The document summarizes changes in family structure, gender roles, and child-rearing in 19th century Europe, as well as major scientific and intellectual developments. Families adapted to urban life, with working-class couples selecting partners based on romance rather than economics. Gender roles became more rigidly separated, though women gained control of the household. Attitudes toward children grew more affectionate. Major scientific theories like Darwin's evolution and discoveries in fields like chemistry brought prestige to science. Writers like Emile Zola captured life "as it really was" through literary realism.