm, police officers are
the only members of the public who are paid to give full-
time attention to duties which are incumbent upon every
citizen. This policing by consent or community policing
model has been extremely influential in international police
development, particularly in the democratic nations of what
is considered the Anglo world, including Australia, New
Zealand and the United States of America.
The gendarmerie model of policing consolidated in
19th
century continental Europe, but was (and is) used
throughout the world. A version of it, the so-called
constabulary model, was utilised by Great Britain in
several colonial settings during the 19th
and 20th
centuries.
The gendarmerie model is where policing is performed
by military or quasi-military bodies. These bodies may
be specifically tasked to conduct policing duties, or
those duties may be incidental to their military tasks. The
advantages of this model include the ability to conduct
unit expeditionary operations in remote or rural areas,
particularly where the rule of law is challenged or lacks
popular support. Often such operations involve coercion
or at least a heavily regimented presence.
While many gendarmerie organisations have moved
substantially away from their military origins over the
past century, their mode of operations still represent a
degree of militarisation that modern militaries find readily
complementary to their own practices. It is important to
note two vital developments in the gendarmerie model;
the first is that in many localities they operate in addition
to separate urban-based community police forces.
Additionally, several gendarmeries have embraced the
community policing concepts of police professionalism in
regards to providing policing capabilities that are within the
reasonable and proportionate framework of operations.
While there are some significant operational and conceptual
differences between the community policing and
gendarmerie paradigms, as a general rule, the best agencies
of both paradigms regard themselves as undertaking a
genuinely unique profession which is both responsive to the
needs of the community and subject to external (particularly
government) oversight.
A form of civilian policing emerged in Afghanistan in the
mid-20th
century, during the reign of King Amanullah. The
relatively limited numbers of police officers were mostly
located in urban centres, with occasional patrols or a
limited presence in the rural areas. Although the system
was not particularly sophisticated or effective, it compared
favourably to other South Asian policing systems of the
time.2
Communist rule and Soviet occupation both politicised and
para-militarised policing; it then disintegrated during the
civil war and Taliban rule of the 1990s.
Efforts to implement a workable civilian policing system in
Afghanistan since the West’s intervention in 2001 have of
course been undertaken against the backdrop of a vicious
and seemingly intractable insurgency in a country affected
by decades of warfare and terror, with a population that
is insular, traditionally hostile or indifferent to central
government, barely literate and poorly educated.
For the Afghan National Police (ANP), efforts since 2001
have been bloody and fraught with danger and despair.
Over 3,000 ANP officers have been ‘martyred’ (i.e. killed/
murdered) with thousands more injured. The casualty ratio
for Afghan police in comparison to the Afghan National Army
is astonishingly high, around 2:1 or even 4:1 depending upon
the criteria used and period covered. The ANP is copping the
brunt of the conflict, and this is partly reflected in high rates
of desertion (although these are reducing).
The most significant strategic challenges for policing
in Afghanistan during the transition period of 2014 and
beyond include: sourcing adequate funding, defining and
consolidating a professional ethos, and overcoming the
degree of militarisation it has been subjected to since 2002.
The ANP was created as, and remains, a product of a
military counterinsurgency mindset. This development was
initiated by the International Community, and in particular
the US Army,3
and was subsequently embraced by Afghan
authorities.
As a consequence, the ANP – actually six different
organisations4
– was subsumed into the Afghan National
Security Force (ANSF) architecture. Indeed, even today,
official documentation and discussions often use the term
ANSF when actually referring to police specific matters.
This is problematic as, even in a country wracked by war,
not every policing matter is a national security issue and
not every national security issue is a police matter.
3. 3 ACMC Paper 2/2013 > Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan
From their first days in training, Afghan police recruits spend
as much if not more time on military or battlefield related
skills as on core policing skills. Just over two weeks is spent
on theoretical and practical police subjects such as law,
human rights and arrest procedures. The remaining six
weeks are spent on assault rifle training, combat first aid,
checkpoint and marching drills, as well as literacy training.
It is readily acknowledged that this is a better situation than
existed pre-2011 where most recruits, if they were trained
at all, received maybe a week on police specific issues.
Nonetheless, it still serves as a dramatic indicator of the
competing tensions at play. This raises the issue of whether
training is supporting the inculcation of a policing or military
mindset.
Today, up to 60 per cent of the ANP is a quasi-light infantry
force used in accordance with counterinsurgency doctrine
to ‘hold the ground’ taken by military forces. Given there are
around 150,000 men (plus only 2,000 women) employed
as ‘police’ in Afghanistan, this represents over 80,000
undertaking duties which are not civilian policing in nature.
An informative example of the realities of this point is
the experiences of the Afghan National Civil Order Police
(ANCOP). In providing this example, citations are drawn
from the Special Report written earlier this year by Robert
Perito of the United States Institute of Peace, an organisation
established by the US Congress.5
ANCOP was conceived as the result of a series of deadly
riots in Kabul in 2006. At the time the ANP did not have a
way of providing large numbers of police to undertake crowd
control or public order duties. ANCOP’s logistics, command
and operational structures were within a gendarmerie
(paramilitary) paradigm – large numbers of trained tactical
police were to deploy in formed police units.
It is perhaps for this reason that during ANCOP’s formative
training phases, the group was redirected to a series of
counterinsurgency taskings, including the aggressive
military-style patrolling of districts dominated by insurgents.
In 2010 an ANCOP battalion was placed in a crucial holding
role during coalition surge operations in Helmand Province.
The result was euphemistically referred to by Mr Perito as a
‘mistake’. In short, the battalion disintegrated; it wilted under
the type of combat conditions for which it was not prepared.
Desertion and drug use was widespread, and the battalion
lacked the numbers, training and equipment necessary to
provide security in a combat environment. This should not
have been a revelation given that ANCOP was raised as a
civilian police unit for undertaking crowd control duties
with batons and shields. In the wake of this event and other
incidents in 2010, a substantial program was undertaken to
reequip and retrain the ANCOP, not for crowd control duties,
but for further counterinsurgency taskings. Meanwhile
the ANP still lacks an effective large scale crowd control
capability.
Moving from the past to the future, it is important to
highlight that senior Afghan and coalition officials are
actively discussing how to shape the ANP into the future.
Several senior coalition figures have publicly acknowledged
that insufficient focus has to date been placed on ANP
development – sentiments also shared by Afghan
authorities. No doubt the pending transition deadline
of 2014 is helping to focus minds on future options.
The most important strategic question or challenge is the
issue of what type of policing model should be adopted, or
more fundamentally, what type of policing service is both
suitable and sustainable beyond 2014?
This is ultimately a decision for the Afghans to make
themselves, and it will be driven by a range of cultural,
political, financial and associated factors.
A snapshot of the complexity of the challenge at hand in
relation to defining what type of police the Afghans want,
and how that compares with what has occurred to date,
can be seen in a perceptive report delivered in January 2012
by the research and analysis organisation CNA Analysis &
Solutions.6
It highlighted that Afghan residents in the south-
west find it difficult to imagine a police force of the type
envisaged by the Coalition, as the concept of community
policing (as defined by the West) has not previously existed;
neither has a the gendarmerie model, nor has the other term
commonly used within the country: democratic policing.
This highlights the complex issues at play; first is the need
to identify what type of police service delivery models the
community will accept or embrace; second, reconcile that
against the priorities of the local, regional and national
governments; thirdly, evaluate how that outcome would be
best served either by a community policing or gendarmerie
models. Indeed, it may actually represent an impetus for an
alternative, Afghan specific model.
Finally, the preferred model has to be implemented as
part of a functioning (not necessarily perfect) rule-of-law
framework, while at the same time the government and its
forces has to meet community expectations and out-smart
the insurgency. It is no easy task.
4. 4 ACMC Paper 2/2013 > Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan
Arising from this challenge is the issue of establishing a
viable, effective and professional policing culture. The
term police culture is often misunderstood, derided and
criticised, but the reality is that like all organisations, police
forces need an effective culture to ensure that there is
organisational resilience, capacity and effectiveness. This
is particularly the case when the police force is operating
in the midst of, and is the target of, a violent insurgency.
It should never be forgotten that Afghans have been
asked to develop a comprehensive policing system in
just over a decade, even though such systems have taken
the West over 50 years to develop. Additionally, much
of the coalition’s police development efforts during the
past decade have been focused on logistics and enablers
(i.e. ensuring the right numbers of guns and trucks are
delivered, and that tashkils7
are filled) rather than fostering
consideration and debate on issues such as an appropriate
police ethos or what type of police the ANP wants to be.
An associated issue is how the ANP is managed and led.
To the Australian eye it is peculiar that there is no police
commissioner or chief police officer equivalent position
within the ANP; its numerous generals are answerable
directly to the Ministry of the Interior and the Minister
himself. It is not a wrong or incorrect model, but it is one
that has certain impacts on the operational independence
of the police, the workload for the Minister, and the power
and influence of the Ministry. The recent appointment of a
serving Police General to the position of Minister – the first
time this has occurred in the life of the current government –
is therefore an interesting and promising development well
worth watching.
However, perhaps more than any other single factor, the
issue of funding will be the significant determinant in
shaping future police structure, capabilities and operational
mindsets.
Throughout the world, policing is expensive. This is
particularly the case in Afghanistan which has a police to
population ratio of around 1:190 – a figure almost double
the internationally accepted norm, and even higher than the
ratio in many of the countries neighbouring Afghanistan. In
fact the total cost of maintaining both the ANP and Afghan
National Army amounts to 3 per cent of the nation’s Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Without continuing donations from
the international community, Afghanistan simply cannot
afford its current and projected policing commitments.8
As
the quantum of aid declines in future years, the size of the
Afghan police (and military) will inevitably reduce unless
alternative funding can be sourced. Innovative solutions,
including decoupling policing from the counterinsurgency
paradigm as well as managing the impact of any potential
demobilisation program, will become essential, if the
Government of Afghanistan wants to stay ahead of the
curve and future-proof policing.
This paper has outlined the challenges facing Afghan
policing, in part by drawing on past episodes and lessons,
as well as outlining how policing paradigms can impact
on service delivery. Afghanistan is a complex imbroglio in
which there are no easy solutions or outcomes – just many
challenges.
There are two key takeaways to this paper. The first is that
the process of implementing a sustainable policing model
must be Afghan-led and Afghan-owned. If it isn’t, then any
‘solutions’ will be discarded when international attention
shifts. The second takeaway is that there must be a true
unity of effort by the international community in supporting
what the Afghans want to implement. This will require some
difficult decisions to be made as to what the international
community will and will not accept in regards to acceptable
police practices/philosophies.
In conclusion, the following two issues should be considered
when assessing the challenges ahead, as well as progress
to-date.
The first is an argument put forward by respected police
academic David Bayley. In discussing whether policing is
effective in any society, he posed one question: do parents
teach their children that when they are away from home and
need help, they should seek out the police? In Afghanistan it’s
not known if this is the case – it is something that needs to
be asked and assessed by the authorities.
The second issue to consider arises from a newspaper report
in late 2012, mentioning security developments in Bamyan
Province. The article covered the pending withdrawal of
New Zealand military forces and the increasing instability
in the Province, which has historically been one of the most
secure regions. The article included comments from a local
ANP chief who pined for heavy machine guns, RPGs and
mortars. Given the risks of the situation, this officer’s desire
to ensure his men and families had the best protection
and tools available are understandable. The comments are
nonetheless illustrative of the important question of, how far
from the military mindset has the ANP has progressed?
5. 5 ACMC Paper 2/2013 > Policing – The Face of Peace in Afghanistan
Notes
1 David H Bayley, 2006, Changing the Guard: Developing
Democratic Police Abroad, Oxford University Press.
2 For a detailed overview of the history of policing in Afghanistan,
see: Antonio Giustozzi and Mohammad Isaqzedeh, 2011,
Afghanistan’s Paramilitary Policing in Context: The Risks of
Expediency, Afghanistan Analysts Network Website, available
at: <http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=2265>.
3 The Bonn Agreement of 2002 assigned Germany the
responsibility for developing Afghan policing. In 2005 the US
assumed lead responsibility after protracted disagreements
over the speed of institution building and the model to be
applied to the ANP.
4 The Afghan Uniform Police (AUP), Afghan Border Police (ABP),
Afghan National Civil Order Police (ANCOP), Afghan Anti-Crime
Police (AACP), Afghan Local Police (ALP) and the Afghan Public
Protection Force (APPF).
5 Robert M Perito, 2012, Afghanistan’s Civil Order Police: Victim
of its Own Success, United States Institute of Peace, available
at: <http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR307.pdf>
6 Catherine Norman, 2012, What do Afghans want from the
Police? Views from Helmand Province, CNA Analysis & Solutions,
available at: <http://www.cna.org/research/2012/what-do-
afghans-want-police-views-helmand-province>
7 Broadly, the equivalent of authorised or approved staffing levels.
8 For details of the grim predictions for Afghanistan’s finances, see
the World Bank Report Afghanistan in Transition: Looking Beyond
2014.
About the author
Jason Byrnes has over 22 years of experience in the
Australian Federal Police (AFP). He has undertaken policing
duties in local, national and international environments,
including a posting to the United Nations Peacekeeping
Force in Cyprus. From mid-2011 to mid-2012 Superintendent
Byrnes was a member of the AFP’s contingent in Afghanistan.
At the time of presenting this paper he was the AFP
secondee to the Australian Civil-Military Centre.
This paper was drawn from a presentation given at the
8th International Lessons Learned Conference, Sydney
Australia, on 4 December 2012. The views expressed in
this paper are those of the author and do not represent
any official position of the Australian Federal Police or
the Australian Government.